Plant Diversity I
Chapter 29

Introduction to Plants
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Multicellular, ________, photosynthetic autotrophs
Cell walls made of cellulose
More than 290,000 species described
Plants colonized land ~ ____________________
Evolved from green algae (Charophytes)
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Rings of ____________________
Structure of _________________
Formation of ___________
___________ enzymes

Derived Traits of Land Plants
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Alteration of generations
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Multicellular, dependent embryos
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Spores with protective walls
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__________________ (organs that produce gametes)
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Apical meristem

Alteration of Generation
Life cycle alternates between multicellular haploid ______________ and multicellular diploid ___________
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis
Two gametes unite to form diploid zygote
Zygote develops into multicellular
Sporophyte
Sporophyte produces unicellular haploid spore by meiosis
Spores develop into multicellular haploid Gametophyte
4.
1.
3.
2.

Multicellular, Dependent Embryos
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Diploid embryo ______ within tissue of female gametophyte
Embryophytes
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Nutrients are transferred from parental tissues to embryo through specialized ________
___________
Embryo
Maternal tissue

Spores with Protective Walls
Sporangia: multicellular, spore producing organs on sporophyte
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Sporocytes
_______________: polymer in walls of plant spores that makes them tough and resistant to harsh conditions

Multicellular Gametangia
Gametangia: multicellular organs that produce gametes
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___________ = female
Produces single egg retained within archegonia
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__________ = male
Produces many sperm that are released into the environment

Apical Meristem
Apical meristem: localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots
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Regions of plant growth

Adaptations for Terrestrial Life
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Vascular tissue: tubes made od cells that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant
_______: water transport
________: nutrient transport
Phloem
Xylem
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Cuticle: waxy covering on the epidermis of many plant species
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________: specialized pores that allow the exchange gases and between the outside air and the plant

Plant Evolution
Vascular tissue
Seeds
Flowers

Plant Phyla (Divisions)

Classification of Seedless Plants
Nonvascular, Seedless Plants
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Bryophyta
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Mosses
Hepatophyta
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Liverworts
Anthocerophyta
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Hornworts
Vascular, Seedless plants
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Lycophyta
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Club mosses
Psilophyta
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Whiskferns
Spenophyta
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Horsetails
Pterophyta
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Ferns

Characteristics of Seedless, Non-vascular Plants
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__________ generation dominant
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No ____________________
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Rhizoids: tubular or filamentous cells that anchor the thallus
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_______: flat vegetative body lacking vascular tissue
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Flagellated sperm

Phylum Hepatophyta
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Liverworts
Name refers to the liver shaped gametophyte
Hepaticus = liver
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Gametophyte dominant
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No true leaves, roots or stems
________
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Two forms
Leafy (80%)
Thalloid (20%)

Hepatophyta Reproduction
Reproduction
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Sexual
Sporophyte develops on female gametophyte
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Asexual
___________
Sporophyte

Phylum Bryophyta
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Mosses
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Gametophyte dominant
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No true leave, roots, or stems
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Lack vascular tissue
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Traits similar to more derived plants
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Stomata
Cuticle

Bryophyte Life Cycle
Sexual Reproduction
___________: one-cell thick filaments grown from germinated moss spore
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Mature gametophyte grows from protonema
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Sporophyte ________ on female gametophyte
Foot
Seta
Capsule
Peristome
Asexual Reproduction
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Brood bodies

Ecological Importance of Bryophytes
Colonize harsh environments
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Adaptations for harsh conditions
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_________
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UV exposure
Symbiotic relationship with
Cyanobacteria
Nitrogen fixation
Peet moss used as fuel source
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Phenolic compounds
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Carbon sink

Phylum Anthecerophyta
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Hornworts
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Gametophyte dominant
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No true leave, roots, or stems
Lack vascular tissue
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Traits similar to more derived plants
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_______
______
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Sporophyte ________
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Symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria

Characteristics of Seedless, Vascular Plants
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Diverged ~ 450 mya (Ordovician)
_________ generation dominant
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Formation of vascular tissue
Xylem (water)
Phloem (nutrients)
______: polymer that strengthens the cell walls of water-conducting cells
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True leaves, roots and stems
Have vascular tissue
Sperm with flagella

Types of Sporangia
Some seedless vascular plants
All seed plants and some seedless vascular plants

Phylum Lycophyta
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Club mosses, Spike mosses, and Quillworts
Sporophyte generation dominant
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True leaves
___________: leaves with single strand of vascular tissue
Sporophylls: leaves that bear sporangia
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_________: cone-like structure formed by clusters of sporophylls
True stems and roots
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Vascular tissue
Homosporous and Heterosporous
Stobili
Microphyll

Phylum Pteropyta (Monilophyta)
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Ferns
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________: large leaves with branched vascular tissue
Fronds
Fiddleheads
Homosporous
_____: clusters of sporangia located on the underside of sporophyllls
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True leaves, roots, and stems
Branching roots
Sori

Life Cycle of Pterophyta
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Homosporous
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Bisexual gametophyte
_________

Phylum Sphenophyta (Monilophyta)
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Horsetails
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Homosporous
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True roots
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True leaves
_________
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True stems
_____
Strobili
Strobilus
Microphylls

Phylum Psilophyta (Monilophyta)
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Whisk ferns
Homosporous
_______ roots and leaves
Sporangia
Spores