AP EUROPEAN HISTORY
Name: _____________________________
MR. ZOLLO 2015 - 2016
KEY CONCEPTS
UNIT 8: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND 19TH C. ISMS
Period: ______________________
Date: ____________________
New Incentive! Fully answer all of the key concepts and define the key terms, you will receive
extra credit on the upcoming test! You will be required to turn in all of your completed reading
guides in order to qualify for extra credit. In order to earn extra credit, you need to complete on
a separate sheet of paper….you can download it on the website. If you want to complete this
with a partner, you can do that – you have to do it then on Google Docs and share it with me.
Essential Questions
 Analyze how in the first half of the 19th century, revolutionaries attempted to destroy the status quo, while
conservatives re-established control in many European states and attempted to suppress movements for change
and, in some areas, to strengthen adherence to religious authorities.
 Analyze how in the first half of the 19th century, revolutionaries attempted to destroy the status quo, while
conservatives re-established control in many European states and attempted to suppress movements for change
and, in some areas, to strengthen adherence to religious authorities.
 What factors led to Industrial Revolution? Why did the Industrial Revolution occur first in England?
 What were the major technological developments that made the Industrial Revolution possible?
 What were the economic and social consequences of the Industrial Revolution?
 What was the impact of industrialization on families, women, and children?
 How did rapid population growth and urbanization affect people and society?
 What were the objections of Adam Smith and other economic liberals to mercantilism?
 What were the major tenets of liberals, conservatives, Utopian socialists, and Marxist socialist? To what
extent did any of these groups achieve their goals in this period?
 What arguments did Marx and Engels make on how governments and the people would respond to
industrialization?
 How did industrialization compare and contrast between England and the European continent?
 Compare and contrast the approaches to industrialization taken by the liberals, Utopian socialists, and
Marxists
 How was Romanticism a reaction against the Enlightenment and industrialization? How did
industrialization affect culture? How did Romanticism respond to conditions of the first half of the 19th
century?
Key Concept 2.3 – While Enlightenment values dominated the world of European ideas,
they were challenged by the revival of public sentiment and feeling.
I.
II.
Revolution, war and rebellion demonstrated the emotional power of mass politics and nationalism.
Romanticism emerged as a challenge to Enlightenment rationality.
Key Concept 3.1 - The Industrial Revolution spread from Great Britain to the continent, where the
state played a greater role in promoting industry.
I.
II.
III.
Great Britain established its industrial dominance through the mechanization of textile production, iron and steel
production, and new transportation systems.
a. Britain’s ready supplies of coal, iron ore, and other essential raw materials promoted industrial growth.
b. Economic institutions and human capital such as engineers, inventors, and capitalists helped Britain lead
the process of industrialization, largely through private initiative.
c. Britain’s parliamentary government promoted commercial and industrial interests, because those interests
were represented in Parliament.
Following the British example, industrialization took root in continental Europe, sometimes with state
sponsorship.
a. France moved toward industrialization at a more gradual pace than Great Britain, with government
support and with less dislocation of traditional methods of production.
b. Industrialization in Prussia allowed that state to become the leader of a unified Germany, which
subsequently underwent rapid industrialization under government sponsorship.
c. A combination of factors, including geography, lack of resources, the dominance of traditional landed
elites, the persistence of serfdom in some areas, and inadequate government sponsorship accounted for
eastern and southern Europe’s lag in industrial development.
During the Second Industrial Revolution (c. 1870-1914), more areas of Europe experienced industrial activity,
and industrial processes increased in scale and complexity.
a. Mechanization and the factory system became the predominant modes of production by 1914.
b. New technologies and means of communication and transportation – including railroads - resulted in
more fully integrated national economies, a higher level of urbanization, and a truly global economic
network.
c. Volatile business cycles in the last quarter of the 19th century led corporations and governments to try to
manage the market through monopolies, banking practices, and tariffs.
Key Concept 3.2 - The experiences of everyday life were shaped by industrialization, depending on the
level of industrial development in a particular location.
