Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA
PRINCE SATTAM BIN ABDULAZIZ
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
LABORATORY MANUAL
PHARMACEUTICS II
PHT-312
LEVEL V
Lab Co-ordinator
Dr. Shahid Jamil
Email:- shahidjamil07@gmail.com
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Contents
Week
Experiment, Exercise & Preparation
Introduction
1
Introduction of preparation of
pharmaceuticals solution, glass ware
etc.
Aqueous Pharmaceutical Solutions
2
3
1. To prepare and submit 50 ml of
concentrated peppermint water BP/
chloroform water BP 0.25 %
2. To prepare and submit 60 ml of
gargles.
Non aqueous pharmaceutical solution
4
3. To prepare and submit 20 ml of
elixirs as non-aqueous preparation.
4. To prepare and submit 50 ml of
glycerides by using given formula.
Sweet & Viscid Pharmaceutical Solutions
5. To prepare and submit 20 ml of
5
simple syrups by using given
formula.
Pharmaceutical Emulsions
6. To determine emulsifying agent on
the basis of HLB value of surfactant
7. To prepare and submit 20 ml of
mineral oil emulsion
8. To prepare and submit 20 ml of
7
castor oil emulsion
Pharmaceutical Suspensions and colloids
6
8
9. To prepare and submit 50 ml of
barium
sulfate
suspension.
2
QC/Lab Lab
LAB
discipline Indiscipline RECORD
(5)
(-5)
(5)
Page
no
Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Suspension
10. To prepare and submit 50 ml of
antacid suspension.
11. To prepare and determine the
sedimentation rate of magnesium
9
hydroxide suspension and effect of
electrolyte on degree of flocculation.
Preparation of lotions
12. To prepare and submit 10 ml of
calamine lotion.
13. To prepare and submit 10 ml of scalp
lotion.
Semisolid dosage form
11
12
13
14. To prepare and submit 10 g of
toothpaste.
15. To prepare and submit 10 g of zinc
oxide paste.
16. To prepare and submit 10 g of vicks
ointment (10%)
17 To prepare and submit 10 g of zinc
oxide ointment.
Note: All grading should be accompanied by signature of Lab instructor.
Note 2: Lab record must be checked on or before next experiment. (Late submission means
losing 1 grade/day)
Note 3: Final Lab exam (10) + viva/ synopsis/ other activities/ (5)
3
Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Lab Indiscipline (-5)
St Name Attendance
Late
entry
(-1)
No lab
Lab
Dirty
Dirty
coat
Indiscipline Workplace (-1) Glass wares (-1)
(-1) (-1)
Note: This form is to be kept with Lab instructor
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
INTRODUCTION
Solutions
Simple solutions (containing soluble substances only)
General Method
Stage [1]
 Dissolve the solids in about three quarter of the vehicle;
Substances in list A: simply add the material, without previous powdering, to the vehicle in a
measure, and stir until dissolved.
Substances in list B: finely powder the material in a mortar, add the vehicle, and stir until
dissolved.
 Then transfer the solution to a measure, rinse the mortar with a small quantity of vehicle,
and add to the contents of the measure.
The term "vehicle" is used to denote the liquid in which the medicinally-active
ingredients are dissolved or suspended. The vehicle may be inert (e.g. water), or a flavoring
agent (peppermint water), or a preserving and sweetening agent (e.g. chloroform water), or
it may have some medical property (e.g. in fusion of senna).
Three quarters of the vehicle is selected as a suitable proportion for stage 1, for the following
consideration.
(a) The volume occupied by the other ingredients will rarely exceed the remaining onequarter, but, if it should, the quantity of vehicle used in stage 1 must be reduced.
(b) Solution is accelerated by using as much of the solvent.
Stage [2]
Examine the solution critically by holding it against the light. If particles of foreign matter are
visible, strain the solution through a plug of cotton-wool placed in a funnel, and when the
solution has passed through, pour a little of the aqueous vehicle on the wool.
Stage [3]
Add any liquid ingredients. After measuring each, rinse the vessel used with little of the
aqueous vehicle, and add to the contents of the measure.
The vehicle used in stage 1 may have been heated to facilitate solution of the solid. In each
case the liquid must be thoroughly cooled before the addition of any liquid containing a
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
volatile substance. Further, the succeeding stages 4 and 5 must be completed as quickly as
possible, to minimize loss by volatilization from the open measure.
Practically, it is preferable to adjust the mixture to volume minus the volume of the volatile
liquid, transfer to the bottle, add the volatile liquid, and cap immediately.
Stage [4]
Add more of the vehicle to produce the prescribed volume.
Adjustment to volume should be made in a graduated measure, because of the frequent
discrepancy between the supposed and actual capacity of dispensing bottles.
 The stirrer must, of course, be removed from the measure before adjusting to volume.
Stage [5]
Transfer the mixture (solution) to the bottle; cork, and then thoroughly polish the bottle to
remove finger-marks. Attach the label.
Soluble substances
A number of water-soluble substances in common use appears in the following lists. Some of these
substances are much less than others, but they are administered in smaller doses, or in weaker
solutions, so that, as ordinarily prescribed they will dissolve.
