UNIT FOUR
VOCABULARY
ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD
ACETYLCHOLINE
ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE
ACTION POTENTIAL FREQUENCY
ACTION POTENTIALS
ACTIVATION AND INACTIVATION GATES
AFFERENT DIVISION
AFTERDISCHARGE
AFTERPOTENTIAL
AGONIST
ALL OR NONE PRINCIPLE
ANTAGONIST
APONEUROSIS
ASPARTATE
ASSOCIATION NEURONS
ASTROCYTES
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
AXOAXONIC SYNAPSE
AXON
AXON HILLOCK
BELLY
BIPENNATE
BIPOLAR NEURONS
BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
CHEMICAL SYNAPSE
CHOROID PLEXUS
CHROMATOPHILIC SUBSTANCE
CIRCULAR MUSCLE
CLASS I LEVER SYSTEM
CLASS II LEVER SYSTEM
CLASS III LEVER SYSTEM
CONVERGENT MUSCLE
CONVERGENT PATHWAYS
CORTEX
DECREMENTAL
DENDRITES
DEPOLARIZATION
DEPOLARIZTION PHASE
Describe and give examples of the three classes of levers.
Discuss the various criteria used to name muscles and give examples of each.
DIVERGENT PATHWAYS
DOPAMINE
EFFERENT DIVISION
ELECTRICAL SYNAPSE
ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
EPENDYMAL CELLS
EPINEPHRINE
EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL (EPSP)
FIXATORS
FULCRUM
GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA)
GATED IONS CHANNELS
GLUTAMATE
GLYCINE
GRADED POTENTIALS
GRAY MATTER
HISTAMINE
HYPERPOLARIZATION
INHIBITORY NEURONS
INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL (IPSP)
INSERTION
INTERNEURONS
INTERNODES
LEAK CHANNELS
LEVER
LIGAND GATED ION CHANNELS
LOCAL CURRENT
LOCAL POTENTIALS
MAXIMAL STIMULUS
MICROGLIA
MILLIVOLTS
MONAMINE OXIDASE (MAO)
MOSS;E BPDOES
MULTIPENNATE
MULTIPOLAR NEURONS
MYELINATED AXONS
NERVE
NEUROGLIA
NEUROLEMMOCYTES
NEUROMODULATORS
NODES OF RANVIER
NONGATED ION CHANNELS
NOREPINEPHRINE
NUCLEI
OLIGODENDRITES
ORIGIN
OSCILLATING CIRCUITS
PARALLEL MUSCLE
PENNATE
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
POST SYNAPTIC MEMBRANE
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
PRESYNAPTIC FACILITATION
PRESYNAPTIC INHIBITION
PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL
PRIME MOVER
PROPROGATED AACTION POTENTIAL
RELATIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD
REPOLARIZATION
REPOLARIZATION PHASE
RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
SALTATORY CONDUCTION
SATELLITE CELLS
SCHWANN CELLS
SEROTONIN
SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP
SOMA
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
SPATIAL SUMMATION
SUBMAXIMAL STIMULUS
SUMMATION
SUPRAMAXIMAL STIMULUS
SYNAPSE
SYNAPTIC CLEFT
SYNAPTIC VESICLES
SYNERGISTS
TEMPORAL SUMMATION
TENDONS
TERMINAL BOUTONS
THRESHOLD
THRESHOLD STIMULUS
TRACTS
UNIPENNATE
UNIPOLAR NEURONS
UNMYELINATED AXONS
QUESTIONS
Describe the functions of the nervous system.
Identify and describe the various subdivisions of the nervous system.
Identify and describe the general structure and functional characteristics of the two main types of
cells that make up the nervous system.
List and describe the structure and function of the five types of glial cells.
Identify the glial cells that are found only in the central nervous system. Peripheral nervous
system.
Differentiate between mulitpolar, bipolar and unipolar neurons.
Differentiate between afferent, efferent and interneurons..
Differentiate between gray and white matter.
Explain why damage to the central nervous system may be permanent.
Describe what happens during the healing process of an injured peripheral nerve.
Differentiate between an action potential and the resting membrane potential.
Discuss the events that occur in an action potential.
Discuss the importance of the sodium potassium pump.
Discuss the importance of nongated ion channels (leak channels).
Discuss the importance of gated ion channels.
Distinguish between voltage gated ion channels and ligand gated ion channels.
Explain how gated and non gated ion channels are responsible for the permeability differences of
the resting membrane potential; the action potential.
Describe the concentration differences for sodium ions and potassium ions across the neuron cell
membrane.
Explain why an action potential is an all or nothing phenomenon.
Define the term local potential
Explain how a local potential can be graded, can summate and can spread in a decremental
manner.
