UNIT III
VOCABULARY FOR CHAPTER 9
A BAND
ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY
PERIOD
ACETYLCHOLINE
ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE
ACTIN
ACTION POTENTIALS
ACTIVE TENSION
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
ALL OR NONE PRINCIPLE
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
ANISOTROPIC (A) BAND
ATROPHY
CAGEOLAE
CALMODULIN
COMPLETE TETANUS
CONTRACTILITY
CONTRACTION PHASE
CRAMS
CREATINE PHOSPHATE
DENERVATION ATROPY
DENSE BODIES
DEPOLARIZATION
DISUSE ATROPHY
ELASTICITY
ENDOMYSIUM
EPIMYSIUM
EXCITABLILITY
EXCITATIONCONTRACTION COUPLING
EXTENSIBILITY
FASCIA
FATIGUE
FIBROMYALGIA
FIBROSIS
FIBROUS ACTIN (F ACTIN)
FLACCID PARALYSIS
GLOBULAR ACTIN (G
ACTIN)
GRADED POTENTIAL
H ZONE
HYPERTROPHY
INCOMPLETE TETANUS
INTERCALATED DISCS
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION
ISOTONIC CONTRACTION
ISOTROPIC (I ) BAND
LAG OR LATENT PHASE
LIGAND GATED ION
CHANNELS
M LINE
MAXIMAL STIMULUS
MEMBRANE POTENTIALS
MILLIVOLTS
MOTOR END PLATE
MOTOR NEURON
MOTOR UNITS
MULTI UNIT SMOOTH
MUSLE
MULTIPLE MOTOR UNIT
SUMMATION
MULTIPLE WAVE
SUMMATION
MUSCLE TONE
MUSCLE TWITCH
MYOBLAST
MYOFIBRIL
MYOFILAMENTS
MYOPATHIES
MYOSIN
MYOSIN KINASE
MYOSIN MOLECULES
MYOSIN PHOSPHATASE
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
OXYGEN DEBT
PACE MAKER CELLS
PASSIVE TENSION
PERIMYSIUM
PHYSIOLOGICAL FATIGUE
POLARIZED
POST SYNAPTIC
MEMBRANE
POWER STROKE
PRESYNAPTIC MEMBRANE
PROPROGATE
PROPROGATED ACTION
POTENTIAL
RECOVERY STROKE
RECPETOR
RECRUITMENT
RELATIVE REFRACTORY
PERIOD
RELAXATION PHASE
REPOLARIZATION
RESTING MEMBRANE
POTENTIAL
SARCOLEMMA
SARCOMERES
SARCOPLASM
SARCOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
SATELLITE CELLS
SINGLE UNIT SMOOTH
MUSCLE
SLIDING FILAMENT MODEL
SMOOTH MUSCLE TONE
SPASTIC PARALYSIS
STRIATED
SUBMAXIMAL STIMULI
SUBTHRESHOLD STIMULUS
SYNAPTIC CLEFT
SYNAPTIC FATIGUE
TERMINAL CISTERNAE
THRESHOLD
THRESHOLD STIMULUS
TRANSVERSE TUBLES (T
TUBULES)
TREPPE
TRIAD
TROPOMYOSIN
TROPONIN
Z DISK (Z LINE)
AFTER THIS UNIT YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING
QUESTIONS:
Discuss the major functions of muscle.
Discuss the major characteristics of muscles.
Describe the three types of muscles and briefly describe how each accomplishes its function.
Name the muscle fiber/fibers that are voluntary fibers.
Name the muscle fiber/fibers that are involuntary fibers.
Compare and contrast skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle.
Explain the importance of somites, myotomes, myoblasts, and satellite cells.
Name the embryonic tissue that gives rise to muscle tissue.
Describe the structure of a muscle, including its connective tissue elements, blood vessels, and
nerves.
Discuss the role and importance of the following connective tissue coverings: epimysium,
perimysium, and endomysium.
Discuss the importance of fasciculi.
Discuss the role of the endomysium, perimysium and endomysium in attaching muscle to bone.
Distinguish between tendons and aponeuroses.
Distinguish between origins, insertions and bellies of muscles.
Describe the following skeletal muscle shapes: parallel, circular, multipennate, convergent, and
bipennate, unipennate.
