Lab Exam 2 Outline (Exam date: 10-31-2013)
(Thanks to Jennifer Wade for outline! I've made some modifications)
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The lab exam begins at the start of class.
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One useful Internet resource is Rebecca Bailey's site, which has images of the slides we've
looked at! http://www.laney.edu/wp/rebecca_bailey/human-anatomy/tissues/
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The format of the lab exam is about 3/4 multiple-choice, 1/4 free response.
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Any question asked in the lab manual, with the exception of a few unfair ones, is
potentially relevant. However, my questions will not be taken word-for-word from the lab
manual. If an idea is addressed by a lab manual question, you should be able to access that
knowledge even if I phrase the question in a different way! In addition, you may need to tie
together information from different lab, or apply information from lab to practical
scenarios! However, all questions should be answerable to someone who understood what
they were doing when answering the lab manual questions.
Lab 12
 Be able to identify the following muscles on a model and describe their functions. What
movement do they produce when contracted?
o masseter
o orbicularis oris
o orbicularis oculi
o temporalis
o zygomaticus
o frontalis
o sternocleidomastoid
o pectoralis major
o rectus abdominus
o external obliques
o external intercostals
Lab 13
 Be able to identify the following muscles on a model and name their functions. What
movement do they produce when contracted?
o deltoid
o biceps brachii
o triceps brachii
o latissimus dorsi
o trapezius
o quadriceps
o hamstrings
o gluteus maximus
o gastrocnemius
Lab 14
 Be able to identify the following structures on a microscope image of a giant multi-polar
neuron (and be able to describe the function of each):
o dendrites
o soma (cell body)
o axon
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Be able to identify the following structures on the neuron models (and be able to describe the
function of each):
o dendrites
o axon
o axon hillock
o Nissl bodies
o nucleus
o myelin
o node of Ranvier
o nucleus of Schwann cell
Be able to identify the following structures on the spine cross section model (and be able to
describe the function of each.) In particular, know how these parts of the spine fit into the
reflex arc. Where are the sensory neurons that are involved in a reflexive response to, say,
pain? The interneurons? The motor neurons? Be able to describe the path of the signal from
the periphery to the spine and back.
o dorsal root
o ventral root
o dorsal root ganglia
o white matter
o dorsal horn
o ventral horn
o lateral horn
Lab 15
 Be able to identify the following structures on a brain model and name their functions, where
mentioned in the lab manual. (When a function is not mentioned in the lab manual, you don't
have to worry about it.)
o frontal lobe
o parietal lobe
o occipital lobe
o temporal lobe
o cerebellum
o medulla oblongata
o pons
o corpus callosum
o pituitary gland
o hypothalamus
o thalamus
Lab 16
 Know what types of receptors are used in the following senses:
o audition
o gustation
o olfaction
o pain
o pressure
o sight
o temperature
 Be able to identify the following structures on an eyeball model or image of a dissected eye, and
name their functions.
o sclera
2
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o pupil
o iris
o lacrimal gland
o retina
o optic nerve
o lens
o ciliary muscle
Know that rods are responsible for peripheral vision and cones are found mostly in the center
of your retina
Be able to identify the following structures on the ear model, and name their functions.
o semicircular canals
o vestibule
o cochlea
o tympanic membrane
o auditory tube
o auricle
o
o
Lab 17
 Be able to describe the function of the following cell types in a reflex:
o afferent neuron
o interneuron
o efferent neuron
o receptor
 Know the difference between a somatic and autonomic reflex
Lab 19
 Be able to identify the following structures on a model, and name the hormones that each
produces.
o thyroid gland
o pituitary gland
o adrenal glands
o pancreas
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SELECTED ANSWERS TO LAB BOOK QUESTIONS
Lab 10
p. 63 types of movements:
name
abduction
adduction
circumduction
dorsiflection
extension
flexion
plantar flexion
pronation
supination
definition
example
increasing the angle of a joint
reducing the angle of a joint
elbow, knee, jaw
elbow, knee, jaw
p. 65:
1. a. fontanels allow for compression of the skull
b. female pelvis has enlarged inlet and also a flexible pubic symphisis
2. The growth plates would be cartilaginous joints, since they are formed by cartilage
3. Cartilage is slightly flexible, and allows your ribs to expand as you breathe
1. articular capsule: envelope surrounding a synovial joint
2. articular cartilage:
cartilage that covers the ends of bones
3. synovial fluid: fluid that cushions synovial joints
p. 66–67
1. shoulder & hip
2. humerus & femur
3. clavicle & scapula
4. pubic, ischium & ilium
5. ball and socket joints are multiaxial; they can rotate in all directions
6. hinge joints are uniaxial; they only rotate in one direction
7. it allows you to flip your forearm up and down without moving your upper arm (you can’t do this
with your lower leg!)