Explain the importance of sodium and potassium in the action potential.
Explain how synaptic transmission ensures one direction transmission of action potentials.
Distinguish between a generator and receptor potential.
Explain the importance of the myelin sheath on the speed of conduction.
Discuss the importance of nerve fiber diameter on the speed of conduction.
Describe salutatory conduction and discuss why it is important.
Compare the speed of action potential conduction in : myelinated vs unmyelinated axons, large
diameter and small diameter axons.
Compare the function of type A nerve fibers to type B and C nerve fibers.
List and describe the structural components of a synapse.
Discuss how an action potential is transmitted from one cell to another across a chemical
synapse.
Compare temporal and spatial summation.
Compare IPSPs and EPSPs.
Explain how depolarizing and hyperpolarizing local potentials affect the likelihood of generating
an action potential.
Explain what happens in the depolarization and repolarization phases of an action potential.
Explain how changes in membrane permeability and the movement of sodium ions and
potassium ions cause each phase.
Explain how afterpotential occurs and its importance.
Describe the relative and absolute refractory period and discuss their importance.
Discuss how the absolute and relative refractory periods relate to depolarization and
repolarization of the cell membrane.
Define the term action potential frequency.
Define the term subthreshold stimulus and its effect on action potential generation.
Describe the various types of neurotransmitters.
Describe the different types of synapses.
Name the regions of the body where electrical synapses are found.
Draw a chemical synapse and label the following structures: presynaptic terminal, postsynaptic
terminal, and calcium channels. Neurotransmitter, synaptic vesicles, postsynaptic membrane,
ligand gated ion channels, voltage gated ion channels and synaptic cleft
Briefly discuss how neurotransmitters can be removed from the synaptic cleft.
Discuss the activity of acetylcholinesterase, monamine oxidase, and catechol-Omethyltransferase.
Describe the release of a neurotransmitter in a chemical synapse.
Explain why a specific neurotransmitter affects only certain types of cells.
Explain why a neurotransmitter can stimulate one type of cell but inhibit another type.
Explain the importance of neuromodulators
Discuss the role of each of the following neurotransmitters, discussing their location in the body
and effect on the postsynaptic membrane: acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine,
histamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glycine, glutamate, aspartate, nitric oxide, endorphins and
enkephalins, and substance P.
Describe the generation of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in a synapse.
Explain the role of spatial and temporal summation in the generation of action potentials.
Discuss the importance of presynaptic inhibition and facilitation.
Define the terms convergence, oscillating circuits, reverberating circuits, parallel after discharge
circuits.
VOCABULARY
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
ARACHNOID GRANULES
ARACHNOID MATER
ARBOR VITAE
ASSOCIATION FIBERS
BASAL NUCLEI
BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
BRAIN SAND
BRAINSTEM
CAUDATE NUCLEUS
CENTAL SULCUS
CENTRAL CANAL
CEREBELLUM
CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT
CEREBRAL MEDULLA
CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID BARRIER
CHOROID PLEXUS
COMMISSURAL FIBERS
CORPORA QUADRIGEMMA
CORPUS STRIATUM
CORTEX
DECUSSATE
DIENCEPHALON
DURAL VENOUS SINUSES
EPITHALAMUS
FALX CEREBELLI
FALX CEREBRI
FISSURE
FOLIA
FORNIX
FOURTH VENTRICLE
FRONATL LOBE
GYRUS/GYRI
HABENULAR NUCLEI
HIPPOCAMPUS
HYPOTHALAMUS
INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES
INFERIOR COLLICULUS
INFUNDIBULUM
INSULA
INTERMEDIATE MASS
INTERVENTRICULAR FORAMINA
LATERAL APERATURE
LATERAL FISSURE
LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS
LATERL VENTRICLE
LENTIFOR NUCLEUS
LIMBIC SYSSTEM
LONGITUDINAL FISSURE
MAMILLARY BODIES
MEDIAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS
MEDIAN APERATURE
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
MENINGES
MESENCEPHALON
MESENCEPHALON
METENCEPHALON
MIDDLE CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES
MYLENCEPHALON
NEURAL CREST
NEURAL CREST CELLS
NEURAL GROOVE
NEURAL TUBE
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
NOTOCHORD
OCCIPITAL LOBE
OLFACTORY CORTEX
OLIVES
PARIETAL LOBE
PIA MATER
PINEAL BODY
PONS
POSTE CENTRAL GYRUS
PRECENTRAL GYRUS
PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX
PRIMARY SOMATIC SENSORY CORTEX
PROJECTION FIBERS
PROPRIOCEPTION
PROSENCEPHALON
PYRAMIDS
RED NUCLEI
RETICULAR FORMATION
RHOMBOENCEPHALON
SENSORY CUTANEOUS INNERVATION
SEPTA PELLUDICA
SUBARCHNOID SPACE
SUBDURAL SPACE
SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
SUCUS/SULCI
SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES
SUPERIOR COLLICULUS
TECTUM
TELENCEPHALON
TEMPORAL LOBE
TENTORIUM CEREBELLI
TERMENTUM
THALAMUS
THIRD VENTRICLE
VENNNTRAL POSTERIOR NUCLEUS
VENTRICLES
VERMIS
QUESTIONS
Describe the external and internal anatomy of the cerebrum using the following terms: parietal
lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, frontal lobe insula, gyrus/gyri, sulcus/sulci, precentral gyrus,
postcentral gyrus, central sulcus, longitudinal fissure, lateral fissure, transverse fissure, central
sulcus, primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, cerebral cortex, gray matter, white
matter, association fibers, commissural fibers, and projection fibers.