Make a series of drawing of muscle structure, labeling the following structures: myofilaments,
myofibrils, sarcomeres, t-tubles, sarcoplasmic reticulum, epimysium, endomysium, perimysium,
muscle fiber, artery, nerve, vein, fasciculus, capillary, nuclei, sarcolemma, terminal cisternae,
thin filaments, thick filaments, z line
Explain why the sarcomere is the functional unit of the muscle.
Describe the structure and function a thin filament.
Describe the structure and function of a thick filament.
Compare and contrast thin and thick filaments.
Explain how the arrangement of the sarcomere produces the I band, A band and H zone.
Explain why the I bands and H zones shorten during muscle contraction, but the length of the A
band is unchanged.
Explain how the shorting of sarcomeres causes muscle contraction.
Distinguish between isometric and isotonic contractions.
Discuss the events involved in excitation-contraction coupling.
Explain the mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction.
Discuss the importance of motor neurons in muscle contraction.
Describe the structure and function of a neuromuscular junction.
Distinguish between the terms presynaptic and postsynaptic.
Describe the motor endplate.
Define the term resting membrane potential and discuss its importance in muscle contraction.
Explain how action potentials are produced .
Explain the event responsible for propagating an action potential.
Describes the events that occur in muscle contraction and relaxation during and after an action
potential pass along the sarcolemma.
Distinguish between a action potential and a graded potential.
Name the region of the sarcolemma where graded potentials occur.
Define the term ligand.
Define the term receptor.
Explain the importance of ligand gated ion channels in generating an action potential.
Name the neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction.
Explain the importance of threshold in generating action potentials.
Define the term resting membrane potential.
Describe the changes that occur during the depolarization and repolarization phases of an action
potential.
Discuss the all or none principle and its importance in generating action potentials.
Discuss how the frequency of action potentials influences muscle contractions.
Discuss the importance of acetylcholinesterase.
Discuss what happens in muscle relaxation.
Name the muscle filament that acts as an ATPase
Explain the importance of ATP in muscle contraction.
Discuss how the contractile process is regulated.
Describe three ways that adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is supplied a muscle during activity.
Discuss the importance of creatine phosphate
Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Define the term muscle fatigue.
Discuss the causes of muscle fatigue.
Distinguish between psychological fatigue and muscle fatigue.
Discuss what happens with oxygen debt and describe how it is paid.
Define the term motor unit.
Define the following terms: muscle twitch, latent period, a period of contraction, period of
relaxation, multiple motor unit summation, wave summation, tetanus, asynchronous motor unit
summation, contractile elements, series elastic element, active tension, and passive tension
Discuss the muscle twitch and name its three distinct phases.
Explain a graded contraction and its importance.
Distinguish between complete and incomplete tetanus.
Explain what is meant when muscles are called prime movers, antagonists, synergists, or
fixators.
Describe the three different types of skeletal muscle fibers and discuss their importance and
functions.
Discuss the importance of skeletal muscle tone
Describe the events that lead to the contraction of a smooth muscle cell when the cell is
stimulated.
Discuss the role of calmodulin in smooth muscle contraction
Explain how the energy is supplied for smooth muscle contraction
Discuss the rate of ATP splitting in smooth muscle and its relationship to speed of contraction
Discuss the importance of the stress-relaxation response
Discuss the importance of smooth muscles ability to contract when stretched.
Discuss the degree of shortening that occurs in smooth muscle as compared to skeletal muscle.
Discuss the importance of smooth muscle tone.
Discuss the various criteria used to name muscles and give examples of each.
Distinguish between single unit smooth muscle and multiunit smooth muscle
Describe a slow wave potential and explain why it is important for smooth muscle.
Discuss the influence of external factors on smooth muscle contraction
Describe three functional differences between smooth muscle and skeletal muscle.
Compare and contrast the three types of levers.
Give examples muscles and joints that are class I type levers
Give examples of muscles and joints that are class II type levers
Give examples of muscles and joints that are class III type levers
Discuss the effects of exercise on the skeletal muscle
Compare and contrast the structural and functional differences between slow twitch and fast
twitch muscle fibers.
Compare and contrast the structure and contraction processes of smooth, cardiac and skeletal
muscle.
Name the types of smooth muscle.
Describe the structure of a typical smooth muscle fiber.
Describe the structural and functional characteristics of each type of smooth muscle.
