A Humanities guide
to exam success
Name:
Tutor Group:
Humanities Group:
Exam Format
Paper 1 -
Tuesday 17th May - 1 hour 15 mins
In this Paper students are required to answer all questions.
 Culture & Beliefs
 Environmental Issues
This paper is marked out of 72 and accounts for 37.5% of your
final grade.
Paper 2 -
Tuesday 24th May - 1 hour 15 mins
Students choose TWO options from the five below. The TWO we
have studied are underlined. Ignore the other three sets of
questions.





Family & Socialisation
Global Inequality
Prejudice & Persecution
Conflict & Co-operation
People & Work
This paper is marked out of 72 and accounts for 37.5% of your
final grade.
Paper 3 -
Controlled assessment.
Completed under controlled conditions, this accounts for 25% of
the overall grade.
Revision ideas
Design a revision
timetable
Condense your
notes onto cue
cards
Practice revision
questions
Get someone to
test you
Set up a study
group
Create a revision
poster for each
topic
Key to exam success
Good subject
knowledge
Good time
management skills
Read and
understand what
the question is
asking you
to do
Look at the mark
scheme to see how
much you need to
write
Make sure you
structure your
answers
Answering 12 mark questions
Three different types of essays:
 Conventional Essay – Given a list of things to include but
only have to choose two and explain them e.g. paragraph for
each one.
 Comparative essay – Produce a paragraph for each side of
the argument e.g. Nature Vs Nurture; explaining two views
about a moral issue (euthanasia, abortion); etc
 Source based essay – Ensure you use the sources to reach
a Level 3/4 (7-12 marks) e.g. ‘In Source A it says that….’
Golden Rules:
 Your opening sentence should be a reframing of the question
e.g. ‘Nature is important in shaping who we are because...’
 Remember to use the PEE chain! (Point, Evidence and
Explanation).
 Your explanation at the end of each paragraph should
always answer the question e.g. ‘This shows that nurture is
important in shaping who we are because humans need to
be socialised by other humans to learn correct norms of
behaviour’.
 Use Humanities terminology in your answers to reach a
Level 4 (10-12 marks).
 Use connectives to make your work flow better e.g. in
addition; in contrast; as a result; therefore; this shows that;
etc.
Answering 4 mark Questions
There are three types of 4 mark questions which can arise in the
exam:
 Source based response e.g. where you have to recall
information from a particular Source. Ensure you explain two
points to achieve full marks.
 Recall questions asking for two ways e.g. ‘Briefly explain two
ways in which a large-scale ecosystem is being destroyed.’ One
mark is given for identification of method and one mark for
example / explanation (Deforestation is one way that the Amazon
Rainforest is being destroyed, as mahogany trees are cut down to
make furniture).
 4 mark recall questions e.g. where you have to provide a
paragraph response showing you understand terms and phrases
(see example below).
Sample Answer
From your own studies, explain how the family influences a person’s identity. (4 marks)
A family influences a person’s identity in two ways. First, the person’s family name and the people
he/she is related to are part of someone’s identity. This is how they are known by other people.
The other way a person’s identity is influenced by the family is by the way they are brought up. The
family teaches them basic social skills, like language and how to eat, but also the person copies the
way the family behave and learns their attitudes and beliefs.
They will think that the family’s ideas and attitudes are normal. So if a person is brought up in a polite
family they will be polite, and if the family is argumentative and violent they are likely to be the same. A
person’s identity comes from the way they behave with others, so the family will be a big influence.
Explanation of
Socialisation
Socialisation
Links Socialisation
to identity
Example and explanation
of effects of Socialisation
Case Studies
Task 1
Make a mind map for each of the examples with as many points as
you can remember.
Task 2
Make up a question where you would need that case study to be
able to answer it.
Culture and Beliefs
 Yanomami Culture
 Amish Culture
 British Culture (multiculturalism)
 Nature-Nurture - Jim Twins, William from Child of Our
Times, Oxana Malaya, The Gay Gene
 Euthanasia case study – know an example
Environmental Issues
 Pressure Groups – WWF, Green Peace – indirect and direct
 Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest
 Impact of tourists on the environment
 Yanomami living a sustainable way of life
 Climate Change
 Renewable v non renewable
 Example of 2 endangered species.
 Examples of things that cause pollution.