Distinguish between tracts and nerves.
Distinguish between nuclei and ganglia in the nervous system (not cellular nuclei).
Distinguish between motor areas, sensory areas and association areas.
Briefly discuss the importance of the Broadmann classification system and specifically discuss
the functions of the following regions: primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory
association area, gustatory cortex, visual association area, primary visual cortex, Wernicke’s
area, auditory association area, Primary association area, Broca’s area, frontal association area,
premotor cortex, primary motor cortex and visceral association area.
Distinguish between pyramidal (corticospinal) and extrapyramidal tracts
Discuss the importance of somatotropy and the homunculus.
Explain what is meant by contralateral innervation.
Distinguish between gyri and sulci.
Name the structures separated by the longitudinal fissure, lateral fissure, and central sulcus.
Distinguish between the cerebral cortex and cerebral medulla.
Discuss the function and importance of association, commissural and projection tracts.
Discuss the importance of lateralization.
Name the functions most commonly associated with the right and left hemispheres.
Describe the following major components of the basal nuclei and discuss their functions: corpus
striatum, caudate nucleus, amygdala and lentiform nucleus.
Describe the major components of the limbic system and discuss their functions: cingulated
gyrus, hippocampus, olfactory cortex, various tracts.
Describe the various membranes and spaces that surround the central nervous system.
Discuss the functions of the meninges.
Discuss how cerebral spinal fluid is produced and circulated through out the central nervous
system.
Discuss how cerebrospinal fluid is returned to the bloodstream.
Discuss the importance of the falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, and tentorium cerebelli.
Discuss the importance of the dural venous sinuses.
Discuss the importance of the subdural space.
Discuss the importance of the arachnoid space.
Discuss the importance of the arachnoid villi.
Discuss the importance of the choroid plexus.
Name the four ventricles of the brain, describe their locations, and name the channels that allow
cerebrospinal fluid to flow between them.
Explain the role of the septa pellucida.
Describe the blood supply to the brain, using the following terms: internal carotid arteries,
vertebral arteries, basilar artery, cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis), anterior cerebral
arteries, middle anterior arteries, and inferior interior arteries.
Describe the blood brain barrier and discuss its importance.
Describe the blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier and discuss its importance.
Briefly discuss the importance of the following structures in the embryonic development of the
brain: notochord, neural crest, neural groove, neural tube, neural crest cells, prosencephalon,
mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon.
Explain how the neural tube forms.
Describe the structure and function of the brain stem.
Describe the major components of the medulla oblongata and discuss their functions: nuclei for
cranial nerves, pyramids, olives, cochlear nuclei, vestibular nuclei, nucleus gracilis, nucleus
cuneatus, and medial lemniscal tract, cardiovascular center, respiratory centers, vomiting center,
hiccupping center, swallowing, sneezing, and coughing.
Discuss what is meant by the term decussation of the pyramids and explain its importance.
Describe the major components of the pons and discuss their functions: nuclei for cranial nerves,
pontine sleep center, and respiratory center.
Describe the major components of the midbrain and discuss their functions: tectum, corpora
quadrigemma, superior colliculi, inferior colliculi, tegumentum, red nuclei, cerebral peduncles
and substantia nigra.
Describe the reticular formation and its functions:
Discuss the importance of the reticular activating system.
Describe the structure and major functions of the cerebellum.
Describe the following major components of the cerebellum and discuss their functions:
superior cerebellar peduncles, inferior cerebellar peduncles, middle cerebellar peduncles,
flocculnodular lobe, vermis, and lateral hemispheres.
List the regions of the diencephalons and discuss their major functions.