Discuss the relationship between the resting membrane potential, action potentials and
contraction in smooth muscle.
Discuss the importance of the dense bodies found in smooth muscle.
Discuss the importance of intermediate filaments found in smooth muscle.
Explain where the calcium needed for contraction comes from in smooth muscle.
Discuss how the role of calcium differs in smooth muscle (from skeletal).
Discuss the role of calmodulin, myosin kinase, and myosin phosphatase.
Name the areas of the body where visceral or single unit smooth muscle may be found.
Name the areas of the body where multiunit smooth muscle is found.
Explain why visceral smooth muscle contracts as a single unit.
Compare and contrast single unit smooth muscle and multiunit smooth muscle.
Discuss the importance of pacemaker cells.
List the four functional properties seen in smooth muscle but not in skeletal muscle.
Discuss how smooth muscle contraction is regulated.
Compare the structural and functional characteristics of cardiac muscle to skeletal muscle.
Name the area of the body where cardiac muscle is found.
Discuss the importance of the intercalated discs.
Discuss the importance of autorhythmicity in cardiac cells.
Briefly discuss how depolarization occurs in cardiac muscle.
Discuss the sources of calcium used in cardiac muscle contraction.
Discuss the effects of aging on skeletal muscle.
Explain how muscles act on bones to produce movement.
Name the major muscle shapes and discuss how their shapes relate to function and range of
motion..
Muscle is made up of contractile cells that develop tension and _____________
Muscle is important in what ways
The body has three types of muscle______________________, _____________________ and
__________________..
________________ muscle attaches to the bones exerting forces on them, causing them to move.
It is under voluntary control of the somatic nervous system.
__________________ muscle has alternating transverse light and dark bands that give them a
striped or striated appearance. They also have many nuclei located on the periphery of the cell.
Individual muscle cells are called _______________.
Skeletal muscle arises from the ________________r (germ layer).
Immature muscle cells are called _____________. Mature muscle cells are generally incapable
of mitosis but scattered among the muscle fibers are __________________ cells that are inactive
myoblasts. This means they are potentially able to divide.
Skeletal tissue is composed of individual muscle fibers held together by thin sheets of fibrous
connective tissue called _____________
The fascia can be broken up into different layers.
The fascia surrounding the whole muscle is called the ________________.
The ____________ separates the muscle fibers into bundles called
fasciculi (fasciculus).
The ________________envelopes the cell membrane of each muscle fiber.
________________ are extensions of the endomysium, perimysium and epimysium that attach
skeletal muscles to the skeleton.
What is a aponeurosis?
A muscle generally has two points of attachment to two different bones and the muscle itself
crosses the ____________ formed by the two bones.
The origin is the less movable end of the muscle and is generally more _______________l
(proximal or distal).
The insertion is more movable and is generally more _______________l (proximal or distal)
The widest portion of the muscle that lies between the two is called the ____________________
When the muscle contracts it pulls on the __________________ and moves that bone at the
joint.
Muscles that have fasciculi that insert on one side of the tendon are called ________________
Muscles that have fasciculi that insert on both sides of the tendon are called _____________.
Muscles that complex arrangements of fasciculi that involves several tendons are called
_____________________.
A few muscles have fasciculi converging from a broad origin into a single narrow tendon; this is
called a ___________ muscle.
Antagonistic muscles have ______________ functions.
Synergistic muscles have the _________ functions.
Antagonistic muscle arrangements are necessary because a contracting muscle can only
____________ (push or pull)
a bone in one direction.
For the following muscle actions define the term and state the opposite action.
Flexion ______________________________
Opposite ______________
Abduction _________________________
Opposite _____________
Pronation __________________
Opposite ________________
Plantar flexion ____________________
Opposite _____________
The parts of the brain that generate the nerve impulses that initiate voluntary movement are the
_______ lobes of the _____________
The parts of the brain that generate the nerve impulses that coordinates voluntary movement is
the __________.
What is kinesthetic (muscle) sense?
The stretching of muscles is detected by the sensory receptors called _____________ and
_______________.
When the sensory impulses from the proprioreceptors are interpreted by the _______ a mental
picture of where the muscle is.
Conscious muscle sense is integrated by the __________ lobes of the cerebrum.
Unconscious muscle sense is integrated by the ______________ of the brain and is used to
promote good ___________.