List [A]
a- Substances that are readily dissolved with stirring:
Ammonium bicarbonate.
Ammonium chloride.
Atropine sulfate.
Calcium chloride.
Chloral hydrate.
Citric acid,
Dextrose monohydrate.
Ephedrine hydrochloride.
Hyoscine hydrobromide.
Iron ammonium citrate.
Phenobarbitone sodium.
Phenol.
Potassium citrate.
Potassium iodide.
Potassium Permanganate.
Sodium benzoate.
Sodium bicarbonate.
Sodium bromide.
Sodium carbonate.
Sodium chloride.
Sodium citrate.
Sodium iodide.
Sodium metabisulphate.
Sodium potassium tartrate.
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Sodium salicylate.
Tannic acid.
Zinc sulfate.
b- Substances that dissolve more readily in warm water.
Magnesium sulphate.
Phenazone.
Sodium acid phosphate.
Sodium sulfate.
List [B]
Substances that do not readily dissolve unless finely powdered in a mortar before the aqueous
vehicle are added.
 Alum.
Borax.
 Boric acid.
Calcium lactate
 Ferrous sulfate.
Sodium phosphate.
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Name of the glass ware used in pharmaceutics
(A) Glass rod
(B) Beaker
(C) Measuring cylinder
(graduated)
( D) Conical flask
(E) Mortar / pestle
(F) Funnel
(G) Dispensing bottle
(G) Ointment and chemical Spatula
8
(H) Graduated pipettes
Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
AQUEOUS PHARAMACEUTICAL SOLUTIONS
AROMATIC WATERS:

Aromatic waters are medicated waters.

They are clear, saturated aqueous solutions of volatile oils.

They used as flavoring vehicles in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics or as carminativ e
agent.
Example: Chloroform water, camphor water, peppermint, orange and rose water.
Due to salting out of certain ingredients such as soluble salts the preparations of the
formulation having aromatic water showed some problem. Replacement of part of the
aromatic water with purified water is the solution of this problem.
Storage: Must be stored in airtight light-resistant containers.
Method of preparation:
Dissolution: these methods are simpler, quicker and more economical as compare to
distillation.
According to the method recommended in I.P. the corresponding essential oil from which
the aromatic water is to be prepared, should be shaken with 500 times its volume of
purified water. Shaking is repeated several times during a period of about thirty min utes.
The mixture is then set aside overnight and clarifies by filtration. For e.g. chloroform
water.
Another dissolution method consists of incorporating 2 ml of volatile oil or 2 g suitably
comminuted aromatic solid with 15 g of powdered talc or sufficient quantity of kieselghur
or pulp filter paper. 1000 ml of purified water is added to this mixture and the resulting
slurry is thoroughly agitated several times for about 10 min and filtered. More purified
water is passed through the filter paper to make up the volume.
Powdered talc, kieselghur pulp filter paper and purified siliceous earth serve two purposes.
They act as filter aid and render the product more clear and as distributing agent for
aromatic substances.
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
EXPERIMENT NO: 1
AIM: To prepare and submit 50 ml of concentrated peppermint water BP.
Apparatus: Beaker (250 ml), measuring cylinder (10 ml. 50 ml), Spatula and glass rod.
Materials: peppermint oil, alcohol (ethanol), purified water.
Formula:
Rx
Peppermint oil
20 ml
Alcohol (90%)
600 ml
Purified water q.s
1000 ml
Procedure:
Peppermint oil is dissolved in alcohol. Sufficient purified water is then added in successive
portions, shaking vigorously after each addition. Final volume is then made up with more
purified water. However, purified talc or other filtering aid may be added and the mixture
shaken occasionally for a few hours and finally filtered.
Storage: it should be stored in well closed container, in a cool place.
Dose: 0.3 to 1 ml.
Theory: main active constituent of peppermint oil are methyl acetate, an ester and free
menthol.
Formula:
Pippermint oil : 1 ml
Alcohol (90%) : 30 ml
Purified water qs : 50 ml
Uses: carminative
Dose : 0.3-1 ml
Secondary Label: shake
well before use
Storage : Store in tight closed
container , in cool place.
Batch No: A-301
Date of Manufacturing:
Date of Expiry:
Manufactured By: Your name or ID no
28-Sep-11
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Practical Lab Report
Name of Experiment:
Date:
AIM:
Ingredient used and their function:
Calculations:
Observations & Results:
Indication:
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
EXPERIMENT NO: 2
AIM: To prepare and submit 50 ml of chloroform water BP 0.25 %.
Apparatus: Beaker (250 ml), measuring cylinder (10 ml. 50 ml), Spatula and glass rod.
Materials: chloroform, purified water.
Formula:
Rx
Chloroform
2.5 ml
Purified water up-to
1000 ml
Procedure:
Chloroform (0.1 ml) is dissolved by shaking in purified water sufficient to produce
50 ml.
Note: Chloroform is slightly soluble (1: 200 at 20º C) in water.
Storage: it should be stored in well closed container, in a cool place. Chloroform water
should be protected from light.