Describe the major components of the thalamus functions: intermediate mass, medial geniculate
nucleus, lateral geniculate nucleus, ventral posterior nucleus, ventral anterior and ventral lateral
nuclei.
Describe the major components of the epithalamus and discuss their functions: habenular nuclei,
pineal body, pineal sand.
Describe the major components of the pons and discuss their functions: mammillary bodies and
infundibulum.
Discuss the importance of the various sensory neurons that terminate in the hypothalamus.
Discuss the effect of the hypothalamus on the following functions: autonomic, endocrine,
muscle control, temperature regulation, food and water intake, emotions, and sleep/wake cycles.
Describe the general structure and location of the spinal cord.
Describe the following areas seen in a cross section of the spinal cord and discuss the importance
or function of each.: dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, pia
mater, denticulate ligament, dorsal root ganglia, spinal root, ventral root, dorsal root, anterior
horn, dorsal horn, lateral horn, gray and white commissures, central canal, anterior median
fissure, funiculi, ventral column, lateral column, dorsal column, fasciculi, fasciculus cuneatus,
fasciculus gracilis, spinothalmic tracts, spinocerebellar tracts, rubrospinal tracts, corticospinal
tracts, vestibulospinal tracts, and tectospinal tracts.
Describe the cervical and lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord.
Describe the conus medullaris and the cauda equina of the spinal cord.
Describe the cauda equina of the spinal cord.
Name the meninges surrounding the spinal cord.
Discuss what is found in the epidural space
Discuss what is found in the subdural space.
Discuss what is founding the subarachnoid space.
Describe how the spinal cord is held in place in the vertebral canal.
Explain how the white matter is arranged in the spinal cord.
Discuss the importance of the white and gray commissures.
Explain the arrangement of the gray matter in the spinal cord.
Explain where the sensory, somatic motor and autonomic neuron cell bodies are located in the
gray matter.
Explain where the dorsal and ventral roots leave the spinal cord.
Discuss the types of axons found in the dorsal and ventral roots.
Distinguish between first order, second order and third order neurons.
VOCABULARY
ADAPTIVE
ALPHA MOTOR NEURONS
AXILLARY NERVE
BRAHICAL PLEXUS
BRANCHES
CERVICAL PLEXUS
COCCYGEAL NERVE
CONVERGENT
CORSSED EXTENSOR REFLEX
DERMATOTOME
DIVERGENT
DORSAL RAMUS
EFFECTOR
ENDONEURIUM
EPINEURIUM
FASCICLES
FLEXOR REFLEX
GAMMA MOTOR NEURONS
GOLGI TENDON ORGANS
GOLGI TENDON REFLEX
INTERCOSTAL
INTERNEURON
LUMBAR PLEXUS
MEDIAN NERVE
MOTOR NEURON
MUSCLE SPINDLE
MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
OBTURATOR NERVE
PARASYMPATHETIC
PATELLAR REFLEX
PERINEURIUM
PHRENIC NERVE
PLESUS
PROPRIOCEPTION
RADIAL NERVE
RECIPROCAL INNERVATION
REFLEX
REFLEX ARC
ROOT
SACRAL PLEXUS
SENSORY CUTANEOUS INNERVATION
SENSORY NEURON
SOMATIC MOTOR INNERVATION
STRETCH REFLEX
STRETCH REFLEX
SYMPATHETIC
TIBIAL NERVE
ULNAR NERVE
VENTRAL RAMUS
WITHDRAWAL REFLEX
INTRAFUSIAL MUSCLE FIBERS
SECONDARY SENSORY ENDINGS (TYPE II FIBERS)
PRIMARY SENSORY ENDINGS (TYPE I a FIBER)
EFFERENT MOTOR FIBER
EXTRAFUSAL MUSLE FIBER
MONOSYNAPTIC
CONTRALATERAL
IPSILATERAL
MONOSYNAPTIC
POLYSYNAPTIC
RECIPROCAL ACTIVATION
PLANTAR REFLEX
BABINSKI’S SIGN
ABDOMINAL REFLEXES
QUESTIONS
Describe the distribution and innervation of the cranial nerves.
Discuss the three major function of the cranial nerves.
Distinguish between sensory, motor and mixed nerves.
Name the cranial nerves that function only as sensory nerves and name the sense associated with
each.
Name the cranial nerves that are somatic motor and proprioception only. Name the muscles they
innervate.
Name the cranial nerves that carry sensory cutaneous information.
Name the cranial nerves that carry information from the taste buds.
Name the nerve that carries sensory cutaneous innervation from the face. Explain why this nerve
is so important to dentists. Name the muscles that would not work if this nerve was damaged.