I.
II.
III.
Industrialization promoted the development of new classes in the industrial regions of Europe.
a. In industrialized areas of Europe (i.e., western and northern Europe), socioeconomic changes created
divisions of labor that led to the development of self-conscious classes, such as the proletariat and the
bourgeoisie.
b. In some of the less industrialized areas of Europe, the dominance of agricultural elites persisted into the
20th century.
c. Class identity developed and was reinforced through participation in philanthropic, political, and social
associations among the middle classes, and in mutual aid societies and trade unions among the working
classes.
Europe experienced rapid population growth and urbanization, leading to social dislocations.
a. Along with better harvests caused in part by the commercialization of agriculture, industrialization
promoted population growth, longer life expectancy, and lowered infant mortality.
b. With migration from rural to urban areas in industrialized regions, cities experienced overcrowding, while
affected rural areas suffered declines in available labor as well as weakened communities.
Over time, the Industrial Revolution altered the family structure and relations for bourgeois and working-class
families.
a. Bourgeois families became focused on the nuclear family and the “cult of domesticity,” with distinct
gender roles for men and women.
IV.
V.
b. By the end of the century, wages and the quality of life for the working class improved because of laws
restricting the labor of children and women, social welfare programs, improved diet, and the use of birth
control.
c. Economic motivations for marriage, while still important for all classes, diminished as the middle-class
notion of companionate marriage began to be adopted by the working classes.
d. Leisure time centered increasingly on the family or small groups, concurrent with the development of
activities and spaces to use that time.
A heightened consumerism developed as a result of the Second Industrial Revolution.
a. Industrialization and mass marketing increased both the production and demand for a new range of
consumer goods - including clothing, processed, foods, and labor-saving and leisure.
b. New efficient methods of transportation and other innovations created new industries, improved the
distribution of goods, increased consumerism, and enhanced the quality of life.
Because of the persistence of primitive agricultural practices and land-owning patterns, some areas of Europe
lagged in industrialization, while facing famine, debt, and land shortages.
Key Concept 3.3 - The problems of industrialization provoked a range of ideological, governmental,
and collective responses.
I.
Ideologies developed and took root throughout society as a response to industrial and political revolutions.
a. Liberals emphasized popular sovereignty, individual rights, and enlightened self-interest but debated the
extent to which all groups in society should actively participate in its governance.
b. Radicals in Britain and republicans on the continent demanded universal male suffrage and full
citizenship without regard to wealth and property ownership; some argued that such rights should be
extended to women.
c. Conservatives developed a new ideology in support of traditional political and religious authorities, which
was based on the idea that human nature was not perfectible.
d. Socialists called for a fair distribution of society’s resources and wealth, and evolved from a utopian to a
Marxist “scientific” critique of capitalism.
e. Anarchists asserted that all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary and should be overthrown
and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation.
f. Nationalists encouraged loyalty to the nation in a variety of ways, including romantic idealism, liberal
reform, political unification, racialism with a concomitant anti-Semitism, and chauvinism justifying
national aggrandizement.
Key Concept 3.4 - European states struggled to maintain internal stability in an age of and
revolutions.
I.
The Concert of Europe (or Congress System) sought to maintain the status quo through collective action and
adherence to conservatism.
a. Metternich, architect of the Concert of Europe, used it to suppress nationalist and liberal revolutions.
b. Conservatives re-established control in many European states and attempted to suppress movements for
change and, in some areas, to strengthen adherence to religious authorities.
c. In the first half of the 19th century, revolutionaries attempted to destroy the status quo.
d. The revolutions of 1848 challenged the conservative order and led to the breakdown of the Concert of
Europe.
Key Concept 3.6 – European ideas and culture expressed a tension between objectivity
and scientific realism on one hand, and subjectivity and individual expression on the
other.
I.