Dose: 15 to 30 ml.
Use: vehicle and preservative.
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Practical Lab Report
Name of Experiment:
Date:
AIM:
Ingredient used and their function:
Calculations:
Observations & Results:
Indication:
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
GARGLES:
Gargles are aqueous solutions used for treating the pharynx and nasopharynx by forcing air from
the lungs through the gargle which is held in the throat.
EXPERIMENT NO: 3
AIM: To prepare and submit 60 ml of gargles preparation by using following formula.
Apparatus: Beaker (250 ml), measuring cylinder (10 ml. 50 ml), Spatula and glass rod.
Materials: phenol, menthol, glycerin, boric acid.
Formula:
Rx
Phenol (1%)
1.0 ml
Menthol (1%)
0.5 ml
Glycerin
15 ml
Boric acid solution (1.5%) ad
120 ml
Mitte: 60 ml.
Sig.: dil. ut dict.(dilute as per direction)
Procedure:
Menthol is dissolved in 1 ml. of alcohol; with stirring add the phenol and glycerin dissolved in the
boric acid solution. A clear solution will formed.
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Practical Lab Report
Name of Experiment:
Date:
AIM:
Ingredient used and their function:
Calculations:
Observations & Results:
Indication:
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
NON AQUEOUS PHARMACEUTICAL SOLUTION
ELIXIRS:
Elixirs are clear, pleasantly flavored, sweetened hydro- alcoholic liquids intended
for oral use. They are used as flavors and vehicles for drug substances and when such
substances are incorporated into the specified solvents, they are classified as medicated
elixirs. The main ingredients in the elixir are ethanol and water but glycerin, sorbitol and
propylene glycol, flavoring agents, preservatives and syrups are often used in the preparation of
the final products.
The alcoholic content of elixirs varies greatly from elixirs, only a small quantity to those that
contains a considerable portion as a necessary aid to solubility.
For example; Aromatic Elixir USP contains 21 – 23% ethanol;
Compound benzaldehyde elixir NF contains 3 - 5% ethanol.
Elixirs may also contain glycerin and syrup. These may be added to increase the solubility of the
medicinal agent or for sweetening purpose. Some elixirs contain propylene glycol. This solvent is
a satisfactory substitute for both glycerin and ethanol.
Sucrose increase viscosity and decreases the solubilizing properties of water and so must be added
after primary solution has been carried out.
A high alcoholic content is maintained during preparation by adding the aqueous phase to the
alcoholic solution.
Elixirs should always be brilliantly clear. They may be strained or filtered and if necessary,
subjected to the clarifying action of purified talc or siliceous earth.
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
EXPERIMENT NO: 4
AIM: To prepare and submit 10 ml of elixirs as non-aqueous preparation.
Apparatus: Beaker (250 ml), measuring cylinder (10 ml. 50 ml), Spatula and glass rod.
Materials: compound orange spirit, alcohol, glycerin, sucrose, purified water.
Formula:
Rx
Compound orange spirit
10 ml.
Alcohol
100 ml.
Glycerin
Sucrose
Purified water, q.s.
200 ml.
320 g.
1000 ml.
Ft.: elix.
Procedure:
1) Take three quarter of water, warm on hot plate dissolve the sucrose into this warm water.
2) Mix the alcohol, glycerin, to it.
3) Filter the solvent mixture through a hard filter paper, returning, if necessary, the first
portions of the filtrate until it passes through clear.
4) Add enough of vehicles make the volume upto10 ml.
Note (Alcohol content: 8 - 10 %)
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Practical Lab Report
Name of Experiment:
Date:
AIM:
Ingredient used and their function:
Calculations:
Observations & Results:
Indication:
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
GLYCERITES:
Glycerites are solutions or mixtures of medicinal substances are not less than 50% by wt glycerin. Most
of glycerites are extremely viscous and some of them are of a jelly-like consistency.
The advantages of glycerin in these preparations are:
1) A valuable solvent, being composed of a polar and non-polar groups, it has a wide range of
solvent power.
2) Its sweet taste.
3) Has a preservative action.
4) Stable.
5) Miscible with water and alcohol, thus liquid glycerites can serve as stoke solution
which may be diluted with water or alcohol.
EXPERIMENT NO: 5
AIM: To prepare and submit 50 ml of scar phenol ear drops by using following formula.
Apparatus: Beaker (250 ml), measuring cylinder (10 ml. 50 ml), Spatula and glass rod.
Materials: phenol, glycerin.
(A)
To prepare 50 ml of Phenol Glycerin BPC
Phenol Glycerin BPC
Rx
Phenol
160 g
Glycerin
840 g
Density:
Phenol
= 1.07 g/cm3, Glycerin = 1.261 g/cm3
Procedure: Dissolve phenol in glycerin
(B) Scar Phenol ear drops BPC
Rx
Phenol glycerin
15 ml
Glycerin up-to
50 ml
Ft.: liq.
Sig: gtt. au
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Procedure: Take the measured amount of phenol glycerin and diluted with sufficient amount
of glycerin up to 50 ml.
