Draft ACT Trails Strategy
2014-2024
PARKS AND CONSERVATION SERVICE
SUMMARY OF DRAFT
Summary of Draft
ACT Trails Strategy 2014-24
Document Details
CBRE
GPO Box 1987
CANBERRA ACT 2601
Contact No: 02 6232 2733
Cover image: Mount Ainslie
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgements
4
1
An invitation to comment
6
2
Introduction
7
3
4
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2.1
What is a ‘trail’?
7
2.2
Scope of the Draft Strategy
9
2.3
Areas covered by the Draft Strategy
10
2.4
The need for a Trail Strategy
11
The Strategic Context
11
3.1
Interaction with planning policies
12
3.2
Plans of management
13
3.3
Population growth
13
3.4
Sport and Recreation
14
3.5
Managing impacts on environmental, cultural and heritage values
16
3.6
Physical and Social Health
17
3.7
Events and tourism
18
3.8
Technology
19
3.9
Transport
20
Stakeholders
21
4.1
Territory Government
21
4.2
Commonwealth Government
22
4.3
Recreational walking and running
22
4.4
Equestrian activities
22
4.5
Orienteering and rogaining
23
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5
6
4.6
Dog sledding
23
4.7
Mountain biking
24
4.8
Motorised recreation
24
4.9
Recreational users with accessibility and mobility constraints
25
4.10
Conservation and environment stakeholders
26
Key issues
5.1
Inventory of trails
27
5.2
Concentration of users
29
5.3
Trail sharing
29
5.4
Limited connectivity
31
5.5
Reporting of issues
31
5.6
Provision of maintenance
32
5.7
Proliferation of the trail network
33
5.8
Trail closure
34
5.9
Access to trails
35
5.10
Impacts on ecological and cultural values
35
5.11
Need for a trail identification and classification system
36
5.12
Limited access to up to date trails information
37
5.13
Lack of usage data
38
5.14
Staging events
39
5.15
Public access and Government liability
40
5.16
Unexplored tourism potential
41
5.17
Management structure and funding
41
5.18
Protection of the network
42
The Proposed Strategy
6.1
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27
Time frames
43
43
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7
6.2
Implementation
43
6.3
Key values
43
6.4
The Vision
44
6.5
Delivery of the vision
44
References
61
Appendix A: Maps
63
Acknowledgements
The following organisations have been consulted in the development of the Draft Strategy,
however they may not necessary share the views expressed within. Continued community
involvement will remain an important part of the development of a final strategy to ensure this
document accurately captures the views of those it is intended to serve. The authors would like to
thank all those involved for their time and input.
ACT Catchment Coordinators
CORC (All mountain)
ACT Equestrian Association
Disability ACT
ACT Insurance Authority
Disability Advisory Council
ACT Veterans Athletic Club
ACT Walking for Pleasure
Australian Mountain Running Association
Bicentennial National Trail Ltd
Brindabella Motorsports Club
Canberra Ornithologists Group
Conservation Council ACT
CORC (Downhill)
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Dual Sport Motorcycle Riders Association
Equestrian Users Forum
Four Wheel Drive NSW and ACT Inc
Land Rover Club ACT
LandCare Groups
Light Car Club Canberra
Motorcycle Council of NSW
National Parks Association of the ACT
Orienteering ACT
Parks and Conservation Service
ParkCare Groups
Recreational Users Forum
Southern Tablelands 4WD Club Inc
Territory and Municipal Services
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An invitation to comment
Walter Burley Griffin’s vision for the national capital drew on the natural landscape and sought to
integrate the urban and natural environments. Parkland, bush, nature reserves and national parks
are integral to the form of Canberra as the bush capital.
Trails are the primary means by which the ACT population can access this important feature of the
Canberra landscape. The ability of local residents to interact with the local environment is
determined by the quality and connectivity of the trail network.
Whilst highly valued by the recreational groups that use them, trail development, management
and use has been fragmented. Outside key areas such as Canberra Nature Park, Namadgi National
Park and Stromlo Forest Park, trail networks have little formal recognition and are therefore
subject to encroachment and pressures from development and other land management activities.
Even within key areas, a lack of protocols between user groups has given rise to conflict, which
will only increase as the ACT population grows and looks for accessible outdoor recreation
opportunities.
Within this context, the Parks and Conservation Service (a division of Territory and Municipal
Services Directorate) has commissioned CBRE to prepare a ’’strategy to ensure that relevant
agencies of the ACT Government have a consistent policy framework within which to promote the
development, maintenance and use of trails for their recreational, health, fitness, sporting and
tourism related values.’’
This document is intended to encourage discussion about the role of trails in the ACT, the issues
and opportunities the trail network presents, and what the trail network might look like in the
future.
The Draft Strategy has been informed by targeted consultation with Government, peak bodies
and organisations. Members of the public, whether as individuals or as members of interest
groups, are now invited to comment on this document. Submissions should be in writing and be
as specific as possible. Any comments, no matter how brief, are welcome and will contribute to
the preparation of a final strategy.
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Comments should be received by close of business 20 December 2013. Comments may be
submitted by mail or electronically, using the details below:By post: CBRE GPO Box 1987, Canberra ACT 2601
In person: CBRE Level 12, 14 Moore Street, Canberra ACT 2601
By email: DraftACTTrailsStrategy@act.gov.au
All submissions received are a matter of public record and will be available for public inspection
on request. Your comments on this Draft Strategy may contain personal information subject to
the Privacy Act 1988 (Commonwealth). The submission of personal information with your
comments is voluntary.
Introduction
1.1 What is a ‘trail’?
The Collins English Dictionary defines ‘trail’ as ‘a path, track, or road, especially one roughly
blazed’.
For the purpose of this Draft Strategy, the term ‘trail’ includes all unsealed pathways located
outside the built up areas of Canberra, and which are publically accessible for recreational
purposes. It therefore includes fire trails, maintenance tracks, purpose built single and multi use
trails, and informal but identifiable trails which have developed over time reflecting desire lines.
The paper also applies to some sealed recreational paths, specifically the Mount Ainslie Summit
Trail and the Mount Painter Summit Trail, and iconic trails including the Bicentennial National
Trail, the Australian Alps Walking Track and the Canberra Centenary Trail.
It excludes footpaths, sealed pavements and the paved shared path network, or any trail that is
located on private land. This strategy will however be developed in consultation with those
agencies and individuals responsible for these paths or trails, in recognition of their interface with
the ACT trails network and the need for holistic planning of all trails and paths in the ACT.
This distinction recognises that sealed paths and roadways within urban settings are developed
and managed as part of an existing system of urban infrastructure assets with accepted design
standards and maintenance protocols. In contrast, ‘trails’ and the ‘trail network’ are typically
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characterised by a lack of strategic oversight which manifests itself in a diversity of access
provisions, development standards and maintenance provisions, which collectively impact on the
sustainability of the trails network and utility of the trails as a recreational resource.
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1.2 Scope of the Draft Strategy
The scope of this investigation is to assess the development, management and use of ACT trails
for non motorised and motorised recreation, specifically:

Development: the identification and delivery of new trail opportunities. Works could
include new trails, linking segments to enhance connectivity or new recreational
precincts.

Management: the decisions and actions necessary to ensure the ongoing sustainability of
the trail network.

Use: participation in trail based activities in a manner that recognises the needs of other
users and the environment.
Ultimately, the intention is that this Trails Strategy will form part of a wider outdoor recreation
strategy to guide the future of outdoor recreation in the capital.
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1.3 Areas covered by the Draft Strategy
The Draft Strategy applies to the ACT in its entirety, however within this overarching context
there are areas that have specific considerations for development, management and use. As the
strategy would become the responsibility of the Territory and Municipal Services Directorate
(TAMS), discussion focuses on the areas they manage which are:

Namadgi National Park.

Canberra Nature Park.

Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve.

Murrumbidgee River Corridor.

Googong Foreshores.

Molonglo River Park.

Unleased rural lands including forestry plantations.
TAMS City Services also manages district, town and neighbourhood parks and various urban
spaces that are not the focus of this paper.
There are a range of other areas which are not managed by TAMS, but are relevant to the Draft
Strategy due to the complementary opportunities they provide. These include Stromlo Forest
Park.
It should be recognised that a range of trail based recreational opportunities are also available
and undertaken in nearby NSW, particularly where these can be readily accessed from the ACT.
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1.4 The need for a Trail Strategy
The need for a trail strategy for the ACT was first recognised in the ACT Sport and Recreation
Council’s 2003 Facilities Study. Whilst recognising that the ACT is generally well supplied with
good quality outdoor community facilities, it also found that recreation planning in the ACT
occurred on an ad hoc basis and that the natural environment of the ACT was underutilised as a
selling point for events and activities.
In recent years many other Australian jurisdictions1 have prepared trail strategies to inform the
development, management and use of a coordinated trail network. This has been informed by
growing recognition of trails as a valuable community and economic resource, and the multiple
benefits that can accrue from a strategic approach.
Benefits include:
A defined vision for trail development, management and use that reflects community
objectives.

A single set of guidelines and priorities that can be used by all stakeholders in decision
making.

An agreed approach to issues such as access, environmental and user management, with
the consequential reduction in conflict and the achievement of more sustainable
outcomes.

The ability to better leverage other policy outcomes, including health, economic, social
and environmental benefits, and thus the level of support for trail initiatives.
The Strategic Context
Trails and the activities they support provide an avenue through which multiple outcomes may be
realised. This section addresses key policies and initiatives which interface with trail based
recreation in the ACT.
1
Refer to, for example, ‘Victorian Trails Strategy 2005-2010’, ‘Active Trails: A Strategy for regional trails in
South East Queensland’ and ‘Trails Tasmania Strategy’
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1.5 Interaction with planning policies
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
The Canberra Plan: Towards our Second Century is the strategic document developed by
the ACT Government to guide Canberra's future. It responds to challenges including
climate change, water security and housing affordability with a vision for a sustainable,
inclusive, innovative city home to preeminent cultural institutions and abundant in
natural beauty. As a component of The Canberra Plan: Towards our Second Century, the
Canberra Spatial Plan is the key strategic planning document for directing and managing
urban growth and change and reflects the community’s aspirations for the future of the
city and its setting.

The National Capital Plan establishes the National Capital Open Space System which has
the primary purpose ‘to protect the nationally significant open space framework, visual
backdrop and landscape setting for the national capital’, with an objective to support and
facilitate recreation.