Romanticism broke with neoclassical forms of artistic representation and with rationalism, placing more emphasis
on intuition and emotion.
a. Romantic artists and composers broke from classical artistic forms to emphasize emotion, nature,
individuality, intuition, the supernatural, and national histories in their works.
AP EUROPEAN HISTORY
Name: _____________________________
MR. ZOLLO 2015 - 2016
CALENDAR AND KEY TERMS
UNIT 8: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND 19TH C. ISMS
Date
Tuesday, January 12
Wednesday, January 13
Thursday, January 14
In Class
French Revolution and Napoleon
Test
Europe After Napoleon and the
Isms
To what extent did ideologies
developed and took root throughout
society as a response to industrial
and political revolutions?
Conservative Order Shaken
Analyze how in the first half of the
19th century, revolutionaries
attempted to destroy the status quo,
while conservatives re-established
control in many European states and
attempted to suppress movements for
change and, in some areas, to
strengthen adherence to religious
authorities.
Friday, January 15
Monday, January 18
Tuesday, January 19
Romanticism
Analyze how Romanticism emerged
as a challenge to Enlightenment
rationality.
No School
Industrial Revolution
How did Great Britain establish its
industrial dominance through the
mechanization of textile production,
iron and steel production, and new
transportation systems?
Explain the ways in which the
Industrial Revolution spread, with
varying degrees of success, throughout
the rest of Europe.
Period: ______________________
Date: ____________________
Homework
Due Tomorrow: Kagan, 615-622
Spielvogel 626-634
Warning, we are not using our
textbook for many sections this
unit.
Speilvogel 649-654
DBQ PROJECT IS DUE
TOMORROW!!!
Speilvogel, 597-609
DBQ PROJECT IS DUE TODAY!
Speilvogel 609-621
Wednesday, January 20
Societal Reactions of
Industrialization
Kagan, 663-669
Explain and analyze how the
experiences of everyday life were
shaped by industrialization, depending
on the level of industrial development
in a particular location.
Thursday, January 21
Economic Reactions to
Industrialization
Which ideologies developed and took
root throughout society as a response
to industrial and political revolutions?
Friday, January 22
Economic Reactions to
Industrialization
Kagan, 669-677
While socialists called for a fair
distribution of society’s resources and
wealth, how did this idea evolve into
Marxism?
Monday, January 25
Revolutions of 1848
Analyze how the revolutions of 1848
challenged the conservative order and
led to the breakdown of the Concert of
Europe.
Tuesday, January 26
Wednesday, January 27
Thursday, January 28
Friday, January 29
Monday, February 1
Test - DBQ
Review
Review
Final Exam Writing Portion – SAQ
Final Exams (Multiple Choice
only)
Kagan, Chapter 20
1. Nationalism (definition, goals, types of
people who support it)
2. Liberalism
3. Conservatism
4. Nation vs. State vs. Nation-State
5. How did the conservative governments of
the major European powers regain or hold
onto control following the conclusion of the
Napoleonic Wars? (Great Britain, Prussia,
France, Spain)
6. Corn Law /Anti-Corn Law League
7. Louis XVIII
8. Concert of Europe
9. Congress System
10. Greek Revolution of 1821
11. Tousaint L’Ouverture
Kagan, 630, 668-690
Kagan, Chapter 21
1. How has Europe’s population changed since the
beginning of the IR?
2. Impact of railroads
3. Proletarianization
4. Confection
5. Chartism
6. How did this wave of industrialism impact the
family?
7. English Factory Act of 1833
8. How did the IR impact crime in Europe?
9. Transportation
10. Thomas Malthus
11. David Ricardo
12. Zollverein
13. Utilitarianism
14. Jeremy Bentham
15. Corn Laws of 1846
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Utopian socialists
Saint-Simonianism
Owenism
Fourierism
Anarchism
Marxism
Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels
Communist Manifesto
Proletariat
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
Revolutions of 1848
Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte
Nationalism
The Vienna Uprising
The Magyar Revolt
Pan-Slavism
Victor Emmanuel II
Frederick William IV
Frankfurt Parliament