Global Inequality
 ‘Grace’ in Ghana, poverty
 Ethiopia country in poverty
 Cocoa Beans in Ghana
 Coffee Beans in Tanzania
 Cotton farming Mali v USA
 Make poverty History
 Fair Trade
Family and Socialisation
 The Silver Ring thing – The Jonas Brothers, Jessica
Simpson
 Care of the Elderly
Culture and Belief Keywords
Culture
The accepted way of living in a society or nation;
includes attitudes to and preferences for food,
work, education, family life, housing, etc.
Values
Principles or standards. Our judgements about
what is right or wrong. No culture is made up of
people who think exactly the same, but in most
cultures there are some things that are generally
agreed upon. For example, in the UK, most
people think it is wrong to kill or to steal.
Norms
Ways of behaving which are expected by other
members of a culture. If people do not follow
the norms they may be seen as strange,
threatening or mad. Examples of norms are
wearing clothes in public and saying thank you if
someone does something for you.
Beliefs
Something we hold to be true; when we talk
about beliefs we may be referring to religion,
values, morals, traditions or ambitions.
Attitudes
A settled way of thinking or a state of mind. For
example, people from one culture may think that
the way other cultures live is less good than
their own; they may say others; lifestyles are
stupid or cruel
Customs and
traditions
Ways of behaving which have been handed
down from generation to generation for many
years. These are accepted as being the right
way to behave within a culture. UK examples
include eating Christmas dinner, sending cards
for birthdays, getting married following a set
ceremony.
Deviance
Not conforming to the norms of their culture.
Morals
Provide guidance on what is right and wrong.
religion
A system of beliefs about life, death and the
mysteries of the physical and spiritual world.
Ritual
An event that expresses some religious
meaning.
Rites of
passage
A ceremony or event that marks an important
stage in a person’s life.
subculture
A culture that exists within the dominant culture
and has many similarities, but also significant
differences.
Indoctrination
When someone attempts to make you accept
certain facts and ideas without question
Eugenics
The study of ways to improve human
inheritance.
Identity-giving
An act or process that defines part of a person’s
identity.
Gender identity
All of the attributes and characteristics that are
associated with belonging to one or the other of
the sexes.
Ethnic group
A group with a distinct culture that can be traced
through history to a specific location.
Social Identity
When a person is identified or labelled as a
specific type of person.
Multiple
Identities
When a person has a number of identities in
different parts of their life.
Nature
When a person has a number of identities in
different parts of their life.
Nurture
when a person learns from their experiences,
environment or training
Issue
Something about which people have different
views
A viewpoint that a person or group has about an
issue
A person classed as a refugee fleeing
persecution. He or she is not an economic
Perspective
Asylum seeker
Ethnic group
Integration
Assimilation
Multicultural
Feral child
migrant.
A group with a distinct culture that can be traced
through history to s specific location.
When two cultures combine and live alongside
each other in harmony.
When an ethnic group adopts the host culture as
their own.
A society which consists of the culture of several
different races.
A human child who has lived away from human
contact or bought up with little experience or
very poor care.
Culture & Beliefs (Paper 1 Core)
Appearance
Aesthetics
Religious beliefs
What makes
up a person’s
culture?
Roles
Traditions/customs
Morals
Values
Language
Attitudes
Definitions
Culture – The shared way of life of a particular society
Norms – Ways of behaving which are expected by other members of a
culture e.g. men do not wear make up in the UK.
Customs/Traditions – Ways of behaving which have been passed down
from generation to generation e.g. Christmas dinner.
Primary Socialisation – First stage of teaching people how to fit into
society (usually done by parents)
Secondary Socialisation – Other agents involved in socialisation.
Education
Family
Laws
Mass media
Agents of
Socialisation
Peer groups
Religious
groups
Role models
Workplace
Nature vs. Nurture debate
Case Study:
Kamala & Amala,
the ‘wolf girls’
Case Study:
Oxana Malaya
Nature


Nurture
What you inherit e.g.
Genetic information such
as IQ, hair/eye colour.
Jim Twins Case Study


What you learn through
experiences (Agents of
Socialisation)
Oxana Malaya/ Wolf
Children Case Study
Importance of beliefs to a culture
Case Study - Amish