Schedule 3 of the Planning and Development Act 2007 identifies the management
objectives for public land, including wilderness areas, national parks, nature reserved,
special purpose reserves and urban open space. For wilderness areas, national parks and
nature reserved, the management to conserve the natural environment takes precedence
over other objectives.

The Territory Plan sets the planning framework for Territory land. It reflects the broad
land use patterns set by the National Capital Plan (including the National Capital Open
Space System), Canberra Spatial Plan and the Canberra Plan. Almost all trails likely to be
captured by this strategy are located on land zoned for Non-Urban Purposes. Objectives
for these zones recognise the recreational values of non urban land, but do not comment
specifically on the trail network.
The trail network will need to evolve to meet the changing needs of Canberra over time.
Any evolution will need to be consistent with the requirements of planning policy. This
will include compliance with key environmental legislation including the Territory Nature
Conservation Act and the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity
Conservation Act which include measures to protect matters of local and national
environmental significance.

TAMS Strategic Asset Management Framework (SAMF) and Parks and Conservation
Services Strategic Asset Management Plan (SAMP).

TAMS Directorate has implemented a Strategic Asset Management Framework to plan for
the effective management of its assets. Parks and Conservation’s management roads and
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recreation trails are covered by this framework and associated Plan. The SAMP will also
be used by ACT Treasury to help assess the priority of funding bids.

The SAMP outlines the strategies for the management of existing assets, meeting growth
is service demand, enhancing service delivery and the replacement/renewal of assets in
order to meet an agreed level of service for that asset class.

In relation to recreation trails many of the actions identified in the ACT Trails Strategy will
be implemented through the SAMP.
1.6 Plans of management
Areas of public land in the territory are subject to plans of management which identify location
specific land management objectives. These include:

Namadgi National Park.

Canberra Nature Park.

Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve.

Uriarra Forest (Blundells Flat and Shannons Flat).

Murrumbidgee River Corridor.

Googong Foreshores.

Jerrabomberra Wetlands Nature Reserve.
In most cases the plans of management identify conservation of natural and cultural values in
perpetuity as the primary objective. They also provide for a variety of other compatible uses such
as education, research, recreation and water supply. These uses encourage the community to
value and interact with these areas in appropriate ways, in many instances via the trail network.
Any development, maintenance or use of the trail network will need to continue to be consistent
with the location specific objectives of the relevant plans of management.
1.7 Population growth
Recent projections suggest that the ACT population will increase to 400,000 people by 2018,
450,000 by 2030, and 557,000 by 2059.
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Population growth is expected to vary by age group. Significantly those aged 65 years and over
will increase from the current 10.7% of the population to 22% of the total population by 2059. 2
This population growth will create commensurate demand for recreational resources in easily
accessible locations.
Pressure on existing trails is also likely to increase in response to policy guiding the distribution of
the growing population. Collectively the Canberra Spatial Plan and Canberra Plan: Towards our
Second Century promote significant urban expansion to the north in Gungahlin and west in
Molonglo, and residential intensification within 7km of Civic. Inner Canberra intensification is
likely to be characterised by units with smaller private open space provision; these residents are
more likely to seek easily accessible outdoor areas, particularly in Canberra Nature Park.
Whilst neither Plan comments extensively on the provision of recreational facilities, they both
recognise the value of these as a function of a healthy and vibrant community. Greenfield
developments, guided by the requirements of the Territory Plan, are required to include urban
recreational facilities such as parks, playing courts and fields. However no provision is made for
peri-urban unsealed trails to meet local recreational needs.
The link between increased population and the need to better resource the management of
recreational trails in Nature Parks, Reserves and rural lands has not yet been recognised in policy.
1.8 Sport and Recreation
Trails provide an inclusive form of sport and recreation. Trails can be developed to accommodate
a broad range of activities, a variety of fitness levels and to deliver a wide range of experiences.
One of the key strengths of the ACT is the diversity of trail experiences available within close
proximity to urban areas. For example, Canberra residents can choose to engage in shorter walks
in Canberra Nature Park, or undertake a more arduous hike in remote wilderness areas.
Active 2020–A strategic plan for sport and active recreation in the ACT and Region 2011-20213
has the stated object of achieving ‘a united system that connects and promotes the economic and
social value of sport and recreation to the health and wellbeing of the community’.
2
ACT Government (2011), ACT Population Projections: 2009 to 2059, Chief Minister and Cabinet,
Canberra, http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/policystrategic/actstats/projections, accessed April 2011.
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Because of its generalist nature, this paper does not comment specifically on trail based
recreation, however the following key strategic priorities are of relevance:

Maximise community engagement (participation) in sport and active recreation.

Greater acknowledgement and promotion of the health, education and social benefits of
sport and active recreation.

Increase capacity and capability of sport and active recreation to provide quality
opportunities in the ACT.

Create Canberra’s image as the National Sporting Capital.

Maximise supporting infrastructure and resources.
Active 2020 advocates a combination of long term infrastructure investment, facility and resource
plans, communication and marketing strategies, and ongoing stakeholder engagement with
management, monitoring and review to achieve these outcomes.
The objectives of Active 2020 are complemented by the Interim Recreational Strategy for the
Natural Areas of the ACT4, the draft Mountain Bike Strategy for the ACT5 and the Motorised
Sports Strategy6, which each recognise the important role that the ACT's natural areas play in
providing recreational opportunities.
There are also a range of relevant plans, guiding policies, charters and constitutions established by
individual sports represented in the ACT. These documents recognise the needs of the groups
they represent and champion the continued use and access to the ACT's open spaces and trails.
3
Active 2020 Working Group (2011), Active 2020 – A strategic plan for sport and active recreation in the
ACT and Region 2011-2021: Enriching the Canberra Community through Sport and Active Recreation,
prepared with the support of the ACT Government, www.active2020.com, accessed June 2011.
4
Mackay, J (2004), Interim Recreational Strategy for the Natural Areas of the ACT, p 49, prepared for
Environment ACT by Planning for People.
5
Stockley, R (2011), Draft Mountain Bike Strategy for the ACT, prepared for the Economic Development
Directorate of the ACT Government.
6
StratCorp Consulting (2009), Motorised Sports Strategy, prepared for ACT Territory Venues and Events,
now incorporated into the Economic Development Directorate of the ACT Government.
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The 2005 ACT Forests Recreation Strategy provides the framework for managing recreational
uses within the ACT’s productive forest. It recognises that recreational activities in forests reduce
pressure on nature reserves and other natural areas, and that forests are better able to
accommodate higher impact and potentially more damaging activities. Similar to other strategies
it identifies the construction of illegal trails as a management issue but suggests that user groups
should be able to construct single tracks. Communication and coordination with recreational
users is identified as an issue for attention.
The Actively Aging Framework (2003) prepared by Sport ACT responds to the forecast increase in
the number of aged persons in the ACT and promotes recreational activity as a means of
maintaining the physical and social health. The proportion of older (65+) people in the ACT will
more than double in the years to 2059.
The emphasis on inclusive sport and recreation promoted by these documents, combined with
the increasing proportion of older persons, suggest that the trail network will be required to
respond to these demands through suitable access provisions. This could range from ongoing
maintenance of unsealed trails, to the establishment of standards for steps to ensure they are
accessible to less mobile users. Associated facilities including accessible car parking, toilet facilities
and signage, will also require consideration.
1.9 Managing impacts on environmental, cultural and heritage values
Trails provide opportunities for people to interact with the natural environment, thereby
promoting environmental awareness and values. However illegal, poorly designed or poorly
maintained trails may have adverse environmental impacts, including soil and vegetation
disturbance resulting in reduced water quality, the disturbance of wildlife, and damage to cultural
and historical sites and park infrastructure. 7
In the ACT trails are distributed throughout areas with a range of environmental qualities and
values. Areas such as Namadgi National Park have a far broader range and intensity of values
than, for example, ACT forest areas. In recognition of this, the Planning and Development Act
2007 requires each area of public land in the ACT to have a Plan of Management. These plans
identify the unique values of areas and establish an appropriate framework for use which does
not adversely impact on areas of high conservation value. The future trails strategy and the
7
NSW Government National Parks and Wildlife Service (2010) Draft Strategy: National Parks and Wildlife
Service Cycling Policy Review and Sustainable Mountain Biking Strategy.
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development and implementation of the actions it proposes are to remain consistent with these
plans of management. The ACT natural resource management plan Bush Capital Legacy8 lists a
range of strategies for repair and maintenance to ensure the sustainability of the ACT
environment. It presents a plan for the integrated, coordinated and knowledge-based care of the
urban, rural and natural landscapes of the ACT which recognises the need for continued social and
economic development of the ACT community.
This strategy is intended to complement environmental objectives by facilitating the sustainable
management and use of the ACT trails network.
1.10 Physical and Social Health
The sport and recreation sector generates an estimated $16.4 million cost benefit to the ACT
health care system each year and every five percentage point increase in sport and recreation
participation generates a net additional benefit for the Territory of around $10 million. 9 Based on
the survey of participation in exercise, recreation and sport undertaken by the Australian Sports
Commission10 there is potential for a proportion of this benefit to be derived from trail based
recreation including walking (41.2% of ACT population aged 15 years and over), bush walking
(7.9%), cycling (19.%), running (12.5%), orienteering (1.3%), motorsports including trail bike (0.9%)
and equestrian activities (0.5%, however this estimate has a relative standard error of between 25
and 50% and should be read with caution), assuming that at least some of these pursuits are
undertaken on trails.
The Canberra Plan: Towards our Second Century recognises the benefits of physical activity for
heath, and consequently promotes the development and implementation of ‘Be Active ACT’ (a
8
ACT Natural Resource Management Council (2009), Bush Capital Legacy: iconic city, iconic natural assets, a
plan for managing the natural resources of the ACT, prepared for the ACT Government.
9
Access Economics (2010), Building an Active community – the economic contribution of Sport and
Recreation in the ACT, p 37-39. These figures are subject to a number of caveats, refer to Access Economics
p 39 for full details.
10
Australian Sports Commission (2010), Participation in exercise, recreation and sport survey: 2010 Annual
Report – State and Territory Tables for Australian Capital Territory, Standing Committee on Recreation and
Sport 2011.
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physical activity framework for ACT Health), continued promotion of the ‘Find thirty. Its not a big
exercise’ physical activity campaign, and the establishment of a healthy lifestyle website.11
As with all sport and recreational activities, trail based activities provide an avenue for social
interaction and community involvement, supporting the improvement of the physical and social
health of the community.
1.11 Events and tourism
There is already a small trail based tourism industry in the ACT. For the majority of non-motorised
and motorised pursuits, this is limited to interstate visitors attending organised events. Mountain
biking has the most advanced tourism economy, supported by several iconic events attracting
both local, interstate and international participants. Several commercial operators have
developed mountain bike specific offers, including ‘cycle friendly’ hotels, bike hire, and even
dedicated mountain bike tours from Sydney to take advantage of the trail network available in the
ACT. The annual calendar of regular cycling events across the Capital Region is estimated to
attract 16,000 visitors per year, with an annual economic impact in the region of close to $4.5
million (D. Puniard personal communication, 27 October 2010). Events based on other trail based
pursuits have also shown to be successful.
The current status reflects a historic lack of promotion of the trail network as a destination in its
own right, in spite of various policy documents promoting this opportunity. Environment ACT’s
Nature Based Tourism Strategy for the Australian Capital (2000) is dated and of uncertain status,
but identifies potential for nature based tourism within the ACT’s parks and reserves. It
recommends appropriate planning to ensure sustainability and to protect opportunities. It also
supports product and infrastructure development, promotion and marketing, and coordination
and communication with stakeholders. Whilst the Interim Recreational Strategy for the Natural
Areas of the ACT 2004 promotes the enhancement of environmental values, it recognises that
zones specifically designated for multiple compatible land uses and recreation have the potential
to become a point of difference for tourism in the ACT12. As a component of structured nature
tourism, trails have also demonstrated significant potential to generate revenue for conservation
management.
11
ACT Government (2008), The Canberra Plan: Towards our Second Century, p 30.
12
Planning for People (2004), Interim Recreation Strategy for the natural areas of the ACT, prepared for
Environment ACT, Territory and Municipal Services.
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There appears to be significant potential to capture additional tourist expenditure; however the
ability to do so depends on the quality and promotion of the product. In studies undertaken for
the Canberra Centenary Trail project it was estimated that 0.5% of current visitors to the ACT (3.7
million in 2009-10) would stay one extra day in the ACT in order to use the Centenary Trail. Based
on a conservative estimate of average visitor spend of $150/day13, this would result in
approximately $2.8 million in additional annual expenditure within the ACT. Importantly, this
figure does not recognise the benefit of local people using the Trail and capturing their
expenditure that may otherwise be lost from the ACT.
These figures are supported by a range of trail based events including:

The annual calendar of regular cycling events across the Capital Region, estimated to
attract 16,000 visitors per year, with an annual economic impact in the region of close to
$4.5 million14. This includes trails based events the Mont 24 Hour (2, 838 participants with
entry fees from $98 to $145), the Scott 24 Hour (2,500 participants with entry fees from
$67 to $190) and Capital Punishment (2,000 participants with entry fees from $100 to
$130).

The Kowen Forest Ride, a trail bike event held annually in Kowen Forest, attracts more
than 300 entrants each year with the entry fee alone generating approximately $45,000.

The annual Canberra International Walking Weekend which attracts over 500 participants
and generates in excess of $25,000 solely from entry fees and the sale of merchandise.

Annual equestrian endurance events National Capital and Bush Capital each attracting
approximately 80 riders with entry fees ranging between approximately $50 (events up to
40 km) to $90 (80 km events) with revenue from fees alone in excess of $4,000 per event.
1.12 Technology
Improvements in the functionality and accessibility of technology are leading to rapid increases in
its use for recreational activities. In particular the online availability of worldwide high definition
mapping coverage together with satellite and aerial imagery has changed the way people use
maps.
13
Studies have shown that the typical daily expenditure at biking events ranges from
approximately $120 to $170 per day.
14
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D. Puniard personal communication, 27 October 2010.
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Applications can be built specifically to access these online resources and integrate specialised
information as an overlay. This process is referred to as open source mapping.
Open source mapping is a relatively new phenomenon enabled by the widely available online
services such as Google Earth and mobile computing and communications technologies.
A well known, international example of this is the Colorado based MapMyFitness Inc., which
offers a suite of websites including MapMyFitness.com, MapMyRide.com, MapMyRun.com,
MapMyTri.com, MapMyWalk.com, MapMyHike.com and MapMyMountain.com. These websites
provide over 2,400,000 registered users worldwide access to an array of online training tools
including an application for advanced geo-mapping, a database of searchable saved routes
created by other users, training logs, interactive community groups, dedicated discussion forums,
fitness calculators, global event listings and opportunities to compete virtually15.
In addition, open source mapping applications can also provide the capability for users to add
their own information either for private or public use. This could include, classification of different
trail types, geo-referenced photos of particular sites and reports of trail conditions.
Complementing developments in open source mapping, the widespread availability of GPS
technology means that the majority of smartphone users also possess a portable GPS device.
1.13 Transport
Trails provide an alternative transport network. Canberra Nature Park reserves in particular
provide an opportunity for people to travel between different parts of Canberra without resorting
to on road transport options.
In this respect the trail network, and particularly those close to urban areas, can play a part in
achieving the objectives of The Sustainable Transport Plan for the ACT. The overall intent of the
Plan is to facilitate convenient alternatives to private cars in order to shift transport patterns
towards walking, cycling and public transport. Trails within a cohesive network and particularly
those that allow for cycle use, may assist in the uptake in more sustainable modes of transport.
The action plan Transport for Canberra released in March 2012 draws together transport policies
and programs to deliver the next stage of the Sustainable Transport Plan.
15
MapMy Fitness Inc. (2011) About MapMyFitness, viewed 18 May 2011 from
http://www.mapmyrun.com/about/us/
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Stakeholders
This section identifies the various stakeholders, including Government directorates and agencies,
recreational groups and conservation interests who currently influence or interact with trail
development, management and use in the ACT.
This section also identifies the key recreational groups that utilise the existing trail network,
patterns of participation, and recreational group representatives. It is important to note that
there may be other pursuits which are not specifically identified which remain an important
consideration for any future decisions regarding the ACT trail network.
1.14 Territory Government
The ACT Government plays a key role in the provision of trails, through the development and
maintenance of trails and financial assistance programs open to organisations that use trails. For
many organisations, this funding and infrastructure is critical to their operations.16
Within the ACT Government there are two directorates which shape trails and trail based
recreation, notably TAMS and Economic Development.
Within TAMS, responsibility for trails rests with the Parks and Conservation Service (PCS), the
agency charged with the planning and management of the majority of the ACT’s parks, reserves,
forestry plantations and unleased rural lands, as well as the formalised trails these areas contain.
The Economic Development Directorate, incorporating Sport and Recreation and Territory Venues
and Events, influences trail based recreation through the development of programs, policies and
legislation, the provision of grants, education and training opportunities to maintain and improve
the capabilities of the sport and recreation sector17 and the management of sporting venues
including Stromlo Forest Park. 18
16
Access Economics (2010), Building an active community: The economic contribution of sport and
recreation in the ACT, prepared for ACT Sport and Recreations Services, TAMS, Canberra.
17
Territory and Municipal Services (2010), 2009-2010 Annual Report, Vol 2 p 131.
18
ACT Government (2006), Territory Venues and Events, Territory and Municipal Services, Canberra,
http://www.tams.act.gov.au/play/territory_venues_and_events accessed 01 February 2011.
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1.15 Commonwealth Government
The National Capital Authority is responsible for works approvals in all designated land, which
includes the National Capital Open Space System.
1.16 Recreational walking and running
Recreational walking is the most popular physical recreational activity for people in the ACT aged
15 years and over. In 2010, 41.2% of Territorians 15 years and over participated in walking, whilst
7.9%participated in bush walking. Running also experienced high levels of participation, with
12.5% participating. 19
Both walkers and runners have access to a broad range of facilities, and it is probable that a high
percentage of walkers and runners chose to use paved paths and tracks located within urban
areas. However, and notwithstanding the significant percentage of the adult population that
already engages in bush walking, these figures suggest that there is a significant pool of people
who may look for unpaved experiences in a non-urban setting.
The majority of walking and running participants engage in these activities in a non-organised
capacity, however there are a number of clubs and organisations active in the ACT who facilitate
events and who have adopted an advocacy role.
These include ACT Walking for Pleasure, the Australian Mountain Running Association, the
Canberra Bushwalking Club and the ACT Veterans Athletics Club. The National Parks Association of
the ACT also has an extensive walks program.
1.17 Equestrian activities
There were an estimated 1,400 equestrian participants aged 15 years and over in the ACT in
2010.20 The ACT Equestrian Association is an umbrella organisation representing 19 affiliated
19
Australian Sports Commission (2010), Participation in exercise, recreation and sport survey: 2010 Annual
Report – State and Territory Tables for Australian Capital Territory, Standing Committee on Recreation and
Sport 2011.
20
Australian Sports Commission (2010), Participation in exercise, recreation and sport survey: 2010 Annual
Report – State and Territory Tables for Australian Capital Territory, Standing Committee on Recreation and
Sport 2011. It is noted in the report that the estimate has a relative standard error of between 25% and
50%, reflecting anecdotal evidence that actual participation rates may vary from those published.
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clubs and all equestrians, whether or not they are members. The Association has a strong
advocacy focus, and is supported by funding from TAMS Sport and Recreation.
There are a number of trails in the ACT available for equestrian use, with the Bicentennial
National Trail the most iconic example.
1.18 Orienteering and rogaining
Orienteering involves participants navigating around a set course. There were an estimated 900
participants in 2003,21 rising to 3500 in 2010.20 Orienteering in the ACT is organised and promoted
by Orienteering ACT.
Rogaining is a similar pursuit however participants, organised into teams competing over 6 to 24
hours, are provided greater flexibility in the course they chose to follow. Rogaining was estimated
to have 1100 participants in 2003. Rogaining is not addressed within the 2010 Territory
participation tables, suggesting that it may be included within the figures provided for
orienteering.
Whilst junior courses may follow existing trails for safety reasons, competitive or adult level
orienteering or rogaining is not dependant on these. However information regarding the location
of trails as a landscape feature is necessary to allow for the production of maps.
1.19 Dog sledding
The 2003 Facilities Study suggests that the activity had 100 participants. At that time the need to
establish access in recreational areas outside Kowen Forest was identified as a priority.
The Canberra Dog Sled Club is the largest and most active sled dog club in Australia with 80
families as members.
Dog Sledding activities are still restricted to Kowen Forest. In addition to training activities, a Club
arranges a number of events including the International Federation of Sleddog Sport accredited
‘Canberra Sled Dog Classic’. This annual event held in August, is one of the largest races on the
Australian circuit, attracting up to 120 competitors22.
21
ACT Sport and Recreation Council (2003), Facilities Study p 57.
22
Mackay, J (2004), Interim Recreational Strategy for the Natural Areas of the ACT, prepared for
Environment ACT by Planning for People.
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1.20 Mountain biking
Mountain biking has experienced significant uptake in recent years, and the ACT is recognised as
one of best destinations for purpose built mountain bike trails in Australia.
There are a conservatively estimated 8,000 to 10,000 participants in the ACT, ranging from elite
competitors to social riders of both genders and all age groups. In 2010 cycling23 was the third
most popular sport for people in the ACT aged 15 years or over, with over 53,000 persons (19% of
the population) participating. 24 Cycling was the most popular activity for children Australia wide,
with 48% of 5 to 14 years olds participating in 2010.25 These figures, combined with anticipated
population growth, suggest a significant and growing pool of participants who will or could
participate in mountain biking.
Typically the users of ACT trails represent two distinct streams of mountain biking; cross country
and downhill, both of which are represented by the peak body Canberra Off Road Cyclists
Mountain Bike Club (CORC). General cycling interests are also represented by the ACT advocacy