Uses: used as antiseptic Ear drops
Storage: store in tightly closed container
Dose: 2-3 drops, three times in a day to each ear.
Theory:
Precautions

The ear should not be damp.

Water should not be added to this preparation. It reacts with phenol to produce a
preparation which is caustic, and consequently, damaging the area of application.
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Practical Lab Report
Name of Experiment:
Date:
AIM:
Ingredient used and their function:
Calculations:
Observations & Results:
Indication:
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
SWEET & VISCID PHARMACEUTICAL SOLUTIONS
SYRUPS:
Syrups are concentrated solutions of a sugar such as sucrose in water or other aqueous
liquids. When purified water alone is used in making the solution of sucrose, the preparation
is known as syrup, or simple syrup. In addition to sucrose, certain other polyols, such as
glycerin or sorbitol, may be added to retard crystallization of sucrose or to increase the
solubility of added ingredients. When the aqueous preparation contains some added medicinal
substance, the syrup is called medicated syrup. Flavored syrup is one which is usually not
medicated, but which contains various aromatic or pleasantly flavored substances and is
intended to be used as a vehicle or a flavor for prescriptions.
EXPERIMENT NO: 6
AIM: To prepare and submit 10 ml of simple syrups B.P, by using following formulas.
Apparatus: Beaker (250 ml), measuring cylinder (10 ml. 50 ml), Spatula and glass rod.
Materials: sucrose, water.
Formula:
Rx
Sucrose
85 g
Water to
1000 ml
Ft: Simple syr.
Mitte: 20 ml.
Procedure: Take the three quarter of vehicle and warm it on hot plate. Then dissolved the
calculated amount of sucrose. Finally make up the volume by same vehicle.
Uses: used as simple syrups and vehicle.
Storage: store in tightly closed container
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Practical Lab Report
Name of Experiment:
Date:
AIM:
Ingredient used and their function:
Calculations:
Observations & Results:
Indication:
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
EMULSIONS
An emulsion consists of two phases, one of which is finely divided and dispersed in the
continuous phase. The system is stabilized by the presence of a third substance known as the
emulsifying agent.
Types of Emulsion
1. Oil-in-water emulsions O/ W: The internal phase/dispersed phase is oil and external/
continuous phase is water.
2. water-in-Oil emulsions W/O: The internal phase/dispersed phase is water and external/
continuous phase is oil.
Methods for Preparing Emulsions:
One of the following general methods is employed:
I.
The Dry Gum Method
II.
The Wet Gum Method
The Dry Gum Method/wet gum method
 In this method, a primary emulsion is made from certain proportion of oil,
water and gum.
 Type of method is depending on the order of addition of gum, water and oil.
 When a stable primary emulsion has been obtained, it may be freely diluted with
more of the continuous phase (water in o/w emulsions).
 Any salts or flavoring agents are added in dilute solutions just before adjusting the
volume.
The Quantities for primary emulsions
A. Fixed oil, e.g., almond, castor, arachis and cod liver oil.
Oil : water : gum
4 : 2
: 1
B. Volatile oil, e.g., turpentine, cinnamon and peppermint oil.
Oil : water : gum
2 : 2
: 1
C. Mineral oil (liquid paraffin).
Oil : water : gum
3 : 2
: 1
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
HLB determination
An arbitrary scale was devised by the scientist Griffin to serve as a measure of the hydrophilic –
lipophilic balance (HLB) of surfactant. By means of this scale it is possible to assign a HLB
range of optimum efficiency for each class of surfactant.
The hydrophilic surfactant has the HLB value 10-18, and lipophilic surfactant have the HLB
value less than 10.
Required HLB value: It has be found that certain emulsifying agents of a given HLB value
appear to have the best effect when used in combination with particular oil phase.
It has given rise to the concept of Required HLB for given oil or oil combination, which is
defined as the HLB value that is required to prepare a stable emulsion of particular type.
Thus for a given oil, the RHLB of preparing a stable O/W emulsion can be different from that
required to prepare a stable W/O emulsion.
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Experiment No 7
AIM: To determine emulsifying agent on the basis of HLB value of surfactant and prepare and
submit 100 gm mineral oil emulsion.
Apparatus: Mortar pestle, beaker (250 ml), measuring cylinder (10 ml. 50 ml), Spatula and
glass rod.
Materials: Tween 80, Span 80, liquid paraffin, wool fat.
HLB Determination
The following example illustrates the use of HLB to determine the proportions of two
surfactants:

Polysorbate 80 with HLB = 15

Sorbitan monoolate with HLB = 4.3
Which are used as emulsifying agent in the following o/w and w/o systems:
Mineral oil
Rx
Liquid paraffin (required HLB=12)
30 gm
Wool fat (required HLB=10)
5 gm
Emulsifying agent
Water to
5 gm
100 gm
Fiat: emuls
Mitte: 100 g
Uses: used as lubricant laxative
Sig: take on empty stomach, at least 1 hr before and 2 hr after meal
Dose: 1 or 2 spoonful and add small amount of water (less than 30 ml)
Calculation: - For O/W emulsion
Liquid paraffin (required HLB=12)
Wool fat (required HLB=10)
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
.