Name the cranial nerves that have parasympathetic functions and briefly discuss their
parasympathetic functions.
Name the cranial nerves that control the movement of the eye ball.
Name the cranial nerves that innervate the tongue.
Name the cranial nerves involved in speech.
Name the foramina the olfactory nerve must pass through to reach the brain.
Name the foramen the optic nerve must pass through to reach the brain.
Name the fissure the oculomotor nerve must pass through to reach the eye.
Name the fissure the trochlear nerve must pass through to reach the eye.
Name the foramen the trigeminal nerve must pass through to reach the face.
Name the fissure the abducens nerve must pass through to reach the eye.
Name the meatus and formen the facial nerve must pass through to reach the face.
Name the muscles innervated by the facial nerve.
Name the meatus the vestibulocochlear nerve must pass through to reach the brain.
Name the foramen the glossopharyngeal nerve must pass through to reach the throat.
Name the foramen the vagus nerve must pass through to reach the areas it innervates.
Name the various regions innervated by the vagus nerve.
Explain why the accessory nerve is different from all the other cranial nerves.
Name the foramen the spinal portion of the accessory nerve must pass through to reach the brain
and join the cranial portion.
Name the foramen the accessory nerve must pass through to reach the areas it innervates.
Name the muscles innervated by the accessory nerves.
Name the canal the hypoglossal nerve must travel through to reach the areas it innervates.
Describe the structure of the spinal nerves.
Explain how the spinal nerves are named.
Describe the structure and function of the dorsal, ventral and lateral roots of the spinal nerves.
Describe the structure and function of the dorsal, ventral and lateral rami of the spinal nerves.
Describe the structure of the cervical, brachial, lumbar and coccygeal plexuses.
Briefly discuss the distribution and innervation of the following nerves out from the cervical,
brachial, lumbar and coccygeal plexuses using the following terms: axillary nerve, radial nerve,
musculocutaneous nerve, ulnar nerve, median nerve, obturator nerve, femoral nerve, tibial nerve,
common fibular nerve, coccygeal nerves
Explain how dermatomes are formed and discuss their clinical importance.
Describe the connective tissue layers with and surrounding the spinal nerves.
Distinguish between rootlet, dorsal root, ventral root and spinal nerve.
Compare and contrast the dorsal and ventral rami.
Name the body region innervated by the dorsal rami.
Name the body regions innervated by the ventral rami of the thoracic region.
Briefly explain what happens when the phrenic nerve is damaged.
List the components of a reflex arc.
Describe the characteristics of a reflex.
Compare and contrast a stretch reflex and a Golgi tendon reflex.
Describe the function of gamma motor neurons.
Describe the withdrawal reflex.
Explain how reciprocal innervation and the crossed extensor reflex assist in the withdrawal
reflex.
Describe how convergent and divergent pathways assist in the withdrawal reflex.
VOCABULARY FOR CHAPTER
ACCOMODATION
ACTION POTENTIAL
ADAPTATION
ALPHA WAVES
AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS
ANALYTIC DISCRIMIANTION
ANOMIC APHASIA
ANTERIOR COMMISSURE
ANTEROLATERAL PATHWAYS
APHASIA
ASCENDING PATHWAYS
ATAXIA
ATAXIC
ATHETOSIS
BASAL NUCLEI
BETA WAVES
BRAIN DEATH
BRAIN WAVES
BRAIN WAVES
BROCA’S AREA
CALMODULIN
CENTRAL PATTERN GENERATORS
CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES
CEREBROCEREBELLUM
CHEMORECEPTORS
CHRONIC PAIN
CIRCUIT LEVEL
COLD RECEPTORS
COMA
COMMAND NEURONS
CONDUCTION APHASIA
CONSCIOUSNESS
CORICOBULBULAR
CORPUS CALLOSUM
CORTICOBULBULAR TRACTS
CORTICOSPINAL
CRANIAL NERVE NUCLEI