8. it is not a pivot joint, it does not allow your hand to flip independent of your lower arm
9. It could be considered a hinge joint because it primarily allows your head to move up and down.
However, you could also consider it a condyloid joint because it also allows some lateral movement of
your head relative to your neck. It is in fact classified as a condyloid joint.
10. Planar joints; they just slide over each other
11. The mandible and temporal bone form a hinge joint
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Lab 12
p. 75
Muscle
Frontalis
Orbicularis Oculi
Orbicularis Oris
Temporalis
Zygomaticus
Masseter
Sternocleidomastoid
Primary action
lifts eyebrows
closes eyes
puckers lips
moves jaw
moves jaw
moves jaw
moves neck; also allows frowning
1. frontalis
2. orbicularis oculi
3. orbicularis oris
4. zygomaticus
5. masseter
6. sternocleidomastoid
7. temporalis
p. 77
Muscle
pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
serratus anterior
external intercostals
rectus abdominus
Primary Action
rotation of the arm
stabilizes the scapula
braces the scapula to the ribs
assist in breathing by moving ribs
flexes the trunk at the waist, maintains posture,
squeezes the abdominal cavity
trunk rotation, lateral flexion, and squeezes the
abdominal cavity
trunk rotation, lateral flexion, and squeezes the
abdominal cavity
internal oblique
external oblique
1. pectoralis major
2. external oblique
4. internal oblique
5. external intercostals
6. pectoralis minor
7. serratus anterior
Lab 13
p. 79-83
Muscle
biceps brachii
brachialis
deltoid
Primary Action
flexes lower arm
flexes lower arm
abducts the humerus
5
1. deltoid
2. biceps brachii
3. brachialis
A. pectoralis major
B. external oblique
C. serratus anterior
D. triceps brachii
E. rectus abdominis
Muscle
latissimus dorsi
occipitalis
trapezius
triceps brachii
deltoid
Primary Action
laterally extends and adducts the arm
moves the scalp
lift & lower the shoulder blades
extend the lower arm
laterally raise the arm
1. trapezius
2. latissimus dorsi
3. deltoid
4. triceps brachii
5. occipitalis
A. pectoralis major (tricky)
B. external intercostals
C. brachialis
D. biceps brachii
1. vastus intermedius
2. rectus femoris
3. vastus lateralis
4. vastus medialis
5. tibialis anterior
6. Sartorius
7. adductor longis
8. gracilis
Muscle
Primary Action
gracilis
adducts leg
adductor longis
adducts thigh
Sartorius
flexes lower leg (to sit cross legged)
quadriceps group
extend lower leg
vastus medialis
extend lower leg
vastus lateralis
extend lower leg
rectus femoris
extend lower leg
tensa fascia latae
stabilizes hip & knee
tibialis anterior
dorsiflexes the foot
biceps femoris/semitendinosis/semimembranosis: flex the lower leg & extend the thigh
gastrocnemius/soleus: plantar flex the foot
gluteus maximus: laterally extends & rotates the leg
6
1. gluteus maximus
2. biceps femoris
3. semitendinosis
4. semimembranosis
5. gastrocnemius
Lab 14
p. 88
1. White matter consists of myelinated axons
2. The anterior (ventral) horn of the grey matter contains efferent (motor) neuron cell bodies
3. The posterior (dorsal) horn of the grey matter contains dendrites and cell bodies of interneurons
4. Spinal tracts going to the brain are posterior (dorsal)
5. Motor tracts are anterior (ventral)
6. Sensory impulses travel on the dorsal root
7. Motor impulses travel on the ventral root
p. 89
1. Increased neuron size is correlated with increased conduction velocity (compare Frog II & Frog III
or Cockroach, Frog I, & Squid)
2. Myelin increases conduction velocity (compare Frog I & Frog II or Squid & Frog III)
1. (see diagram on p. 88)
2. Afferent neurons are found in the PNS and take information to the spine. Integration neurons (or
interneurons) are found in the CNS only, and Efferent neurons are found in the PNS and take
information to glands and muscles
3. Unipolar neurons are found only as sensory neurons. Bipolar neurons are rare in mammals. They
are found in the special senses for sight & smell. Multipolar neurons are our generic neurons and are
found as both motor and integration neurons.