group Pedal Power.
1.21 Motorised recreation
The Motor Sport (Public Safety) Act 2006 defines motorsports, as distinct from motorised
recreation, as 'any competition between drivers or riders of motor vehicles in which the deciding
factor in the speed, manoeuvrability, reliability, durability or mechanical condition of the vehicles,
the skill of the drivers or riders, or any combination of them.' Motorsports are addressed in the
ACT Motorsports Strategy, however there are a range of motorised recreational pursuits including
23
In the surveys conducted by the Australian Sports Commission, cycling includes bike riding, BMX,
mountain bike riding, pushbike, green machine, unicycle, any other human powered vehicle and pedal prix.
Includes bike riding to school. Excludes triathlon which is categorised separately.
24
Australian Sports Commission (2010), Participation in exercise, recreation and sport survey: 2010 Annual
Report – State and Territory Tables for Australian Capital Territory, Standing Committee on Recreation and
Sport 2011.
Cycling was eclipsed only by aerobics/fitness (at 75,500 participants or 26.9%) and walking (at 115,600
participants or 41.2%).
25
Australian Sports Commission (2010), Participation in Exercise Recreation and Sport – Childrens Report
2010. Standing Committee on Recreation and Sport 2011.
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rally driving, recreational four wheel driving and trails based motorcycling which use ACT trails
and may be undertaken in a 'non-competitive' manner.
Rally driving
Rallying is represented in the ACT by two key clubs, the Light Car Club of Canberra and the
Brindabella Motor Sport Club. Combined these clubs have over 250 members, with between 25
and 50 cars entering an average rallying event.
Rally driving events require large sections of land and significant lengths of suitable trail. Currently
events are predominately staged in Kowen Forest however rallying has also been conducted in
Pierces Creek and Mioweira.
Four wheel driving
Local four wheel drive enthusiasts and clubs are represented by the Four Wheel Drive NSW and
ACT, the peak user body in NSW and the ACT. There are six four wheel drive clubs active in the
ACT with estimates of between 50 to 100 four wheel drives or sports utility vehicles accessing ACT
trails, ACT picnic or camping areas or neighbouring areas of NSW every weekend. This figure does
not include four wheel driving enthusiasts not affiliated with a recognised four wheel driving club.
A Memorandum of Understanding exists between Four Wheel Drive NSW and ACT and PCS (then
Parks, Conservation and Lands) and is intended to foster a positive and proactive working
relationship between these two organisations for the use and maintenance of ACT trails.
Trails based motorcycling
Clubs representing trails based motorcycling in the ACT include the Dual Sport Motorcycle Riders
Association and the ACT Motorcycle Club. Unconfirmed estimates place the number of individuals
participating in trail based motorcycling in ACT in the thousands, however given that typically
riders are not aligned with recognised clubs this number is difficult to quantify.
Areas within or in the vicinity of the ACT which are used for general recreation , as well as
competition, include Kowen Forest, the Brindabella Mountains and Tallaganda National Park in
NSW. Trails within these areas are also popular with rally driving, four wheel driving and a range
of other recreational pursuits.
1.22 Recreational users with accessibility and mobility constraints
Given the nature of trails in the ACT, in contrast to the extensive network of sealed paths, their
use by people with accessibility or mobility constraints is typically low. Greater consideration of
the requirements of these users could however increase the likelihood of trail use and benefit
other users through better design and maintenance of trails and facilities. With the population of
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people in the ACT over 65 expected to double by 2059, the appropriate design and provision of
trails and associated infrastructure will become a critical consideration to ensure these users have
access to recreational opportunities.
Feedback from users has indicated that the design of access controls, for example gates and stiles,
can severely impede access to trails by people using prams, wheelchairs and scooters. Typically
these controls have been installed to control unwanted access by motorised devices such as trail
bikes, however the design of structures may also prohibit a range of other users from accessing
the trail.
In addition to trails which provide smooth surfaces with minimal slope and no obstacles or steps,
mobility impaired users will seek out those trails which offer facilities at regular, achievable
distances.
It is also important that trails offer an attractive destination, typically within 1,000 metres of
origin and have suitable accessible carparking. Greater promotion of trail characteristics and
facilities will also assist users in assessing whether they are capable of undertaking a particular
trail and will highlight the trail based recreational opportunities which are available.
1.23 Conservation and environment stakeholders
In addition to Government entities and recreational groups, trails interface with a range of
conservation and environmental stakeholders.
This includes the National Parks Association of the ACT, the Conservation Council ACT and
community volunteer groups with an interest in the conservation of the natural environment
including ParkCare and Landcare.
These organisations are active across the ACT, with a particular interest in maintaining the values
of the Canberra Nature Park and ACT nature reserves.
The final strategy needs to ensure that the trail network respects the values of these interest
groups in addition to the interests of trail users by balancing delivery of conservation objectives
with demand for recreational opportunities.
Which trails do you use?
How do you use them (walking, horse riding, cycling, driving etc)?
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Key issues
1.24 Inventory of trails
The existing trail network stretches for approximately 3,510 kilometres across the natural areas of
the ACT26. The trails which make up this network vary significantly in terms of location and
proximity to urban areas, length, surface, quality, difficulty, intensity and frequency of use and
facilities.
Across the network of trails, different recreational user groups have established themselves in
areas where the trails and facilities meet their specific needs. An overview of the existing trail
network is presented in the series of maps which comprise Appendix A.
The trails shown in the maps are those which PCS has the responsibility to maintain. Due to this
caveat, those sections of trail which extend into leased areas have not been shown. Similarly
while every effort has been made to accurately reflect the current status of the ACT trail network,
some new, infrequently used or unofficial trails may be omitted.
What experiences do you seek out when using trails?
For example the chance to interact with others, escape to nature, to go
somewhere or visit an iconic destination, physical and emotional wellbeing?
These could include experiences offered by ACT trails or other trails you have
enjoyed.
26
ACT Government (2009), Parks, Conservation and Lands: Facts at a Glance 2009, Territory and Municipal
Services, Canberra.
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As part of this discussion we are seeking community input to grow and strengthen the trails
inventory. This could include, but is not limited to identification of the following:

Trails which are disused, dangerous or detrimental, duplications or in close proximity to
environmentally or culturally significant areas and therefore should be closed.

New or upgraded trail sections which would improve the connectivity and overall
experience of the trails network. Proposals for new or upgraded trails should be
considered against the criteria established as part of this paper and will be subject to
relevant planning approval processes.

Areas or trails which are important to particular recreational pursuits. It should be noted
that different recreational uses may overlap in many areas. Identifying these overlaps will
determine those areas where an increased management effort may be necessary to
maintain safe, sustainable trails and establish harmonious trail sharing.

Any sections of existing trail which are missing or should be removed from maps.

Issues such as locked gates, erosion, steep sections or busy road crossings which may
impede users from accessing sections of the trail network.
This information will be used to improve existing ACT Government data and facilitate improved
future management of trails by identifying those trails which should be constructed or upgraded
and those which are unsustainable and should be closed, assisting to rationalisation of the trails
network and the remediation of surrounding environments.
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1.25 Concentration of users
Traditionally recreational users had access to a wide range of open spaces however urbanisation
is increasingly limiting the areas which may be used. This has led to an increase in the number and
types of users accessing remaining recreational trails and an observed increase in the number of
people recreating in the Canberra Nature Park.
Increased user numbers can impact the usability and sustainability of trails in the following ways:

Increased incidence of erosion both through increased traffic on formal trails and the
increased likelihood of the formation of informal trails.

Increased pressure on and demand for facilities during peak times or events, in particular
car parking, toilets and other amenities.

Increased likelihood of conflicts between different user groups.

Increase risk of accidents and near-misses, particularly where users from different groups
come in close contact.
It is important that adequate and appropriate recreational opportunities are available across the
ACT to minimise the pressure on sensitive environments.
1.26 Trail sharing
Across the ACT there are areas which have been identified for the exclusive use of a particular
recreational group and those which allow shared use by a broad range of groups.
Within these shared spaces interactions between users undertaking differing recreational pursuits
are likely and sometimes frequent. Typically these interactions are positive however on occasion,
interactions can be detrimental to both emotional and physical wellbeing.
When negative interactions occur they often stem from lack of knowledge of the 'offending'
activity. Other causes of conflict include the speed differential between users of different skill
levels or different modes, concerns for safety and incongruence between user groups, both real
and perceived.
The concentration of users, as well as growing interest in outdoor recreation pursuits, mean that
increasing trail sharing will be essential to ensure all users have access to this important
recreational resource. Importantly trail sharing should only be encouraged where safe and
appropriate and should not be at the detriment of existing users or the environment.
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Solutions suggested by users to foster successful and sustainable trail sharing include:
27
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
Education to communicate the needs of different users and the appropriate behaviours
necessary to maintain safety during interactions. This includes the use of appropriate
warnings when approaching other users, restraining dogs and aiming to act in a
considerate and predictable way. This information should be presented in an appropriate
code of conduct.