...........
Calculation: - For W/O emulsion
Liquid paraffin (required HLB=5)
Wool fat (required HLB=8)
............
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Note: Density of given liquids
Liquid Paraffin: 0.83-0.86 gm/ml
Tween 80: 1.06
Span: 0.986
Preparation of mineral oil emulsion:
1)
Ration for the primary emulsion of mineral oil is:
oil : water : gum
3 : 2:1
2)
Calculated formula of given formula
15: 10 : 5
3)
Either the dry gum method or the wet gum method can be used, but the former is more
suitable.
4)
In this formulation we are taking two oils and two emulsifying agents
As per our previous calculation. We calculate all values.
Procedure:
a) Select a sample-sized mortar and a suitable pestle.
b) Weigh the accurate amount of wool fat (2.14 g) in beaker and melt it on hot plate.
c) Place in the mortar 12.85 gm (15.11 ml) of liquid paraffin then add melted wool fat to it.
d) Measure 3.4 5 gm (3.3 ml) of tween 80 and 1.55 g (1.57 ml) of span 80 and add to it into
above liquid.
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
e) Triturate the oil phase and EA together for a few seconds.
f) Measure exactly 10 ml of water in another measure.
g) Begin to triturate the oil and, EA again using whipping motion, but not a grinding action.
While triturating, add water slowly.
h) As the water reaches the oil-EA mixture, increase the rate of trituration, taking care to
maintain the whipping motion and work in one direction only.
i) Continue trituration till the primary emulsion is formed. This is when the mixture
becomes white in colour and clicking sound is heard.
j) Continue to triturate for a little longer before attempting to dilute.
k) Measure small amount of water and add them drop wise, with continuous trituration, to
the primary emulsion and then dilute with remaining amount of water and transfer to a
measure.
l) Rinse the mortar with more water and adjust the volume.
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Practical Lab Report
Name of Experiment:
Date:
AIM:
Ingredient used and their function:
Calculations:
31
Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Observations & Results:
Indication:
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Experiment No 8
AIM: To prepare and submit 40 ml of castor oil.
Apparatus: Mortar pestle, beaker (250 ml), measuring cylinder (10 ml. 50 ml), Spatula and
glass rod
Materials: castor oil, gum acacia, water.
Fixed Oil
Formula:
Castor Oil Emulsion
Rx
Castor oil
16 ml
GUM acacia
Q.S.
Water
80 ml
Fiat: emuls
Sig. Stat
Uses: Castor oil is administered orally as a purgative.
Castor oil is a fixed oil. Therefore, the primary emulsion
Formula used is:
Oil: water: gum
4:
2
:1
Either the dry gum method or the wet gum method can be used, but the former is more suitable.
Method of preparation
1. Select a sample-sized mortar and a suitable pestle.
2. Place in the mortar 2 g. acacia (very finely pulverized).
3. Measure 8 ml of oil in a dry measure and pour on the gum allowing some time for the measure
to drain.
4. Triturate the oil and gum together for a few seconds.
5. Measure exactly 4 ml of water in another measure.
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
6. Begin to triturate the oil and, gum again using whipping motion, but not a grinding action.
While triturating, add water all at once.
7. As the water reaches the oil-gum mixture, increase the rate of trituration, taking care to
maintain the whipping motion and work in one direction only.
8. Continue trituration till the primary emulsion is formed. This is when the mixture becomes
white in colour and cracking sound is heard.
9. Continue to triturate for a little longer before attempting to dilute.
10. Measure small amount of water and add them drop wise, with continuous trituration, to the
primary emulsion and then dilute with remaining amount of water and transfer to a measure.
11. Rinse the mortar with more water and adjust the volume.
Castor oil emulsion USP (40 ml)
Formula:
Castor oil : 6.4 ml
gum acacia : 1.6 g
Water : 28.8 ml
Uses: used as purgative
Direction for Use:
immediately
Dose : swallow in one
time
Secondary Label: shake
well before use
Storage : Store in tight closed
Container.
Batch No:
Date of Manufacturing:
Date of Expiry:
Manufactured By:
34
Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Practical Lab Report
Name of Experiment:
Date:
AIM:
Ingredient used and their function:
Calculations:
Observations & Results:
Indication:
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Suspension
Pharmaceutical suspension is a biphasic system composed of finally divided insoluble solid
material suspended in liquid medium. The average size of suspended particles ranges from
0.5 µm to 5 µm in most of the pharmaceutical suspensions.
Suspensions essentially facilitate the administration of insoluble and often distasteful
substances in a form which is pleasant in taste.
Properties of good suspensions
1. Upon shaking the particles should be in suspension for a long time enough for the
removal of the correct dose.
2. The sediment produced on standing should be easily redispersed.
3. It is easily removed from the container.
4. They should not cake on settling.
5. Their taste should be acceptable to the patient.
Factors affecting the settling in Suspension
While it is seldom possible to prevent settling completely over a prolonged period of time, it is
necessary to consider the factors which influence the velocity of sedimentation.