Do not wear buttons because they are seen as proud and they
want to remain humble.
Some Amish men grow beards as a sign that they are married
They do not join the army as they believe in peace
Beliefs and Practices
Case Study - Christianity


Believe in God (practice) to attend church on Sunday.
Believe Jesus born on 25th Dec (practice) to celebrate Christmas.
Moral Issues
Other Examples
Case Study - Euthanasia
Abortion
Capital Punishment
War
Poverty
Global Warming
Human Cloning
Divorce
Plastic Surgery
Immigration
1.) Pro-life alliance (against)
- Life is a gift from god
- Change the role of a doctor
2.) Voluntary Euthanasia Society (for)
- People should have the right to decide
when and how they die
- It can quickly and humanely end a
patient’s suffering.
Diffusion of
ideas
Inventions &
new
technology
Wars &
revolutions
How do
Cultures
change?
Globalisation
Monarchy &
Governments
Multiculturalism
Environment
Migrants
Migration to the UK
Why come to the UK? (Immigration)
 Jobs / opportunities / better life
 Company relocated to the UK
 To seek asylum (maybe harmed in own Country)
 Marriage
 Entitle to e.g. Part of the EU and Commonwealth
Effects of Immigration
 May work for less money
 Put increased pressure on demand for jobs
 Put increased pressure on the demand for housing
 Increase of multiculturalism e.g. new foods, music, fashion,
religion and clothing.
Culture & Beliefs
Exam Questions

From your own studies, name two religions. (2)

How may religious beliefs influence a person’s behaviour? Briefly
explain, using your own studies. (2)

What do you understand by ‘the media’? Use your own studies to
answer. (2)

Give the meaning of the term ‘culture’. (2)

Give an example of two different cultures. (2)

Explain one way in which a person’s beliefs may influence how they
behave. (2)

Explain two ways in which the media may influence a person’s
behaviour. Use your own studies to answer. (4)

Explain why mutual respect and understanding are important in
multicultural societies. (4)

Explain two effects of immigration. (4)

Choose a moral or a social issue. Write a short essay to explain at
least two different views on the issue. In your answer you should:
Name the issue; describe the different views; explain why people hold
these views. (12)

People have different views about the importance of nature and nurture
in shaping who we are. Write a short essay about the nature/nurture
debate. In you answer you should: Explain the different views; use
examples from your studies; give your own conclusion on the debate.
(12)