Signage which clearly identifies shared trails and the different users types which may be
encountered. Depending on the area this could be as simple as including a depiction of
horses, four wheel drives or motorbikes on traditional walker and cyclist signage and vice
versa. In shared zones a suitable user hierarchy should also be established and displayed
to encourage appropriate yielding.

Trail design which allows good sight lines allowing users to see and anticipate the actions
of approaching users and provisions to minimise the speed differential between users.
Design should include adequate space to allow users to safely pass each other. It was
however identified that in some areas there is insufficient space to allow this given the
proximity to roads, steep descents or fencing.

Segregation of users in areas where interactions could be dangerous or where exclusive
use by a particular group would be beneficial. Austroads does however identify that
segregation can lead to ‘aggressive territoriality’, which could be counter-productive.27

Limiting access to areas where the protection of ecological or cultural values is important,
including continued adherence to the objectives established in the area specific
management plans.
Austroads (2006), Pedestrian-Cyclist conflict minimisation on shared paths and footpaths, Sydney.
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1.27 Limited connectivity
Users have access to trails across the ACT however in many instances these trails are disjointed
with no safe way to move between them other than via motorised transport. Increasing
connectivity between trails was raised by a number of different user groups as a desirable
outcome of the trails strategy.
Greater connectivity would allow users to travel greater distances, which is particularly important
to endurance or long distance pursuits, and minimise the reliance on motorised transport to move
between key areas.
An important element of connectivity is the establishment and communication of interim
alternative routes which may be used when sections of trail must be closed for maintenance. This
is particularly important for trails which cover large distances, trails which are important cultural
icons such as the Bicentennial National Trail and the Australian Alps Walking Track, and trails in
the vicinity of areas with high ecological values to avoid the formation of user created short cuts.
1.28 Reporting of issues
With over 1,500 management areas under their purview28 PCS are reliant on feedback from users
to identify maintenance issues. Organised recreational user groups typically have internal
reporting mechanisms which are utilised by their members to identify hazards. These, along with
issues identified by general users are currently reported via Canberra Connect, by either phone
call or the Fix My Street online reporting facility.
In addition to the completion of an online form, the ACT Government is currently trialling the use
of Google Maps functionality to allow reporters to pinpoint the location of the reported issue.
Given the range of issues which may already be reported, the inclusion of a category for trail
maintenance would be a logical addition and may assist in streamlining the remediation process.
The official Canberra Connect reporting system also supports the recently developed smartphone
application Snap, Send, Solve. The application allows users to photograph an issue, record its
location and any other relevant information and send as an email to the relevant authority,
anywhere in Australia.
28
ACT Government (2009), Parks, Conservation and Lands: Facts at a Glance 2009, Territory and Municipal
Services, Canberra.
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While the current systems are generally appropriate for identifying maintenance issues, the
absence of adequate resources limits the ability of PCS to record and respond to instances of
illegal trail use or negative interactions between users. Formalised reporting mechanisms could be
established to receive user reports of illegal trail use and conflicts to identify and prioritise where
management intervention may be appropriate.
1.29 Provision of maintenance
The Parks and Conservation Service are responsible for the maintenance of most trails in ACT with
typical trail maintenance activities including weed control and the prevention and remediation of
erosion. Other maintenance activities include the repair and replacement of infrastructure such as
seating, taps, toilets, stiles, steps and signage.
Maintenance is typically conducted in those areas with higher levels of observed use and is
undertaken on an as needs basis, when resources are available.
Currently the management and maintenance of trails is under-resourced. This has the following
impacts:

Delays in remediation making trails unsafe, inaccessible or unusable for extended periods
of time.

Difficulty in enforcing appropriate behaviour and preventing illegal actions. This extends
from ongoing trail sharing issues through to vandalism of trail infrastructure, the creation
of illegal trails and users recreating in ‘out-of-bounds’ areas with associated impacts on
sensitive environments and threatened flora and fauna.

Difficulty maintaining trail infrastructure to an appropriate standard. This is particularly
evident in trail signage which may present out of date or misleading information.
Maintaining trails particularly those that require grading require significant resources.
Recreational users have identified the need for the maintenance schedule to be devised in
consideration of the calendar of events, particularly if maintenance is likely to close or
significantly impact the quality or connectivity of required trails.
Where possible PCS will manage large scale activities such as roading, pine harvesting operations
and hazard reduction burns to accommodate large scale events.
Historically the ability of TAMS to complete specialist trail design, construction or maintenance
was limited by the absence of necessary in house training and the skills of PCS staff. This has
however been partially addressed via a recent sustainable trail building workshop conducted by
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PCS, in association with the International Mountain Bike Association, which provided PCS staff,
ParkCare volunteers, mountain bike groups and industry personnel the necessary skills to design,
build and maintain for greater sustainability. Providing this sort of specialised training on a regular
basis remains important.
1.30 Proliferation of the trail network
The proliferation of the trail network has largely been a result of the adoption of user formed
desire lines. Although potentially representing gaps in the existing network, desire lines do not
always form along appropriate routes due to the potential to impact environmental sensitive
areas or to create unnecessary duplication. Because of this, where desire lines are unsuitable,
early remediation remains important to discourage users before inappropriate usage habits are
formed.
Another source of new trails is the development of greenfields sites such as the Molonglo Valley.
Whilst providing an important recreational resource to residents and the wider community, once
these trails are constructed responsibility for their management and ongoing maintenance is
transferred from the developer to the ACT Government. It is important that the development of
greenfields sites is undertaken in close consultation with the ultimate custodians and that the
allocation of funding and resources to trail maintenance recognises the increased responsibilities.
Aging, degraded or neglected infrastructure creates challenges, not only in providing appropriate
services to a growing number of users but also in establishing a modern, inviting identity for the
trails network to grow the reputation of trails as a recreational resource. Ensuring a sustainable
future for the ACT trails network requires the establishment of a clear hierarchy for the
completion of maintenance activities and the identification of the characteristics which impact
how rapidly issues are responded to.
There is also the need for a system to consolidate and manage trails to meet the needs of users,
Government and the environment. To support this, a robust, standardised method for trial
auditing needs to be determined and implemented.
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1.31 Trail closure
The resumption of pine plantation areas for greenfields development, installation of major
infrastructure such as the Enlarged Cotter Dam, changes to the recreational pursuits permitted in
certain locations and the total exclusion of recreation in certain areas is impacting the availability
of trails.
Stakeholders have indicated that often trail closures are affected without consultation with
recreational groups and without the provision of adequate justification for closure.
The closure of trails or areas containing frequented trails presents a number of issues, discussed
in detail in other sections:

Difficulty undertaking recreational pursuits. This is particularly an issue for motorised
recreation including four wheel driving and motorcycling, and pursuits typically
undertaken over long distances.

Concentration of users on remaining trails with potential for user conflict and use of trails
above a sustainable level.

Difficulty staging events, as adequate trail resources are not available.

Lost opportunities to generate revenue in the ACT as users are forced to recreate in
alternate interstate destinations.
Outside of greenfields areas, which are dispersed throughout the ACT, the majority of closures
occur in the Namadgi National Park, areas surrounding the Cotter River and the Brindabella
Ranges. These are special areas both from a recreational and an ecological point of view. In
particular areas surrounding the Cotter River and its tributaries form the catchment for ACT’s
drinking water supply (contained in the Corin, Bendora and Cotter Reservoirs) and also support a
number of threatened aquatic species which are particularly susceptible to the introduction of
pests and pathogens. While, as discussed in Section 1.33, it is difficult to determine the level of
impact recreation may have on a particular environment, given their importance to the long term
viability of the ACT, typically recreation is excluded from these areas. Recreational stakeholders
have however suggested that further environmental investigation should be undertaken to assess
whether some trails in these areas could be reopened.
Changes to the types of recreation permitted are also evident in Stromlo Forest, Sparrows Forest,
the Greenhills Forest (now incorporating the site for the National Arboretum) and the Pinnacle.
These changes typically move to prohibit equestrian and motorised recreation, displacing these
users and limiting the recreational resources available to them.
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1.32 Access to trails
Trails are an important community asset and should be available to all members of the
community regardless of their ability or chosen pursuit.
Typically access to trails is based on historic practices or community sentiments with no
consistent methodology for determining which forms of recreation should be allowed where.
Similarly there is no established system for user groups to lobby for access to certain trails or
areas. While raised by equestrians as a particular concern, as evidenced by recent consultation on
the Canberra Centenary Trail project, gaining or maintaining access to trails has potential to
impact all recreational trail users.
Access provisions vary depending on the tenure of the land. All public land, including Canberra
Nature Park, is subject to plans of management which detail how that land may be used. The
process for changing plans of management, including access provisions can be particularly
protracted. For land which is not public land access provisions are negotiated with the leaseholder
or land custodian, however this is outside the scope of this strategy.
Review of access provisions should be considered as an important component of any audit of the
ACT trails network, with any changes to access to be determined in consultation with
Government, users and environmental stakeholders and based on expert review of local site
conditions.
1.33 Impacts on ecological and cultural values
The ACT is unique in that there are large natural areas interwoven into the urban landscape.
While this provides excellent recreational opportunities it also has the potential to bring large
numbers of people into these potentially sensitive areas.
In recognition of this the Canberra Nature Park Management Plan, which applies to most nature
reserves in the ACT (with the notable exceptions of Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve and the
Murrumbidgee River Corridor), has been established with the primary management objective of
the conservation of the natural environment. The plan also lists the provision and promotion of
appropriate recreation and tourism opportunities however these are to remain consistent with
the primary management objective. Plans of management also exist for individual areas and
describe site specific constraints and considerations including the use allowed on particular trails.
Schedule 3 of the Planning and Development Act 2007 also sets out management objectives for
public land (including wilderness areas and national parks). While these assist in addressing
localised issues, there is limited understanding of the carrying capacity of natural areas within the
ACT.
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Carrying capacity is based on a range of criterion including soil types, slope and other localised
factors and requires site specific investigations to ensure that individual site characteristics are
considered in determining the appropriate level and type of uses permitted on a particular trail. It
is likely that some more robust areas are capable of handling higher levels of use while some
others may require careful management to reduce the impacts of recreation.
While it remains difficult to quantify the impacts of individual pursuits, some are recognised as
having greater impact on the natural environment, particularly in terms of sediment dispersion,
soil compaction and transportation of pests and pathogens. Other potential impacts of the use or
construction of trails includes fragmentation of habitats or communities, impacts on threatened
species, noise and rubbish. Issues are particularly evident on poorly designed or illegitimate trails.
In addition to the impacts of trails and recreation, some nature reserves and other natural areas
may also be impacted by the installation of infrastructure for the provision of water, sewerage,
telecommunications, and electricity, construction of roads and encroachment of urban areas.
The potential cumulative effect of these impacts highlight the need for an appropriate balance to
be formed, based on site specific consideration, between the provision of recreational
opportunities and the need to protect ecological and cultural values across the ACT.
1.34 Need for a trail identification and classification system
There is a need to clearly identify trails on suitable, publically accessible maps and apply
established difficulty rankings to guide users to suitable trails.
To enable appropriate and sustainable use trails need to be clearly identified on appropriate
maps. Significant trails should also be identified on general maps such as the Universal Business
Street Directory and their importance and need for preservation reflected in relevant planning
legislation. Significant ACT trails include the Bicentennial National Trail, Australian Alps Walking
Track and the Canberra Centenary Trail (due for completion by 2013).
Information on trail characteristics and locations are currently limited and often only presented
via static maps. This limits the ability of trail managers to communicate important information to
trail users, in particular changed trail conditions including localised trail issues such as wash-outs,
trail closures, presence of threatened species. The changing way trail users are accessing trails
information meant that new formats such as interactive online maps, smart phone applications
and user forums are become increasingly important communication tools.
The signage marking trails also requires careful consideration. While signs currently in place
include basic information such as the trail name and allowed uses, ambiguous language and worn
or vandalised signs mean that messages are not always clearly communicated.
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Currently there is no ACT wide trail classification system which incorporates the main recreational
pursuits. Similarly there is no established method for the assessment and rating of multiuse trails
which recognises that what may be an easy trail for a four wheel drive could be a difficult trail for
a walker or cyclist (and vice versa). There are a range of existing trail difficulty classification
systems for various recreational pursuits, including:

The Australian Walking Track Grading System (State Government Victoria 2010)
(incorporating trail difficulty criteria of the Australian Standard 2156.1- 2001 Walking
Tracks - Classification and Signage).

The International Mountain Bicycling Association Australia Trail Difficulty Rating System29.

The Horse SA Horse Trail Classification.

The Four Wheel Drive Recreational Track Classification System.

The Dual Sport Motorcycle Riders Association Grading System.
Given the multiuse nature of many trails in the ACT, an appropriate system incorporating ratings
for all key pursuits should to be developed and communicated to users.
Experience of Trails Victoria have shown that since the introduction of a standardised system for
trail classification and signage there has been a reduction in the formation of informal tracks,
reported increases in staff and visitor safety , reduction in the number of rescues performed by
Parks Victoria and a reduction in trail maintenance costs.
It is important that once rated trails are maintained to the appropriate standard. Factors including
rainfall, erosion or obstacles may alter a trails difficulty and render it unsuitable or unsafe for
users. Sufficient resourcing will be required to achieve this outcome.
1.35 Limited access to up to date trails information
Currently there is an absence of information on trail closures or maintenance issues. Lack of
information may impact users as they may not be aware of any issues along their chosen route
until they encounter them.
29
The 2009 International Mountain Bicycling Association Australia Trail Difficulty Rating System provides a
useful, internationally recognised guide for the rating of bike trails and has already been adopted by
Stromlo Forest Park, as well as a host of other Australian mountain bike and multi use trails.
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A system incorporating user reports (as discussed in Section 1.28) and the availability of maps and
other trail knowledge would better equip users to adequately deal with closures and other
interruptions, raise the profile of ACT trails and greatly improve users overall trails experience.
1.36 Lack of usage data
Despite anecdotal evidence of usage from various recreational groups and the recorded
participation in organised events, because the majority of trail usage takes place outside of an
organised event, it is likely that the level, frequency and intensity of general trail usage in the ACT
have been significantly underestimated30.
Given the volume of trails in the ACT, the collection of robust usage data has traditionally been
problematic, however its absence can result in the following issues:

Unsustainable usage levels. Without suitable data it is difficult to anticipate the level of
usage particular trails may need to support.

Instances of illegal or inappropriate trail use. This is particularly related to issues of
enforcement , impacts on natural areas and trail sharing conflicts.

Limited or inappropriate provision of infrastructure. This could include the total volume
and types of ACT trails available to users, as well as the facilities such as toilets, water
points and parking to support trails in specific areas.

Difficulty calculating the total number of people using trails as a source of fitness or
alternative transport option and the associated contribution of trails to the health and
wellbeing of users and the environment.
Having better usage data will allow agencies to better plan for the development, management
and use of trails and will allow future spending to be measured against the reported benefits of
trail use.
30
Access Economics (2010), Building an active community: The economic contribution of sport and
recreation in the ACT, prepared for ACT Sport and Recreations Services, TAMS, Canberra.
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It will be important for any data collection process to use consistent collection procedures to
measure the impacts of any changes to the way trails are developed, managed and used in the
ACT.
1.37 Staging events
Events are staged by a variety of user groups at PCS managed locations across the ACT. Within
these areas access, availability and infrastructure remain ongoing issues:

Areas may not be closed for sole use by event participants and therefore they are reliant
on effective communication channels and cooperation between all other users to
maintain safety.

There is a deficit in locations suitable for the staging events, particularly in close proximity
to urban areas.

Some locations which are available for general recreational use are not sanctioned for
events. This further limits the number and variety of potential locations for events.

The infrastructure necessary to support events is often inadequate for the volume and
intensity of participants. This includes trail surfaces and other facilities such as toilets,
water points and parking.
There is an established process for staging trail based events on ACT trails outside of Stromlo
Forest Park. This process is managed by PCS, with event organisers required to apply for a permit
for the majority of events. Stromlo Forest Park is managed by Territory Venues and Events and
uses a separate procedure for the staging of events.
Applications are subject to individual assessment including review of the type of event, estimated
number of participants, event duration, proposed location and ensuring the event does not
conflict with management activities.
Once approved PCS will issue a permit and identify charges payable. Costs incurred by the event
organiser are intended to be representative of the impacts the event may have on infrastructure
and the environment.
The rate at which an event is charged is determined by the PCS Public Use Coordinator based on
previous experiences. As an example mountain biking events such as the Mont 24 hour are
typically classed as high impact events, whereas an organised walk would be classed as low
impact.
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As an extension of the events process stakeholders, particularly those who require long distance
trails, proposed a pay for use structure allowing access to trails which are otherwise closed to the
general public. This would involve clubs or organisations paying a nominated fee for the exclusive
use of a particular trail for a specified period of time, for example a weekend. While all
recreational groups could have access to this opportunity, it would be particularly applicable to
motorised and equestrian pursuits where suitable trails are typically limited.
If a pay for use structure is adopted, it should include review criteria to allow trail managers to
consider any request for access to ensure that the identified trails are able to safely and
sustainably accommodate the level and type of recreation proposed.
Even with the provision of a permit, PCS maintains the authority to cancel or postpone events in
the event of dangerous conditions such as heavy rainfall or high winds, with documented criteria
for the cancellation of events. Appropriate criteria remain challenging however due to the large
variability between different trails and the way local environments respond to adverse weather
conditions.
A calendar of events is published on the TAMS website.
1.38 Public access and Government liability
The activities undertaken on trails can be inherently dangerous with risks to safety arising from
both the actions of users and the trails themselves.
In recognition of these risks the ACT Government holds public liability insurance, through The ACT
Insurance Authority. This insurance covers the legal liability of the ACT Government where it is
found to be legally liable to another party for physical injury or property damage.
This insurance does not extend any cover to any other person or organisation and the ACT
Government expects that any person or business using ACT Government land hold their own
public liability insurance.
Whilst various ACT Government agencies work closely with key user groups to develop
appropriate facilities, they do not tolerate the building of unapproved trails, jumps or structures
built on public land such as in Canberra Nature Park and will take action to remove any such item
if it they are determined to be hazardous and risk to the community or the environment. In
general these unapproved features are built by individuals or groups who take little responsibility
for their actions and carry no insurance.
In addition to insurance, the construction of illegal features also raises issues in relation to the
ACT Government's duty of care. The Territory has a duty of care to the greater community and
will take whatever action it deems appropriate to exercise that duty.
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In appropriate locations, such as the Yerrabi District Park, the ACT Government has and is working
with incorporated associations to create facilities for all types of user groups where the facilities
are constructed and maintained to recognised best practice standards and suitable insurance
arrangements are in place.
1.39 Unexplored tourism potential
Despite its advantages and available opportunities, the ACT currently has a very low level of
nature based tourism.
The local popularity of facilities including Stromlo Forest Park, the numerous reserves and
parklands which are integrated into the city fabric, the National Arboretum, Namadgi National
Park and Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve illustrates the unrecognised potential of the ACT as a nature
based tourism destination. The location of these areas means they can be easily accessed and
readily supported by a range of services, providing users with a safe, convenient and
approachable experience of nature.
The recently funded Centenary Trail project, once complete, is expected to significantly raise the
profile of nature based tourism in the ACT, potentially acting as a catalyst for further development
and enhancement of trail based activities. The Trail, which is intended to fill an identified desire
for a long distance walk or bike ride in the ACT, will circumnavigate Canberra and incorporate
many existing trails within the natural areas of the ACT.
It is likely that with greater availability, enhanced access and facilities and increased promotion
the visitation of ACT trails will increase. Any increase to the overall volume of visitors to the ACT
will have a positive effect on the local economy as well as assisting in raising the profile of nature
based tourism in the ACT. It remains important however that increases in visitation are not
detrimental to the areas frequented and this needs to be monitored and managed particularly in
areas of high conservation value.
1.40 Management structure and funding
The 2012-13 budget indicated a total allocation of approximately $28 million for the provision of
Sport and Recreation services and facilities, to be administered by the Economic Development
Directorate. This includes the development of programs, policies and legislation, provision of
grants, and creation of education and training opportunities to maintain and improve the
capabilities of the sport and recreation sector in the Territory. The Directorate also manages and
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maintains sportsgrounds and facilities, and provides support services to high performance
athletes in the ACT31.
The management and maintenance of trails is undertaken by the Territory and Municipal Services
Directorate under the budgetary output of Land Management. The total budget allocation for
Land Management is approximately $64 million. Land Management activities include conservation
management, including management of national parks, nature reserves; management of land for
recreational use; fire management; pest and weed control and visitor services32
Given the multiuse nature of many of the trails in the ACT they are often not identified as a
recreational resource. This is most evident on fire trails which provide access and recreational
opportunities to a wide range of users. It is important that the budgetary allocation for the
management of trails reflects the importance of trails as a recreational resource and the multiple
uses trails are able to satisfy.
Unlike sports grounds which have a clear process for collecting revenue for their use via the
registration fees paid by participants, trails are only able to generate funding through events.
Compounding this issue are reports from recreational stakeholders that the entry fees paid for
events are not directly allocated to the remediation of the trails used, although revenue from
some events is put towards general trail maintenance. This creates the potential for the impact of
any events to go without remedy, making the trail prone to further deterioration and unsuitable
for use. A clear distribution of event entry fees to the remedy of trails (where necessary) would
encourage greater accountability of event organisers, participants and spectators for the
preservation of trails and their surrounding environs.
1.41 Protection of the network
The trail network includes some significant and named trails that have been impacted by
development proposals. Currently there is no explicit trigger in the planning process to ensure
protection of these important trails.
31
ACT Government (2012), 2012-2013 Budget-Paper 4: Budget estimates - Economic Development
Directorate, Canberra, p 234.
32
ACT Government (2012), 2012-2013 Budget Paper No. 4: Budget estimates - Territory and Municipal
Services Directorate, Canberra, p 104.
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It would be appropriate to recognise the value of some trails through identification in the
Territory Plan or associated development codes.
How would you rate your experiences and how could they be improved?
For example: improved trail sharing, enhanced network continuity, expanded
maintenance and trail safety programs, recognition of ecological or cultural
values, better information and signage on trail characteristics, removal of
barriers to access?
The Proposed Strategy
1.42 Time frames
The proposed strategy covers the 10 year period from 2013 to 2023. A review of the strategy
would occur at five years, providing an opportunity to assess progress and realign activity as
necessary to achieve the stated vision. The strategy should be considered a living document which
can be revised as circumstances change or opportunities present themselves.
1.43 Implementation
The strategy would sit within the ACT Government Directorate for Territory and Municipal
Services which shall be responsible for its implementation.
Following review and community comment, the final strategy will ultimately be presented to
Government for endorsement.
1.44 Key values
The strategy will develop and promote the following values:
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
Strong leadership from industry and Government.