The velocity of sedimentation is expressed by stokes law
V = 2r2 (Ps - Po) g
9η
Where
V : The terminal velocity in cm/sec.
r :The radius of the particles in cm .
Ps: The density of the dispersed phase.
PO: The density of the dispersion medium
g : The acceleration due to gravity
η : viscosity of !he dispersion medium in poise
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Sedimentation volume:
Sedimentation volume is the most important parameter in the evaluation of suspension stability.
Sedimentation volume F is the ratio of ultimate height of the sediment (Hu, height after
sedimentation) to the initial height (Ho) of the total suspension.
Sedimentation volume or rate (F) = ultimate height of sediment (Hu)
Initial height of suspension (Ho)
Sedimentation volume can be plotted against time abscissa and the resultant curve indicates the
sedimentation pattern at storage.
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Experiment No 9
AIM: To prepare and submit 50 ml barium sulfate suspension.
Apparatus: Mortar pestle, beaker (250 ml), measuring cylinder (10 ml. 50 ml), Spatula and
glass rod.
Materials/formula
Barium sulfate Suspension
Rx
Barium sulfate
350.0 g
Methyl cellulose (2%)
20.0 g
Tween 80, (1%) solution
60.0ml
Flavor
5.0 ml
Saccharin sodium
0.5 g
Sorbitol solution (70%)
Purified water to
150.0 ml
1000.0 ml
Fiat (let it be made): Draught (large amount swallow in one time)
Mitte (send): 50 ml
Sig: Stat. (immediately)
Procedure:
1. Prepare the methyl cellulose solution by adding small amount of normal water
subsequently.
2. Wet the barium sulfate using Tween 80.
3. Add methyl cellulose solution in subsequent amount and triturate well.
4. Dissolve the flavor and saccharin in sorbitol solution and pour into
the suspension.
5. Finally add purified water and complete to volume.
Uses: It is used as media, during X-ray examination.
Dose: whole amount in one time.
Storage: store in tight closed container.
Secondary label (auxiliary): shake well before use
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Practical Lab Report
Name of Experiment:
Date:
AIM:
Ingredient used and their function:
Calculations:
Observations & Results:
Indication:
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Experiment No 10
AIM: To prepare and submit 30 ml of antacid Suspension.
Apparatus: Mortar pestle, beaker (250 ml), measuring cylinder (10 ml. 50 ml), Spatula and
glass rod
Materials/ formula
Rx
Magnesium sulphate
5.0 g.
Light magnesium carbonate
1.0 g.
Peppermint water to
15.0 ml.
Fiat: mist.
mitte x doses
Sig.: 30 ml. o.m. (omn man) (every morning)
Procedure:
(1) Finally powder magnesium sulphate then mix well with light magnesium carbonate.
(2) Measure about three-quarter of the peppermint water, pour a portion of it into the mortar
containing the powder and triturate to form a smooth cream; then gradually add the
remainder of the vehicle measured out.
(3) Examine the contents of the mortar and if particles of foreign matter are visible, spread a
piece of muslin over the mouth of the measure, and pour the content, of the mortar
through it.
(4) Rinse the mortar with a little of the vehicle, and then pass the liquid through the muslin.
(3) Finally make up the volume
Uses: Laxative and antacid in case of liver cirrhosis.
Dose: 30 ml.
Storage: store in well closed container
Secondary (auxiliary) label: shake well before use.
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Practical Lab Report
Name of Experiment:
Date:
AIM:
Ingredient used and their function:
Calculations:
Observations & Results:
Indication:
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Experiment No: 11
Determination of Sedimentation rate
AIM: To prepare and determine the of sedimentation rate of magnesium hydroxide suspension
and effect of electrolyte on degree of flocculation.
Apparatus: Mortar pestle, beaker (250 ml), measuring cylinder (10 ml. 50 ml), Spatula and
glass rod
Materials: magnesium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, sodium carbonate,
sodium sulfate, calcium carbonate, distilled water.
Procedure:
(1) Take five measuring cylinders (50 ml.), transfer 1 g, magnesium carbonate to each one.
(2) Add 45 ml. of each of the following electrolytes

H2O, N/10 NaCI, N/10Na2CO3 , N/10 Na2SO4, and N/10 Ca2CO3
(3) To each cylinder add 5 ml. N/10 NaOH and mix well.
(4) Leave without disturbance and observe the sedimentation of the particles.
(5) Measure the total height (initial height Ho) of each mixture in cm, and
Then take the 3-4 reading after 5 min interval that is (Hu, ultimate height).
(6) Plot the ratio of sedimentation (F) on Y-axis vs. time at X axis.