Explain why Britain might be described as a multicultural society. Use
information from your own studies in your answer. You could include:
Language; art; music; signs and symbols; religions. (12)
Environmental Issues Keywords
Key word
Natural
resources
Renewable
resources
Non-renewable
resources
Minerals
Fossil fuel
Nuclear power
Power station
Renewable
energy
Alternative
energy
Wind power
Solar power
Geothermal
energy
Hydro-electric
power (HEP)
Wave power
Tidal power
Biofuels
Ecosystem
Sustainable
Deforestation
Extinct
Coral bleaching
Definition
Raw materials found within or on the earth
which can be used by humans.
Will not run out, or can be replaced, provided
they are not over used.
Can only be used once and can never be
replaced.
Any rock which is mined, drilled or quarried, for
example coal, gold.
Fuel formed from the remains of ancient plants
and animals.
Energy produced from uranium atoms.
Place where electricity is generated.
Energy from natural resources that are infinite
or can be re-used, for example hydroelectricity.
Does not deplete natural resources and does
not harm the environment, for example solar
power.
Energy generated from wind.
Energy generated from sunlight.
Energy obtained from rock heated by the
earth’s core.
Energy generated by water spinning a turbine.
Energy generated by waves in the sea.
Energy generated as the tide goes in or out of
a coastal area or estuary.
Energy generated from organic matter
(biomass), including wood and crops.
All living and non-living things in a particular
environment and the way they work together.
Methods that preserve and maintain rather than
destroy.
Loss of forests due to climate change or the
use of trees without replacing them.
The total disappearance of a particular type of
living organism.
When sea temperatures rise, the coral die and
lose their colour.
Urbanisation
Industrialisation
Pollution
Acid rain
Greenhouse
gases
Global warming
Environmental
refugees
Biodiversity
Endangered
Habitat
Poaching
Alien species
Tourism
Honey pot
Leisure
Global
responsibility
Direct action
Stewardship
Pressure groups
Lobbying
Recycling
Protocol
The movement of people from the countryside
to live in towns and cities.
The change from a farming society to a society
based around production of goods in factories.
Something that poisons or damages air, water
or land.
Rain, snow, fog or dust with a pH below 5.
Gases such as carbon dioxide that trap heat in
the earth’s atmosphere.
A warming of the climate in recent decades,
due to human influences.
People displaced by environmental disasters
caused by climate change.
The variety of species found in a particular
area.
When the numbers of a species are so low or it
is facing such severe threats it may become
extinct.
The natural environment of an animal or plant.
Catching or killing animals illegally.
A plant or animal that moves from its original
habitat to a new area.
A trip made for pleasure, usually including at
least one night away.
An area of attractive scenery or historic interest
visited by large numbers of tourists.
Free time to do whatever you want subject to
finance and ability.
Individuals and businesses making choices that
affect the world in a positive way.
The use of violent or non-violent methods to
influence a political decision.
Looking after something so it can be passed on
to the next generation.
Organised groups that attempt to influence
policy or business decisions on a particular
issue.
Individuals or groups attempting to influence
the opinions of MPs to vote a certain way on a
specific subject.
Turning used products into new products in
order to prevent waste, reduce pollution and
lower greenhouse gases.
A written record of an agreement between two
or more countries.
International
agreements
Sustainable
development
Agenda 21
Global citizen
Government
action
Carbon footprint
Carbon
offsetting
National parks
Ecotourism
Sustainable
tourism
Conservation
Agreements between two or more countries.
Economic and social development that meets
the needs of current and future generations.
A commitment to move towards sustainable
development at government and local level.
Thinks about their effect on the world by
preserving the environment and keeping
natural resources for others to use in the future.
Laws or incentives introduced by a government
to reduce global warming.
The impact of human activity measured in
carbon dioxide units.
Removing the same amount of carbon from the
atmosphere as produced by an activity such as
air travel.
A reserve of land usually declared by national
government to be protected from human
development and pollution.
Responsible travel to natural areas that
conserves the environment and the well-being
of the local people.
Has a low impact on the environment and local
culture and contributes to biodiversity.
Protection of the environment and natural
resources of the earth including plant and
animal life.
Environmental Issues (Paper 1
Core)
Environmental issues

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


Pollution (air, water and noise)
Global warming
Deforestation
Recycling
Coral Reefs
Key Words
Renewable / Alternative Resource - energy that occurs naturally and is always
available e.g. Sun; Wind; Wave; Tidal; Biofuels; Geothermal).
Non-renewable resource - once used there will be no more created e.g. fossil fuels,
(such as coal, oil, gas) and minerals, such as uranium (used for Nuclear Power).
Deforestation – Cutting down and the burning of trees over a large area
Stewardship – People using the land understand how to treat it with respect and
concern for the future e.g. ARPA (created 80 reserves and parks in the Amazon).
Sustainable Development – Making use of resources but in a way that does not
eventually destroy it.
Desertification – Where an area becomes very dry due to low rainfall.
Pollution – Something that poisons or damages the air, water or land.
Acid Rain – Rain, snow, fog or dust with a PH below 5.
Ecosystem Case Study:
The Brazilian Rainforest
Extraction of
minerals
Small-scale
farming
Logging
Problems with
the Brazilian
Rainforest
Major
engineering
projects
Cattle
Ranching
Ecosystem Case Study: Coral
Reefs, Ahus in Papua New
Guinea
Fishing
Global
Warming
Nuclear
Testing
Pollution
Threats to
Coral Reefs
Mining
Tourism
Ecosystem
Definition – All living and non-living things in a
particular environment and the way they work
together.
Examples – Sea e.g. Coral Reefs; Atmosphere;
Tropical Rainforest; Antarctica; Wetlands; etc
Methods to reduce pollution






Burn less fossil fuels
Use more renewable sources of energy
Recycling of waste products
Stop dumping waste
Green taxes e.g. companies which pollute the most pay more tax
Encourage more people to use public transport
Advantages & Disadvantages of tourism
Advantages
Develops the economy e.g.
more industry and more jobs, etc.
Improves lifestyle of locals e.g.
more money to develop local
services
Protection of places of beauty
and interest
Disadvantages
Transport e.g. Airports, roads, docks need to be
built/extended resulting in more noise and air
pollution.
Accommodation & use of resources e.g. more
hotels built in nice coastal areas, taking resources
away from locals.
Leisure activities & changes in land use
Changes in lifestyle for local people.
Pressure Groups
Case Study:
Greenpeace
Aims of Greenpeace