DECUSSATION OF PYRAMIDS
DELTA WAVES
DESCENDING PATHWAYS
DYSKINESIA
DYSKINESIA
ELECTOENCEPAHLOGRAM
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM
EPILEPSY
EXPLICIT OR DECLARATIVE MEMORY
EXPRESSIVE APHASIA
EXTERORECEPTORS
EXTRAPYAMIDAL TRACTS
EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS
FASCICULUS CUNEATUS
FASCICULUS GRACILIS
FEATURE ABSTRACTION
FIRST ORDER NEURONS
FIXED ACTION PATTERN SEGMENTAL LEVEL
FLUCCONODULAR LOBE
FREE NERVE ENDINGS
GENERAL SENSES
GENERATOR POTENTIAL
GOLGI TENDON ORGANS
HABIT SYSTEM
HAIR FOLLICLE RECEPTORS
HEMIBALLISMUS
HIPPOCAMPUS
HOLISTIC
HUNTINGTON’S CHOREA
IMPLICIT OR PROCEDURAL MEMORY
INSOMNIA
INTERNAL CAPSULES
INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS
JARGON APHASIA
LACK OF CHECK
LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL TRACTS
LEMNISCAL PATHWAY
LONG TERM MEMORY
LONG TERM POTENTIATION
LOWER MOTOR NEURONS
LOWRE MOTOR NEURONS
MAGNITUDE ESTIMATION
MECHANORECEPTORS
MEISSNER’S COPTUSCLE
MEMORY ENGRAM
MERKEL’S (TACKTILE DISKS)
MOTOR HEIRARCHY
MULTINEURONAL TRACTS
MUSCLE SPINDLES
NOCICEPTORS
NON-RAPID EYE MOVEMENT
NONSPECIFIC ASCENDING PATHWAYS
NYSTAGMUS
PACINIAN CORPUSCLES
PAIN
PARADOXICAL SLEEP
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
PATTERN RECOGNITION
PERCEPTION
PERCEPTUAL DETECTION
PERCEPTUAL LEVEL
PERIPHERAL SENSITIZATION
PHANTOM PAIN
PHASIC RECEPTORS
PHOTORECEPTORS
PRECOMMAND AREAS
PREFRONTAL AREA
PREMOTOR CORTEX
PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX
PRIMARY RECEPTORS
PROCEDURAL MEMORY
PROCESSING
PROJECTION
PROJECTION LEVEL
PROPRIOCEPTORS
PYRAMIDAL TRACTS
PYRAMIDAL TRACTS
QUALITY DISCRIMIATION
RAPID EYE MOVEMENT
RECEPTIVE APHASIA
RECEPTOR LEVEL
RECEPTOR OR GENERATOR POTENTIAL
RECEPTOR POTENTIAL
RED NUCLEI
REFERRED PAIN
REFLEXIVE MEMORY
REM SLEEP
RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM
RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM
RETICULAR NUCLE
RETICULOSPINAL TRACT
RHEARSAL
RHYTHM
RUBROSPINAL TRACTS
RUFFINI’S CORPUSCLES
SCANNING SPEECH
SECOND ORDER NEURONS
SECONDARY RECEPTORS
SEGMENTAL CIRUCITS OF THE SPINAL CORD
SENSATION
SENSORY INTEGRATION
SHORT TERM MEMORY
SLEEP
SLEEP APNEA
SLOW WAVE SLEEP
SOMATIC SENSES
SOMATOSENSORY
SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM
SPATIAL DISCRIMINATION
SPECIAL SENSES
SPECIFIC ASCENDING PATHWAYS
SPINOCEREBELLAR TRACTS
SPINOCEREBELLAR TRACTS
SPINOCEREBELLUM
SPINOOLIVARY TRACTS
SPINORETICULAR TRACTS
SPINOTECTAL TRACTS
SPINOTHALAMIC PATHWAYS
SPINOTHALMIC TRACTS
ST VITUS DANCE
SUBCONSCIOUS
SUBMODALITIES
SUPERIOR COLLICULI
SYNERGY
SYNTHETIC DISCRIMINATION
TECTOSPINAL TRACTS
THERMORECEPTORS
THETA WAVES
THIRD ORGER NEURONS
TONIC RECEPTORS
TRIGEMINOTHALAMIC TRACT
TWO POINT DISCRIMINATION
UNCONSCIOUS
UPPER MOTOR NEURONS
UPPER MOTOR NEURONS
VENTORMEDIAL PERFRONTAL CORTEX
VERMIS
VESTIBULARCEREBELLUM
VESTIBULOSPINAL TRACTS
VOLTAGE GATED ION CHANNELS
VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS
WARM RECEPTORS
WERNICKE’S AREA
QUESTIONS
Name the various special senses.
Distinguish between somatic senses, visceral senses and special senses.
Distinguish between free nerve endings, cold receptors and hot receptors.
Describe the eight different types of sensory receptors, name the areas they can be found and
briefly discuss their functions.
Distinguish between an action potential and a generator (receptor) potential.
Distinguish between primary and secondary receptors.
Discuss the effects of receptor potentials on primary and secondary receptors.
Distinguish between tonic and phasic receptors.
Discuss the importance of adaptation (accommodation).
Discuss the function of the lateral and anterior spinothalmic tracts and the dorsal-column
lenmniscal system.
Discuss the function of the spinocerebellar tracts.
Discuss the function of the spinoolivary tract.