(7) Calculate the velocity (sedimentation rate) by finding the slope x
Molecular weight of following compounds
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) = 39.99 g/mole
Sodium Chloride (NaCI) = 58.44 g/mole
Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) = 142.04g/mole
Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)= 105.9 g/mole
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)= 100.08 g/mole
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Practical Lab Report
Name of Experiment:
Date:
AIM:
Calculations:
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Observations & Results:
Observation table for water
S.N
Time (min)
Hu (cm)
1
0
0
2
5
3
10
4
15
5
20
6
25
Ho (cm)
Hu/Ho
Ho (cm)
Hu/Ho
Ho (cm)
Hu/Ho
Observation table for sodium chloride
S.N
Time (min)
Hu (cm)
1
0
0
2
5
3
10
4
15
5
20
6
25
Observation table for sodium sulfate
S.N
Time (min)
Hu (cm)
1
0
0
2
5
3
10
4
15
5
20
6
25
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Observation table for sodium carbonate
S.N
Time (min)
Hu (cm)
1
0
0
2
5
3
10
4
15
5
20
6
25
Ho (cm)
Hu/Ho
Ho (cm)
Hu/Ho
Observation table for calcium carbonate
S.N
Time (min)
Hu (cm)
1
0
0
2
5
3
10
4
15
5
20
6
25
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Sedimentation rate curve
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
LOTIONS
Lotions are dilute aqueous solutions or suspensions meant for external application to the body. They may
be applied to the skin, hair or eyes. They are applied without friction.
They may contain:
Humectants ; to retain moisture on the skin after
application
Alcohol ; which evaporates quickly causes a cooling
effect and leaving the skin dry.
Experiment No 12
AIM: To prepare and submit 10 ml of calamine lotion
Apparatus: Mortar pestle, beaker (250 ml), measuring cylinder (10 ml. 50 ml), Spatula and
glass rod
Materials/formula:
Rx
Calamine
8 g.
Zinc oxide
8 g.
Glycerin
6 ml.
Lime water to
100 ml.
Fiat: lotion (to make lotions)
Mitte: 10 ml
Sig. M.D.U. (More Dicto Utendus) ( to be used as directed)
Procedure:
I. M i x calamine and zinc oxide together in a mortar till a homogenous
powder is obtained.
2. Pour glycerin and triturate to form a homogeneous paste.
3. Add a small portion of lime water and continue trituration till a
very smooth levigate is obtained.
4. Dilute the smooth levigate with small portion of calcium hydroxide solution (lime water), then
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
with large portion following by trituration after each addition till attaining the final
volume.
Uses: Soothing and protective in cases of skin irritation and dermatitis.
Lime water: Saturated calcium hydroxide solution (1.5g/L at 25ºC sparsely soluble).
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Practical Lab Report
Name of Experiment:
Date:
AIM:
Ingredient used and their function:
Calculations:
Observations & Results:
Indication:
51
Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Experiment No 13
AIM: To prepare and submit 10 ml of scalp lotion.
Apparatus: Mortar pestle, beaker (250 ml), measuring cylinder (10 ml. 50 ml), Spatula and
glass rod.
Materials/formula:
scalp lotion
Rx
Resorcinol
2.00 g
Salicylic acid
2.00 g
Sodium metabisulphite
0.01g
Glycerin
2.00 ml
Alcohol 50% to
100.00 ml
Fiat: Lot
Mitte: 50 ml
Sig. M.D.U.
Method of preparation
1) Dissolve resorcinol, salicylic acid and sodium metabisulphite in 2/3 the vehicle,
2) Then add glycerin and adjust to volume with alcohol 50%.
Uses: Rubefacient for the scalp and to treat dandruff.
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Practical Lab Report
Name of Experiment:
Date:
AIM:
Ingredient used and their function:
Calculations:
Observations & Results:
Indication:
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
SEMISOLID DOSAGE FORMS
Semisolid dosage forms: These are dermatological products of semisolid consistency and
applied to skin for therapeutic or protective action or cosmetic function
Types of conventional semisolid dosage forms:
1. Ointments
2. Creams
3. Pastes
4. Gels
5. Poultices
6. Plasters
7. Rigid foam
Paste: Pastes are the semi-solid dosage forms that contain one or more drug substances
incorporated in a base with large proportions of finely dispersed solids, are intended for external
application to skin, but very thick and stiff.
Tooth paste:
Toothpaste is a paste or gel dentifrice used with a toothbrush as an accessory to clean and
maintain the aesthetics and health of teeth. Toothpaste is used to promote oral hygiene: it serves
as an abrasive that aids in removing the dental plaque and food from the teeth, assists in
suppressing halitosis, and delivers active ingredients such as fluoride or xylitol to help prevent
tooth and gum disease (gingivitis).[1] Most of the cleaning is achieved by the mechanical action
of the toothbrush, and not by the toothpaste. Salt and Baking soda are among materials that can
be substituted for commercial toothpaste. Toothpaste is not intended to be swallowed.
Levigation
Levigation is the process of grinding an insoluble substance to a fine powder, while wet. The
material is introduced into the mill together with water, in which the powdered substance
remains suspended, and flows from the mill as a turbid liquid or thin paste, according to the
amount of water employed.
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Experiment 14
Aim: To prepare and submit 20 g of tooth paste.
Apparatus: Mortar pestle, beaker (250 ml), measuring cylinder (10 ml. 50 ml), Spatula and
glass rod
Materials/formula:
Tooth paste:
Rx
Precipitated chalk (calcium carbonate) 57
Sod Lauryl1504
1.0
Glycerin
21
Gum Tragacanth
1.5
Water qs
20
Send: 20
g
g
g
g
g
gm
Method of preparation;
1) Triturate Precipitated chalk, Sod. Lauryl and Gum in a mortar and mix
gradually with litigation.