4. 1E, 2B (ependymal cells, misspelled in your lab book), 3D, 4C, 5A
A. nucleus
B. dendrite
C. axon hillock
D. node of Ranvier
E. myelin/Schwann cell
F. axon
G. axon bulb
Lab 15
p. 92
1. The brain stem regulates heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure
2. 2 main functions of the thalamus are serving as a relay station for afferent and efferent signals, and
controlling homeostasis
3. the hypothalamus controls the majority of homeostatic parameters
4. frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes; named for the bones that overlie them
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p. 94
1. The transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae contains the vertebral artery and vertebral vein
2. The nerve plexuses that leave the spinal cord carry information to and from the spinal cord
p. 96
1. cerebral spinal fluid provides a stable chemical environment for the brain and physically cushions it
2. it goes into the spinal cord where it is reabsorbed into the blood
3. cerebrospinal fluid is comprised of water, ions, glucose, proteins and other substances
4. spina bifida is caused by malformation of the spinal cord and/or vertebrae; it can be treated by
surgery and by draining excessive cerebrospinal fluid
Lab 16
p. 99
1. Your sense of touch includes your senses of temperature, pain, and pressure
2. Special senses have more complicated receptors that are located in specialized organs (like eyes
and ears). General senses have less complicated receptors that are not located in specialized organs.
3. Audition F; Gustation D; Olfaction D; Pain B; Pressure E; Sight C; Temperature A
p. 101 activity 5
1. You should not be able to follow the ghost images
2. This is because rods are only located at the sides of your retina; when you look directly at
something, you are using the cells in the middle of your retina, which are cones
p. 102 activity 7
1. The person should not be able to hit the character at first (unless they were cheating!)
2. The goggles shifted the location of the image perceived in the brain
3. People should be able to get better at this through adaptation
4. Usually after 2 or 3 tries (varies)
p. 104 activity 12
1. Most people should be able to follow the sounds pretty well
2. Having 2 ears helps us be able to tell where a sound is coming from. This is because a sound
coming from something to your left side will reach your left ear a bit before it reaches your right ear.
Although this difference is only a fraction of a second, your brain can detect and and give you the
perception that the sound is off to your left.
p. 104 activity 14
1. The hand that was in cold water should feel hot and the one in hot water should feel cold
2. The temperature receptors in your hands adapted (or “got used to”) to the hot and cold water.
When you switched to the warm water, the “cold” hand perceived the temperature getting much
warmer and the “hot” hand perceived it getting much cooler. Many of our senses work this way,
allowing us to get used to environmental conditions that don’t change.
Lab 17
p. 106
Term
Afferent neuron
Autonomic reflex
Definition
carries information from receptor to CNS
reflex involving the autonomic division of the
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nervous system: glands or involuntary muscles
carries information from the CNS to effector
organs
Spinal cord or brain; integrates information from
afferent neurons and decides how to response
Cell that detects something in the environment
(e.g. a photoreceptor detects light)
An automatic response to a stimulus
A reflex that results in movement of skeletal
muscles (normally voluntary, but in this case they
act without voluntary thought)
Efferent neuron
Integration center
Receptor
Reflex
Somatic reflex
p. 107
1. Pressure receptors in the skin sent a message through the afferent nerve to an interneuron in the
spinal cord. The interneuron stimulated efferent nerves sending a signal for the quadriceps to contract
2. Quadriceps group
3. Afferent nerve
4. Efferent nerve
5. Hamstring group
p. 108-109
Calcaneal reflex
1. The foot jerks towards its plantar surface
2. Gastrocnemius & soleus
3. Afferent & efferent nerves
4. It would be slower because the foot is further from the spinal cord so the nerve impulses have
further to travel
Plantar reflex
1. The toes curl
2. It is to protect the foot if you step on something
Other somatic reflexes
3. Prevents you from swallowing things that are bad for you (taste bad) or that are large and can
become lodged in your throat or esophagus
4. The corneal reflex helps you protect your eyes from damage
p. 109
Accommodation reflex
1. The pupil of the eye constricts (gets smaller)
Ciliospinal reflex
1. They should dilate (get bigger)
2. This is a sympathetic response. The sympathetic division dilates the pupils in response to
“threatening” stimuli
3. The person might also get goose bumps, which are also a sympathetic response
Light-pupil
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The pupil should rapidly constrict
p. 110
Grabbing for cash
1. Person B should not be able to catch it; if they were, the “dropper” probably inadvertently gave
them advance warning that they were going to drop it
2. they should not be able to catch it without cheating
Lab 19
p. 126-127
1. pineal gland
2. hypothalamus
3. pituitary gland
4. parathyroid gland
5. thyroid gland
6. thymus
7. adrenal glands
8. pancreas
Hormones and secretions table: see Table 9.1 in your book!
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