Why would good kinesthetic (muscle) sense be important?
Each muscle fiber contains several hundred to several thousand threadlike ______________ that
extend lengthwise throughout the cell. These exhibit alternating light and dark bands that give
the muscle its striated appearance.
The light bands are called __________ or I bands.
The dark bands are called _________
or A bands.
Crossing the center of each I band is a dense fibrous ______ line. It divides the myofibrils into
segments called sarcomeres_.
In the center of the A band is an area that is less dense. It is called the _____ zone. Across the
center of this zone is a thin dark line called the _________ line.
In the sarcomere are two types of myofilaments. The A band and H zone contain only
________________. The M line is formed by linkages between these myofilaments.
The ________________ are found in the I band and part of the A band. These filaments attach
to the Z lines.
The thick filaments are made up mainly of the contractile protein ___________. It is made up of
_________ identical subunits that look like golf clubs. These are wrapped around one another.
A thick filament contains approximately _________ myosin molecules.
The heads of the myosin molecules are called _____________________.
The thin filaments are made up primarily of the proteins ___________, _____________and
_____________.
The actin portion is made up of spherical subunits called
__________actin and a double chain that resembles two strings of pearls called f-actin.
The tropomyosin molecules are associated with the _______actin subunits.
The ____________ molecules lie end to end along the surfaces of the actin chains.
Each tropomyosin covers approximately seven ______actin subunits.
____________ is attached to each tropomyosin molecule and also to the actin.
The transverse tubules or t tubules are a part of the _______________ or _______________
Inside the muscle cell is a membranous network called the _______________. It surrounds each
myofibril.
Both the _______________ _ and ___________ lie close to one another near the junction of the
A and I bands. It is here that structure consisting of three tubules is formed which is called
___________.
There are two basic types of muscle contraction are _______________.
An _________ contraction is a contraction in which the length of the muscle remains constant.
The muscle actively develops tension and exerts force but does not shorten.
An ____________ contraction is a contraction where a muscle shortens while under a constant
load.
The neuromuscular junction is the junction of a _______ and a ________ (types of cells).
A neuromuscular junction can also be called a _______________.
The space between the motor neuron and the muscle fiber is called the ____________
Most muscles have __________ neuromuscular junction.
Motor neurons transmit, brief, intermittent electric signals called ______________.
The nerve impulse _____________ stimulate the muscle cell because it cannot cross the synaptic
gap.
Acetylcholine diffuses across the gap to the muscle sarcolemma where it changes the cells
permeability to ______________ and _____________ and produces an ______________that
travels along the sarcolemma.
The cell membrane of the muscle fiber is called the__________________.
The end of the motor neuron is called the ________________________.
The neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions is called _______________. It is often
referred to by its initials ____________. It is inactivated by Acetylcholinesterase
The ----------------------is a reservoir for calcium ions.
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS IN MUSCLE CONTRACTION:
FROM NERVE STIMULATION TO RELAXATION
1.
An action potential travels along the _____________________ of a motor neuron
and initiates the release of __________________ from _____________________ in its
axon terminals.
2.
______________________ diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptor
sites of the ______________________________ bringing about depolarization, after
which it is destroyed by ______________________.
3.
An action potential passes from the motor end plate over the muscle
_____________________ and into the ___________________, where it stimulates
release of _______________________ ions from the ______________________ into the
sarcoplasm.
4.
Calcium ions bind to _______________________ and remove them from actin,
preventing these proteins from inhibiting contraction.
5.
Energy is released from the splitting of ____________________ due to the
enzyme action of ______________________, causing energized myosin cross-bridges to
bind to actin.
6.
Energized cross-bridges move, causing _______________________ filaments to
slide
along
the
myosin
filaments,
thus
the
sarcomere
becomes
________________________.
7.
ATP then binds to ________________________, releasing the cross-bridges from
actin.
8.
Steps 5, 6 and 7 are repeated many times as long as _________________ remains
to inhibit troponin-tropomyosin.
9.
Unless nervous stimuli continue to affect the sarcoplasmic reticulum,
_____________________ is pumped back into it by _____________________ which
uses __________for energy.
10.
When sufficient calcium has been removed from the sarcoplasm,
____________________ inhibit the binding of __________________ to actin; when
outside force is exerted on the muscle, it returns to its original length.