Inclusion and access to activities, programs and facilities.

Sustainability in terms of the environment, costs and the community.

Flexibility and adaptability.

Clear communication which is regular, appropriate and two way.
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1.45 The Vision
By 2023 the ACT will:
1. Offer a network of environmentally sustainable trail-based recreational opportunities which
promotes healthy lifestyles and caters for multiple user groups.
2. Have a robust system for the development, management and use of trails based on up to date
information and technology.
1.46 Delivery of the vision
The successful implementation of this vision and delivery of the stated objectives will require
considerable time, resources and cooperation between key stakeholders. To facilitate this it will
be necessary to establish and nurture communication between user groups and those responsible
for the management of trails, based on mutual recognition of the legitimacy of all groups.
The success of the strategy will be measured by the quality of trails network. To ensure that our
trails becomes a highlight of living in and visiting the ACT, the network must:

Protect and enhance the environs it passes through.

Provide good links to public transport and cross border regional trail networks where they
exist.

Cater for both visitors and residents by incorporating both iconic and everyday routes and
destinations.

Be a marketable asset of the ACT which recognises the importance of nature based
activities.
Integral to the future development of the ACT trails network is the development of criteria for the
assessment of existing and proposed trails to determine their relative importance, and hence
whether they should be created, maintained or closed.
The suggested criteria are tabulated below.
With a particular trail link in mind, review each of the questions and choose the most appropriate
score. Sum the scores to arrive at a total score for that link. The higher the score, the greater
value the trail link provides.
Based on these proposed criteria:
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
Existing trails with a score of less than zero should be considered for closure, with trails
with the lowest score being closed as a priority; and

Proposed trails with a score of less than ten should not be supported.

Also, based on these proposed criteria:

Existing trails with a score of more than zero should be maintained or upgraded; and

Proposed trails with a score of more than ten should be considered for development.
The scores are very subjective and should be treated as indicative and relative. The scores will be
subject to further refinement subject to stakeholder input, and relative to local environmental
sensitivities, the objectives of relevant plans of management, and proposed mitigation measures.
It would be appropriate to adjust the scores once a number of trails have been assessed to ensure
the rankings accord with common sense expectations.
It is also important to note that other legislative approvals may be required (for example, under
the ACT Nature Conservation Act or the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity
Conservation Act) that may override trails policy and preclude trail development. Development
approval may also be required, and will be subject to all legislative provisions.
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Table 0-1 existing and proposed trail assessment criteria
Emergency Access
Does (or will) the trail provide
necessary access for emergency
services?
Yes
No
Score
50
0
Is (or will) the trail lead to impact on
areas of significant natural or
cultural heritage?
No
Minor
Some
Significant
0
-20
-40
-70
Iconic
Local
No
10
5
0
Yes
Somewhat
No
10
5
0
Both ends
One end
No
10
5
0
>400
100-400
<100
Natural and Cultural Heritage
Score
Recreational Values
Does (or will) the trail provide access
to a recreational destination?
Score
Is there intrinsic value in the
experience the trail is able to
provide?
Score
Does (or will) the link contribute to
improved connectivity of the trail
network for a specific user group by
linking to existing trail?
Score
Recreational Values
How many people (will) use the trail
each week?
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Score
10
5
Yes
No
5
0
Yes
No
5
0
Yes
Mostly
Partially
No
Score
20
15
5
0
Can (or could) the trail be effectively
and efficiently maintained?
Yes
No
Score
10
0
Does (or will) the trail contribute to
the network of wheelchair
accessible trails
Score
Does (or will) the trail contribute to
a varied network of trail that
provides for the needs of different
users?
Score
0
Maintenance
Is (or could) the trail be upgraded
(or built) to meet the design
standards for sustainable trails?
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Project Delivery
Value for money. What is the cost
for construction, upgrade or
closure?
Score
Is there an alternative route that
provides comparable
amenity/functionality?
Score
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<$10k
$10k-$50k
$50k-$200k
>$200k
0
-5
-15
-20
No
Somewhat
Yes
10
5
0
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Strategic goals and actions
The following tables list the goals and associated actions necessary to deliver objectives and
establishes preliminary priorities and responsibilities. These may be amended following
community submissions.
Goals
Actions to achieve
Develop a trail inventory which
accurately captures existing
trails and missing links or desire
lines.
1.
Amalgamate existing mapping data and TAMS knowledge to
produce a suitable trail map.
2.
Enhance the range of attributes collected and communicated
on ACT trails including:

Range of permissible uses, including where trails
accommodate multi uses such as recreation and fire
access.

Trail length.

Classification/difficulty of trails.

Suitability for disabled access.

Record of localised issues including susceptibility to
erosion, frequency of flooding, accidents or incidents.
3.
Seek input from stakeholders to information and identify
omissions based on local knowledge.
4.
With input from stakeholders, identify sections of new trail
necessary to facilitate greater connectivity in the trail
network.
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Goals
Actions to achieve
Collect data to establish a
baseline for the current use of
trails.
5.
Identify suitable and consistent procedures for the collection
of user data. This is likely to include a combination of
qualitative surveys and quantitative user counts.
6.
Develop a survey suitable for targeted and general
distribution to gauge the types of activities, areas and trails
frequented, facilities used or required, frequency and time of
use, issues witnessed/experienced, unmet demand.
7.
Identify suitable locations for the installation of counters,
targeting both high use and low use areas.
8.
Collect data for both high usage and low usage periods
(seasonally dependent).
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Goals
Actions to achieve
Monitor changes in use.
9.
Use data to identify changes in numbers, location, intensity
and the quality of the experience provided; and to emerging
issues including, the formation of illegitimate tracks and
unmet user demands.
Use online mapping and GPS
functionality.
10.
Develop an interactive trails map which can be used by both
Government and the community.
This map should include all existing trails with linked
information on:

Location and access.

Parking and other facilities, especially toilets.

Allowed users (walk, bike, horse, motorised).

Special considerations (proximity to threatened
species, maintenance and safety issues including
erosion, fire damage).

Photos and other user uploaded data.
This map should also allow for instantaneous update.
A planned and sustainable trail
network.
11.
Provide a network which remains suitable for use by
emergency services, land management operations and a
range of other non-recreational users.
12.
Develop a design standard detailing best practice guidelines
for the construction, upgrade and maintenance of trails in the
ACT.
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Goals
Actions to achieve
13.
Close unnecessary, unsafe or unsustainable trails in
accordance with suggested assessment criteria presented in
Table 0-1.
14.
Identify those areas with low conservation values which are
suitable to higher intensities of use.
15.
Investigate available trail surfacing options to identify
potential low maintenance, erosion resistant solutions where
design standards cannot be met.
Provide trails to meet
community demands.
16.
All trails should be assessed using the suggested assessment
criteria presented in Table 0-1 to determine if the trail should
be closed, constructed, maintained or upgraded and the
priority for this work taking place.
Any changes to the network of trails should be undertaken in
consultation with the community.
17.
Identify and communicate alternative routes which may be
used when sections of trail must be closed to address
maintenance and safety concerns.
Facilitate trail based events
18.
Identify preferred areas suitable for events and establish
conditions of use which prescribe the type of event permitted
and the number of participants.
19.
Promote the availability of trails for events to industry and
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Goals
Actions to achieve
the community.
20.
Maintain the safety of all users during events through
effective communication channels and cooperation.
21.
Address the existing deficit in locations suitable for staging
events. Enhance the infrastructure at sanctioned recreational
areas to better accommodate the volume and intensity of
event participants.
22.
Charge event organisers a fee which is representative of the
impacts the event may have on infrastructure and the
environment and acknowledges the cost of providing the trail
facility.
23.
Increase recognition and prominence of the events calendar
for the benefit of all trail users and the wider community.
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Goals
Actions to achieve
Enhance the ability of TAMS to
manage and maintain the trails
network.
24.
Establish a transparent system to manage community
requests for new trails, trail closures and maintenance.
25.
Use stakeholder input to support data collection:

Closure of informal trails.