Discuss the function of the spinotectal tract.
Discuss the function of the spinoreticular tract.
Discuss where the above listed tracts decussate.
Describe the location of the primary special sensory areas , as well as their association areas.
Describe the location of the sensory and motor areas.
Discuss how the primary motor area, the premotor area and the prefrontal area are interrelated.
Define the term Ataxia.
Distinguish between upper and lower motor neurons.
Name the two pyramidal tracts and briefly discuss their function
Name the extrapyramidal tracts and briefly discuss their functions.
Discuss where the pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts decussate.
Compare and contrast the pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts.
Discuss the function of the basal nuclei.
Describe function of the vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum and cerebrocerebellum .
Explain the term comparator function and name the portion of the cerebellum that is responsible
for this function.
Discuss the role of the cerebrocerebellum in coordinated complex movements.
Discuss the effects of cerebellar dysfunction.
Name the major motor nuclei found in the brainstem.
Discuss the various reflexes that occur in the brainstem.
Briefly discuss the body functions that are regulated by the brainstem.
Distinguish between the following types of aphasia: receptive aphasia, jargon aphasia,
conduction aphasia, conduction aphasia, anomic aphasia, expressive aphasia.
Briefly explain what happens in the brain when you speak.
Discuss the importance of Wernicke’s and Broca’s area.
Name the pathways that connect the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum.
Briefly discuss the functions that are located in the right hemisphere.
Briefly discuss the functions that are located in the left hemisphere.
Describe the four basic brain wave and briefly discuss the conditions that produce each and how
each relates to brain function.
Distinguish between short and long term memory.
Distinguish between explicit (declarative) memory and implicit (procedural or reflexive)
memory.
Discuss the role of the hippocampus and amygdala in memory.
Briefly explain what is meant by long term potentialization.
Discuss the role of calcium and calmodulin in memory
Discuss the effects of aging on the nervous system.
VOCABULARY
ADRENAL MEDULLA
ADRENALINE
ADRENERGIC
ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS
ALPHA RECEPTORS
AUTONOMIC GANGLIA
AUTONOMIC NERVE PLEXUS
AUTONOMIC REFLEXES
BARORECEPTORS
BETA RECEPTORS
CARDIA PLEXUS
CELIA PLEXUS
CHOLINERGIC
CILIARY GANGLIA
COLLATERAL GANGLIA
CRANIOSACRAL DIVISION
DOPAMINE
DUAL INNERVATION
EFFECTOR
ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
EPINEPHRINE
ESOPHAGEAL PLEXUS
FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE
GASTIN
GRAY RAMUS COMMUNICANTES
HYPOGASTRIC PLEXUS
INFERIOR MESENTERIC PLEXUS
LOCAL REFLEX
MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS
NICOTINIC RECEPTORS
NICOTINIC RECEPTORS
NORADRENALINE
NOREPINEPHRINE
OTIC GANGLIA
PARASYMPATHETIC
PARAVERTEBRAL GANGLIA
PELVIC NERVE PLEXUS
PELVIC NERVES
POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS
PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS
PREVERTEBRAL GANGLIA
PROSTAGLANDINS
PTERYGOPALATINE GANGLIA
PULMONARY PLEXUS
SPANCHNIC NERVES
SUBMANDIBULAR GANGLIA
SUPERIOR MESENTERIC PLEXUS
SYMPATHETIC
SYMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLIA
TERMINAL GANGLIA
THORACOLUMABAR DIVISION
WHITE RAMUS COMMUNICANTES
VOCABULARY
AMACRINE CELLS
AMPULA
ANISOMIA
