Chemistry-1 CP
Chapter 22: Hydrocarbon Compounds
Organic Chemistry:
There are more than ____________________________ organic compounds.
Allotropes:
Examples of Allotropes:
Hydrocarbons:
Carbon has ____________ valence electrons, and therefore always forms _____ covalent bonds.
Hydrocarbon Prefixes
Prefix
MethEthPropButPentHexHeptOctNonDecMethods of Illustrating Hydrocarbons
Formula
C4H10
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH3
CH3(CH2)2CH3
C-C-C-C
# of Carbons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Description
Molecular Formula
Complete Structural Formula (Lewis Structure)
Condensed Structural Formula: C-H bonds understood
Condensed Structural Formula: C-C and C-H bonds understood
Condensed Structural Formula: All bonds understood, parentheses
indicate CH2 are linked in a continuous chain
Carbon skeleton: all hydrogens and C-H bonds understood
Line-angle formula: All carbons and hydrogens understood; carbon
atoms are located at each intersection and at the ends of lines.
Alkanes:
In an alkane all the carbon-carbon bonds are:
And all the other bonds are:
The carbon atoms in an alkane can be arranged in a ________________________________ or a
____________________________.
Alkanes are called ____________________________________ compounds because they contain:
Straight Chain Alkanes:
Homologous Series:
In an alkane a ______________________ group is the increment of change.
Naming alkanes:
1) For all alkanes the name ends in _________________.
2) Count the carbon atoms and add the appropriate prefix
Example: Name the alkane with the chemical formula C6H14
To draw a structural formula for a straight chain alkane:
1) Write the symbol for carbon as many times as necessary to get the proper chain length
2) Complete each carbons bonds with hydrogen
Example: Draw the structural formula for octane.
Branched Chain Alkanes:
Substituent:
Parent Alkane:
Alkyl Group:
Naming the alkyl groups:
1) Names end in –yl
2) Add the appropriate prefix based on the number of carbons in the alkyl group
Naming Branched Chain Alkanes
Example:
Find the largest chain of carbons in the molecule (the
parent structure)
Number the carbons in the main chain in sequence,
starting so that the substituents will be on the
carbons of the lowest possible numbers.
Add numbers to the name of the substituent groups
to identify their positions
Use prefixes to indicate the appearance of the same
group more than once in the structural formula
(Molecular compound prefixes: di, tri, tetra, penta,
etc.)
The longest chain is 7 carbon atoms. The
parent structure is heptane.
Done above
List the names of the alkyl substituents in alphabetical
order (ignoring any prefixes such as di and tri)
Use proper punctuation. Commas used to separate
numbers. Hyphens to separate numbers and words.
Entire name written without spaces
4-ethyl,2,3-dimethyl
PRACTICE PROBLEMS:
Name the following alkanes.
1)
3)
2)
4)
2-methyl, 3-methyl, 4-ethyl
2, 3-dimethyl
4-ethyl,2,3-dimethylheptane
Drawing Structural Formulas for Alkanes
1) Find the root word (ending in –ane). Write the longest carbon chain to create the parent structure.
2) Number the carbons on the parent carbon chain.
3) Identify the constituent groups. Attach the substituents to the numbered parent chain at the proper positions.
4) Add hydrogens as needed.
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Draw the structural formulas for the following:
1) 2,2,4-trimethylpentane
2) 2,3-dimethylhexane
3) 4-ethyl-2,3,4-trimethyloctane
4) 3,3-dimethyl-4-ethyloctane
5) hexane
6) 2-methylbutane
Properties of Alkanes:
Molecules of hydrocarbons are ________________________________________ molecules.
Attraction between nonpolar molecules are weak __________________________________________.
Alkanes of low molar mass tend to be:
Will form a solution with ________________________________ compounds because “Like dissolves like”

Will not form solutions with ____________________________ compounds
Unsaturated Compounds:
1) Alkenes:
Example:
2) Alkynes:
Example:
To Name Alkenes/Alkynes:
1) Find the longest chain the molecule that contains the double/triple bond (the parent chain). Name
with the appropriate prefix and the ending –ene (for an alkene) or –yne (for an alkyne)
2) Number the chain so the carbon atoms with the double/triple bonds have the lowest numbers
3) Substituents are numbered and named as they are with alkanes
Practice Problems
Name the following compounds:
1)
4)
2)
3)
5)
Draw the structural formulas for the following compounds:
1) Propyne
2) Propane
3) Propene
ISOMERS:
Structural Isomers:
Example:
Structural Isomers differ in _______________________________________ properties
-Also have:
-The more highly branched the hydrocarbon structure:
Stereoisomers:
1) Geometric Isomers:
trans-configuration:
cis-configuration:
Examples:
2) Optical Isomers:
Asymmetric Carbon:
Organic Compounds can be classified according to their ________________________________________________.
Functional Group:
Functional Groups (R = any carbon chain)
Compound Type
Compound Structure
Functional Group
Halocarbon
R—X (X = F, Cl, Br, I)
Halogen
Alcohol
R—OH
Hydroxyl
Ether
R—O—R
Ether
Aldehyde
Carbonyl
Ketone
Carbonyl
Carboxylic Acid
Carboxyl
Ester
Ester
Amine
Amide
R—NH2
Amino
Amide
Naming functional groups (named as substituents)
1) Halocarbons:
Naming:
Practice Problems--Name the Following
1)
2)
3)
Properties of Halocarbons:
Uses of Halocarbons:
2) Alcohols:
Hydroxyl Group:
Naming:
1) drop the –e ending of the parent alkane name and add the ending –ol
2) Parent alkane is the longest continuous chain that includes the carbon attached to the
hydroxyl group
3) If the hydroxyl group can occur at more than one position, its position is designated with the
lowest possible number.
4) Alcohols containing 2, 3, or 4 –OH substituents are named diols, triols, and tetrols
Practice Problems—Name the following alcohols
1)
2)
3)
Properties of Alcohols:
Uses of Alcohols:
3) Aldehydes:
4) Ketones:
Naming Aldehydes & Ketones:
1) Identify the longest hydrocarbon chain containing the functional group
2) For aldehydes, replace the –e of the hydrocarbon with –al
3) For ketones, replace the –e of the hydrocarbon with –one
4) If the functional group can occur at more than one place, designate its position with the
lowest possible number.
PRACTICE PROBLEMS—NAME THE FOLLOWING
1)
2)
Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones:
Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones:
5) Esters:
Properties of Esters:
Uses of Esters:
Polymers:
3)