2) Then add Glycerin to (1) with levigation, until past is formed, add amount of
water according to consistency.
Uses: use for dentifrices.
Packaging and Storage :
Fill on Plastic or glass wide mouthed container and collapsible tubes, store at temperature not
more than 25 °C.
Label :
For External use only
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Practical Lab Report
Name of Experiment:
Date:
AIM:
Ingredient used and their function:
Calculations:
Observations & Results:
Indication:
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Experiment 15
Aim: To prepare and submit 10 g of zinc oxide paste.
Apparatus: Porcelain dish, water bath, Mortar pestle, beaker (250 ml), measuring cylinder (10
ml. 50 ml), Spatula and glass rod
Materials/formula:
Rx
Zinc oxide
25 gm
Starch
25 gm
Vaseline to
100 gm
Send 10 gm
Method of preparation;
2) Melt the Vaseline on water bath to 70ºC
1) Incorporate Zinc oxide and starch to the melted Vaseline with continuous stirring until cold.
Uses: As protective.
Packaging and Storage :
Fill on Plastic or glass wide mouthed container and collapsible tubes, store at temperature not
more than 25 °C.
Label :
For external use only
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Practical Lab Report
Name of Experiment:
Date:
AIM:
Ingredient used and their function:
Calculations:
Observations & Results:
Indication:
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
OINTMENTS: Ointments are semisolid greasy preparations for application to the skin,
rectum, nasal mucosal. The base is usually anhydrous and contain the medicament in
solution or suspension.
Water No: The water number is the largest amount of water in gm that Gm of an ointment
base or fat will hold at normal temperature( 20°).
Most oleaginous bases can become absorption bases by the addition of an ingredient or
ingredients that increase the water number of the oleaginous base.
Oleaginous Ointment Bases:
Experiment 16
Aim: To prepare and submit 10 g of Vicks ointment.
Apparatus: Porcelain dish, water bath, Mortar pestle, beaker (250 ml), measuring cylinder (10
ml. 50 ml), Spatula and glass rod
Materials/formula:
Rx
Methyl Salicylate
10ml
Menthol
0.22g
White Soft Paraffin
qs100g
Method of Preparation:
1) Accurately measure 10 ml of Methyl Salicylate , 0.22g of Menthol and 90 g of White
Soft Paraffin .
2) Then melt white soft paraffin over a water bath , and remove to cool to 25°C.
3) Dissolve menthol in Methyl Salicylate and mix well with the melted white soft
paraffin , let it be cooled , mix well in the same direction to become homogenous
mixture .
4) Then pass this preparation in the triple Roller mill , two times or more till you get a
homogenous ointment .
Uses : Is used in Musculoskeletal , joint & soft – tissue
disorders &for minor peripheral vascular disorders
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
such as chilblains . It can be used ads inhalation
for symptomatic relief of upper respiratory – tract
disorders .
Doses : Apply to Affected area three times daily .
Packaging and Storage :
Fill on Plastic Wide mouthed container or ointment tubes, and store at temperature not
more than 25 °C .
Stability : It is stable for three month
Label : For External use only . Protect from light .
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Practical Lab Report
Name of Experiment:
Date:
AIM:
Ingredient used and their function:
Calculations:
Observations & Results:
Indication:
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Pharmaceutics II, LAB MANUAL
Experiment 17
Aim: To prepare and submit 10 g of Zinc oxide ointment.
Apparatus: Porcelain dish, water bath, Mortar pestle, beaker (250 ml), measuring cylinder (10
ml. 50 ml), Spatula and glass rod
Materials/formual
Rx
Zinc Oxide
20 g
Paraffin Oil
15 g
White Soft Paraffin
as 100 g
Method of preparation:
1) Accurately weigh 20 g of Zink Oxide, 15 g of Paraffin oil and 70 g of White Soft
Paraffin.
2) Triturate the Zink Oxide to make fine powder
3) Melt the White Soft Paraffin over water bath, then allow cooling to about 30 °C .
4) Dilute Zinc oxide with paraffin oil with mixing till you get a homogenous
preparation , and to them add Soft paraffin with mixing again to get a homogenous
preparation .
5) Pass this preparation over triple Roller mill to get homogenous ointment .
Uses: used as suns cream, for treatment eczema, slight
excoriations.
10% can be used to prevent diaper rash and protect chafed skin due to diaper rash &
helps seal out wetness.
Doses: For diaper rash : Apply each diaper change , especially at bed time . For eczema and
slight excoriations: Apply affected area twice or three times daily . As sun cream apply the skin
half an hour before exposure to sun light .
Packaging and Storage : Fill on Plastic Wide mouthed container or ointment
tubes , and store at temperature not more than 25 °C .
Stability : It is stable for three month
Label :For External use only . Protect from light .
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Practical Lab Report
Name of Experiment:
Date:
AIM:
Ingredient used and their function:
Calculations:
Observations & Results:
Indication:
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65