ANNULAR LIGAMENT
ANTERIOR CHAMBER
ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT
AQUEOUS HUMOR
ASSOCATION NEURONS
ASSOCIATION NEURONS
ASTIGMATISM
AUDITORY CORTEX
AUDITORY OSSICLES
AUDITORY TUBE
AURICLE
BASAL CELLS
BASILAR MEMBRANE
BINOCULAR VISION
BIPOLAR CELLS
BLIND SPOT
BONY LABYRINTH
BULBAR CONJUNCTIVA
CANAL OF SCHLEMM
CAPSULE OF THE LENS
CARUNCLE
CATARACT
CERUMENOUS GLANDS
CHALAZION
CHEMORECEPTORS
CHORDA TYMPANI
CHOROID
CILIARY BODY
CILIARY GLANDS
CILIARY MUSCLES
CILIARY PROCESSES
CILIARY RING
COCHLEA
COCHLEAR DUCT
COCHLEAR NERVE
COCHLEAR NUCLEUS
COLOR BLINDNESS
CONES
CONFJUCTIVITIS
CONFUNCTIVAL FORNICES
CONJUNCTIVA
CORNEA
CRISTA AMPULLARIS
CRYSTALLINES
CUPULA
DARK ADAPTATION
DEPTH OF FOCUS
DEPTH PERCEPTION
DICHROMATISM
DILATOR PUPILLAE
DISTANT VISION
EARACHE
EMMETROPIA
EUSTACHIAN TUBE
EXTENSIC MUSCLES OF THE EYE
EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS
FAR POINT OF VISION
FIBROUS TUNIC
FOCAL POINT
FOCUSING
FOLIATE PAPILLAE
FOVEA CENTRALIS
FREQUENCY
FUNGIFORM PAPILLAE
GANGLION CELLS
GLAUCOMA
GUSTATATION
GUSTATORY CELLS
GUSTATORY HAIRS
GUSTATORY PORE
H TEST
HAIR CELLS OF THE EAR
HELICOTERMA
HORIZONTAL CELLS
HYPEROPIA
INCUS
INFERIOR COLLICULI
INFERIOR MEATUS OF THE NASAL
CAVITY
INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE
INNER EAR
INTERMEDIATE OLFACTORY
AREA
INTERPLEXIFORM CELLS
INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE EYE
INVERSION
IRIS
KINETIC LABYRINTH
KINOCILLIUM
LACRIMA APPARATUS
LACRIMA PAPILAE
LACRIMA SAC
LACRIMAL CANLICULI
LACRIMAL GLAND
LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS
LATERAL LEMNISCUS
LATERAL OLFACTORY AREA
LENS
LENS FIBERS
LIGHT ADAPTATION
MACULA
MACULA LUTEA
MACULAR DEGENERATION
MALLEUS
MASTOID AIR CELLS
MEDIAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS
MEDIAL OLFACTORY AREA
MEIBOMIAN CYST
MEIBOMIAN GLANDS
MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH
MIDDLE EAR
MITAL CELLS
MODIOLUS
MOTION SICKNESS
MYOPIA
NASOLACRIMAL DUCT
NEAR POINT OF VISION
NEAR VISION
NEONATAL GONORRHEAL
OPTHALMIA
NERVOUS TUNIC
NIGHT BLINDNESS
NYSTAGMUS
OCCIPITAL LOBE
OLFACTION
OLFACTORY BULBS
OLFACTORY CORTEX
OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM
OLFACTORY HAIRS
OLFACTORY TRACTS
OLFACTORY VESICLES
OPHTHALMOSCOPE
OPSIN
OPTIC CHIASMA
OPTIC DISC
OPTIC DISC
OPTIC NERVE
OPTIC NERVE
OPTIC RADIATIONS
ORGAN OF CORTI
OTITIS MEDIA
OTOLITHS
OTOSCLEROSIS
PALPEBRAE
PALPEBRAL CONJUNCTIVA
PALPEBRAL FISSURE
PAPILLEDEMA
PERILYMPH
PETROUS PORTION
PIGMENTED RETINA
PINNA
PITCH
POSTERIOR CHAMBER
PRESBYOPIA
PROGRESSIVE NIGHT BLINDNESS
PUNCTUM
PUPIL
RECTUS MUSLE
REFLECTION
REFRACTION
RETINA
RETINAL
RETINAL DETACHMENT
RHODOPSIN
RODS
ROUND WINDOW
SACCULE
SCALA MEDIA
SCALA TYMPANI
SCALA VESTIBULI
SCLERA
SCLERAL VENOUS SINUS
SEBUM
SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
SENSORY RETINA
SOUND ATTENUATION REFLEX
SPECIAL SENSES
SPHINCTER PUPILLAE
SPIRAL GANGLION
SPIRAL LAMINA
SPIRAL LIGAMENT
SPIRAL ORGAN
STAPEDIUS
STAPES
STATIC LABYRINTH
STATIONARY NIGHT BLINDNESS
STEROCILIA
STY
SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR
OBLIQUE MUSCLES
SUPERIOR COLLICULI
SUPERIOR OLIVARY NUCLEUS
SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS
TARSAL PLATE
TASTE BUDS
TECTORIAL MEMBRANE
TENSOR TYMPANI
TIMBRE
TINNITUS
TRACHOMA
TRANSDUCIN
TUFTED CELLS
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
UMAMI
UTRICLE
VALLATE PAPILLAE
VASCULAR TUNIC
VESTIBULAR GANGLION
VESTIBULAR MEMBRANE
VESTIBULAR NUCLEUS
VESTIBULE
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE
VISBLE LIGHT
VISUAL CORTEX
VISUAL FIELD
VITREOUS HUMOR
VOLUME