Chapter 6: Microbial Nutrition and Growth Growth Requirements Nutrients: Chemical Energy Requirements -Sources of carbon, energy, and electrons: 1. Photoautotrophs2. Chemoautotrophs3. Photoheterotrophs4. Chemoheterotrophs5. Organotrophs-. 6. Lithotrophs-Oxygen requirements: 1. Obligate Aerobes- 2. Obligate Anaerobes-singlet oxygen (1O2)- -superoxide radical (O2-)- -peroxide anion (O22-)-hydroxyl radical (OH-)- 1 3. Facultative Anaerobes- 4. Aerotolerant anaerobes- 5. Microaerophiles- -Nitrogen Requirements-Nitrogen is needed in amino acids (proteins and enzymes) and nucleotide bases (DNA and RNA), if low, anabolism stops. -Nitrogen is acquired from organic and inorganic nutrients. -Many organisms cannot use atmospheric Nitrogen (79% of atmosphere), a few bacteria reduce N2 to NH3 (ammonia); nitrogen fixation. -Nitrogen fixation is essential for life on Earth. -Other Chemical Requirements -C, H, O, N make up 95% of the dry weight of cells -phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, manganese, copper, iron, and a few other elements constitute the other 5%, trace elements. -growth factors- Physical Requirements: -Temperature- temperature plays an important role in microbial life, due to its effects on the 3-D configurations of biological molecules -Organisms usually have a minimum, maximum, and optimum growth temperature. -Psychrophiles- 2 -Mesophiles-Thermophiles-Hyperthermophiles-pH- organisms are sensitive to changes in acidity -Neutrophiles-Acidophiles-Alkalinophiles-Physical Effects of Water- water is essential for growth and metabolism -Osmotic pressure- -There are some cells that can withstand hypertonic solutions: -obligate halophiles-facultative halophiles-Hydrostatic pressure is related to the pressure found at various depths under water. -barophilesEcological Associations- all organisms live in relationships with other organisms -Antagonistic relationship-Synergistic relationship- 3 -Symbiotic relationship- -Biofilms-quorum sensing- Culturing Microorganisms InoculumMedium- a -culture tubes-petri dish-use of solid media allows the determination of a bacteria’s colony growth characteristics: Clinical SamplingObtaining Pure Cultures-CFU (colony forming unit)-Streak Plates-Pour PlatesCulture Media- can be very general or very specific in their growth requirements -Defined Media- -Complex Media- -Selective Media- 4 -Enrichment Culture- -Differential Media- -Anaerobic Media- -Transport MediaSpecial Culture Techniques -Animal and Cell Culture-Low-Oxygen CulturePreserving Cultures -refrigeration is the best technique for storing bacteria for short periods of time. -deep-freezing and lyophilization used for long term storage of bacterial cultures. Growth of Microbial Populations Mathematical Considerations in Population Growth-the number of cells arising from a single cell reproducing by binary fission is calculated as 2n, where n is the number of generations. [15 generations from 1 cell will be 215 = 32,768 cells] [15 generations from 3 cells will be 3 x 215 = 98,304 cells] -scientific notation is used when writing down bacterial population [1,073,741,824 is written as 1.07 x 109] 5 Generation Time-optimal conditions can allow some bacteria (E. coli and S. aureus) to have a generation time of 20 minutes or less (that’s fast!) -most bacteria have a generation time of 1-3 hours -some slow growing bacteria (Mycobacterium leprae) need more than 10 days before they double. Phases of Microbial Growth-There is a general pattern to bacterial growth, even though the rate may differ from species to species. -Lag phase-Log phase-Stationary Phase-Death PhaseMeasuring Microbial Growth -Direct Methods include viable plate counts, membrane filtration, microscopic counts, electronic counters, and most probable number. -Microscopic Counters-Electronic Counters-Viable Plate Counts-Membrane Filtration- 6 -Most Probable Number- -Indirect methods include metabolic activity, dry weight, and turbidity -Turbidity-Metabolic Activity-Dry Weight-Genetic Methods- 7