Monitoring of weed occurrences along trails.

Monitor occurrences of rare/endemic plant and
animals.

Monitor safety and condition of infrastructure,
particularly trail surfaces and in high frequented
areas.
26.
Develop an outdoor recreation strategy which provides a
framework for the future management of outdoor recreation
in the Territory.
27.
Highlight the importance of trails as a recreational and
cultural resource in seeking options for funding of trails.
28.
Seek to increase the allocation of funding and resources in
line with increases in use and scale of the ACT trails network
and in consideration of revenue raising opportunities.
29.
Champion the creation of policy which links increased
population with the need to better resource the management
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Goals
Actions to achieve
of recreational trails in natural areas of the ACT.
30.
Establish criteria for the prioritisation of trail maintenance
and development works as suggested in Table 0-1.
31.
Develop a work based program to educate key staff on trail
building and maintenance skills in accordance with the agreed
design standards.
32.
Develop the maintenance schedule in consideration of the
calendar of events, particularly if maintenance is likely to
close or significantly impact the quality or connectivity of
required trails.
33.
Limit the exposure of the ACT Government to litigation by:
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
Implementing a duty of care to all users, recognising
that there are risks involved in all forms of recreation.

Maintaining a safe network of trails.

Requiring all event organisers to hold public liability
insurance.

Adoption of appropriate design standards.
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Goals
Actions to achieve
Promote trails to both residents
and visitors
34.
Establish a marketable identity for the trails network to grow
the reputation of trails as a community recreational resource.
35.
Develop key messages for the promotion of ACT trails which
focus on the following attributes:

Proximity to urban Canberra, an everyday escape.

Safety and convenience, nature at your doorstep.

Recreational, cultural and natural values.

Challenge and adventure.
36.
Produce maps of popular trails in a suitable scale for
distribution from Canberra and Region Visitor Information
Centre.
37.
Conduct promotion of trails during key regional events such
as Floriade and the Mont 24.
38.
Increase awareness of trails amongst all TAMS staff, not only
those directly involved in trail management to encourage
individuals to act as trail champions.
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Goals
Actions to achieve
39.
Use the Centenary Trail as a catalyst for the increased
promotion of and participation in trail based recreation in the
ACT.
40.
Develop guidelines for the provision of trail signage and
infrastructure, including a consistent signage overlay to
establish the identity and increase recognition of the ACT
trails network.
Complement the objectives of
other key strategies
Recognise the needs of different
users.
41.
Audit these actions to ensure consistency with the objectives
and intent of other relevant plans, policies and strategies.
Fundamental actions include:

Conserve and manage biodiversity and natural and
cultural heritage values.

Allow a range of recreational pursuits that are in
accordance with best practice principles.
42.
Facilitate meetings between representatives of trail user and
non trail user stakeholders so individual groups are made
aware of the issues faced by others.
43.
Establish and maintain links between user groups and from
key ACT Government agencies including PCS, Roads ACT,
Heritage, Environment and Sustainable Development
Directorate as appropriate, and relevant NSW agencies and
stakeholders .
44.
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Goals
Actions to achieve
Document meeting proceedings and make these available to
the public to raise awareness of trail issues and
developments.
45.
Encourage local stewardship and surveillance of trails to
facilitate greater awareness and communication of issues.
46.
Develop a code of conduct to encourage appropriate,
sustainable use of trails across the ACT.
47.
Encourage successful trail sharing through:

Education to communicate the needs of different
users and the appropriate behaviours necessary to
maintain safety of all users during interactions.

Signage which clearly identifies shared trails and the
different users types which may be encountered.

Trail design which provides good sight lines, allowing
users to see and anticipate the actions of
approaching users, and allows users to pass safely.

Segregation of users in areas where interactions
could be dangerous or exclusive use by a particular
group would be beneficial.

Limiting access to areas where the maintenance of
ecological or cultural values is important.
48.
Install signage at popular destinations which details trail
length, difficulty and facilities.
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Goals
Provide high quality information
in mediums accessible for all
users.
Develop clear and consistent
difficulty rankings for trails.
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Actions to achieve
49.
Upgrade the TAMS website to include a dedicated page on
ACT trails including:

Up to date, printable, downloadable maps which
include:

Description of trail surface, features and difficulty
rating.

Temporary detours or trail closures.

Location of reported issues.

Out of bounds, protected areas necessary to
preserve ecological or heritage values.

Allowed users/modes.

Available infrastructure.

Typical duration.

Points of interest, suggested itineraries.

Interpretive information.

Trail news and updates.

Safety information and equipment necessary for
remote trails.

Link to information on prevailing weather conditions.
50.
Use established trail classification systems as a basis for trail
difficulty rankings.
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Goals
Actions to achieve
51.
Trails to be assessed by trained personnel to determine
rankings.
52.
Specifications to include the recreational modes appropriate
for each trail.
Support the reporting of trail
related issues
53.
Improve the functionality and appropriateness of Fix My
Street for reporting issues with trails.
54.
Enhance functionality of reporting systems to incorporate
GIS and smartphone functionality such as Snap, Send, Solve.
55.
Improve the provision of feedback on the likely priority and
duration for repairs and maintenance.
56.
Develop a system incorporating user reports and other trail
knowledge to better equip users to adequately deal with
closures and other interruptions to greatly improve the
overall experience of trails.
Implement full lifecycle
management for recreation trails
managed by PCS
57.
Develop and approve the PCS Strategic Asset Management
Plan.
58.
Work towards implementing the recommendations of the
Trail Strategy through the Strategic Asset Management Plan.
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If there was an opportunity for a new or upgraded trail where should it be,
who would use it and what would make it a worthy addition to the ACT trails
network?
Are there trails that should be closed?
Consider identifying the trail on a map as part of your submission.
References
Access Economics (2010), Building an active community: The economic contribution of sport and
recreation in the ACT, prepared for ACT Sport and Recreations Services, TAMS, Canberra.
ACT Government (2005), Get out there!: A guide to the ACT's Parks, Forests and Bushlands, Arts,
Heritage and Environment, Canberra.
ACT Government (2006), Territory Venues and Events, Territory and Municipal Services, Canberra,
http://www.tams.act.gov.au/play/territory_venues_and_events accessed 01 February 2011.
ACT Government (2008), The Canberra Plan: Towards our Second Century.
ACT Government (2009), Parks, Conservation and Lands: Facts at a Glance 2009, Territory and
Municipal Services, Canberra.
ACT Government (2010), 2009 UCI Mountain Bike and Trials World Championships Post Event
Report.
ACT Government (2012), 2012-2013 Budget-Paper 4: Budget Estimates.
ACT Government (2011), ACT Population Projections: 2009 to 2059, Chief Minister and Cabinet,
Canberra, http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/policystrategic/actstats/projections, accessed 21 April
2011.
ACT Natural Resource Management Council (2009), Bush Capital Legacy, iconic city, iconic natural
assets: Plan for Managing the Natural Resources of the ACT, compiled by the ACT Natural
Resource Management Council a partnership between ACT communities and the ACT and
Australian Governments.
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ACT Sport and Recreation Council (2003), Facilities Study.
Active 2020 Working Group (2011), Active 2020 – A strategic plan for sport and active recreation
in the ACT and Region 2011-2021: Enriching the Canberra Community through Sport and Active
Recreation, prepared with the support of the ACT Government, www.active2020.com, accessed
June 2011.
Arghire, I (2009), GPS-Enable Smartphones to Kill PNDs, Softpedia, viewed on 18 May 2011 from
http://news.softpedia.com/news/GPS-Enabled-Smartphones-to-Kill-PNDs-120729.shtml
Australian Sports Commission (2010), Participation in exercise, recreation and sport survey: 2010
Annual Report – State and Territory Tables for Australian Capital Territory, Standing Committee
on Recreation and Sport 2011.
Austroads (2006), Pedestrian-Cyclist conflict minimisation on shared paths and footpaths, Sydney.
Jenezko, B, Mules, T, and Ritchie, B (2002), Estimating the economic impacts of festivals and
events: a research guide.
MapMy Fitness Inc. (2011), About MapMyFitness, viewed 18 May 2011 from
http://www.mapmyrun.com/about/us/
Mackay, J (2004), Interim Recreational Strategy for the Natural Areas of the ACT, prepared for
Environment ACT by Planning for People.
NSW Government National Parks and Wildlife Service (2010), Draft Strategy: National Parks and
Wildlife Service Cycling Policy Review and Sustainable Mountain Biking Strategy.
Queensland Government Office of Urban Management (2007), Active trails: A Strategy for
Regional Trails in south east Queensland.
Stockley, R (2011), Draft Mountain Bike Strategy for the ACT, prepared for the Economic
Development Directorate of the ACT Government, currently in prep.
StratCorp Consulting (2009), Motorised Sports Strategy, prepared for ACT Territory Venues and
Events, ACT Government.
Roy Morgan Research (2007), Tourism Victoria's Brand Health Survey 1996-2007, Melbourne.
Territory and Municipal Services (2010), 2009-2010 Annual Report, Vol 2 p 131.
Inspiring Place Pty Ltd (2007), Trails Tasmania Strategy, prepared for the Tasmanian Government.
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Victorian Trails Coordinating Committee (2005), Victorian Trails Strategy 2005-2010, prepared for
Parks Victoria.
Appendix A: Maps
These maps have been based on the best available TAMS data however stakeholder input is
invited to work towards a detailed and robust trails inventory.
When reviewing these maps it is important to note the following:
CBRE | OCTOBER 2013

Certain trails extend into leased land. Leased land is outside the purview of PCS and as
such these trails have been shown as non continuous.

While the trails have been identified in the maps as multi use, in some areas special
caveats or restrictions may apply to their use, in particular, limiting access to
environmentally sensitive or ecologically significant areas. Typically these restrictions will
apply to horses or motorised pursuits.

Horse trails as identified in the maps are those routes on multi use trails where use by
equestrians is permitted. Other users including walkers and cyclists may also use these
trails.
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