Climate change - Promote the use of clean and renewable fuels
Forests - End illegal and destructive logging of ancient forests and protect
inhabitants
Oceans - Defend the world’s oceans and the life that depends on them
Nuclear Power - Bring an end to nuclear power
Peace – End the storage of nuclear weapons
Toxics – End the use of toxic chemicals
Methods used by Greenpeace
Direct Action - Protest; Lobbying; Criminal Damage (sabotage)
Indirect Action – Petitions; Campaigns; Press Releases; Research





Scientific Research – Investigate potential environmental threats and try to
provide permanent solutions to them.
Political work – Lobby political parties to try and influence environmental issues;
carry out campaigns/demonstrations about issues
Greenpeace business – Offer lectures / newsletters to businesses explaining how
environmental problems link to business
Greenpeace environmental trust – Registered charity which aims to improve
public understanding of environmental issues
Greenpeace ships – 3 ships e.g. Rainbow Warrior, which allow them to witness
events in far off places. They pursue and film whalers and blockade other ships
carrying toxic materials.
Businesses and the Environment



Supermarkets – Charge for carrier bags or offer reward points for using own bags.
Energy Companies – Send out energy efficient light bulbs and team up with local
councils to offer discounted loft insulation.
Triple Velvet – Plant trees to replace rolls of toilet paper used.
Global Warming
Causes
Burning of fossil fuels
Methane gas from cattle
F-gases
(fridges/aerosols)
Nitrous Oxide (fertilisers)
Effects
Changes in climate
Increase of droughts
Increase risk of forest fires
More severe storms
Melting ice caps
Flooding/loss of coastal areas
Extinction of species
Resolutions
Switch to renewable energy
sources
More Recycling
Public transport / walking
Reduce air travel (business
use video conferencing)
Shop locally
Carbon offsetting
Definitions linked to Global Warming
Carbon Footprint – The impact of human activity measured in Carbon dioxide units.
Carbon Offsetting – Removing the same amount of carbon from the atmosphere as
produced by an activity such as air travel e.g. tree planting scheme by businesses or
investment in renewable energy.
Biodiversity
Habitat
Destruction
Climate Change
Pollution
Loss of
Biodiversity
Invasive
Alien Species
Exploitation
Definitions: Biodiversity and National Parks
Biodiversity – The variety of species found in a particular area.
Poaching – Catching or killing animals illegally.
Endangered – When the numbers in a species are so low they face the threat of
extinction.
Conservation – Protection of the environment and natural resources of the earth
including plant and animal life e.g. National parks.
Ecotourism – Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and the
well-being of the local people e.g. National Parks in Kenya (stay at eco-lodges using solar
power).
Solutions to Environmental Issues
Agenda 21
Kyoto Protocol
Protocols
Sustainable
Development
Global Citizen
International
Agreements
Solutions to Environmental Issues
Recycling
Government action
Carbon footprints
National Parks
Carbon offsetting
Renewable resources
Environmental Issues
Exam Questions
 Name two environmental issues. (2)
 Name two causes of pollution. (2)
 Name two effects of pollution. (2)
 Name two renewable resources. (2)
 Name two non-renewable resources. (2)
 Give the meaning of the term ‘conservation’. (2)
 Give the meaning of the term ‘pollution’. (2)
 Name two methods used by environmental pressure groups
to change people’s attitudes on an environmental issue. (4)
 Explain the terms Urbanisation and Industrialisation. (4)
 From your own studies, explain how natural resources can
be conserved. (4)
 Briefly explain how pollution levels can be reduced. (4)
 Briefly explain two ways in which a large-scale ecosystem is
being destroyed. (4)
 Using an example from your own studies, explain how
successful one environmental pressure group has been in
influencing people’s attitudes and behaviour. (12)
 From your studies, explain the methods used by a group or
organisation to influence attitudes on an environmental issue.
(12)
 From your studies, show how people interact with a largescale ecosystem. Examples include a tropical rainforest and
a marine ecosystem. In your answer you should: identify the
large-scale ecosystem you have chosen; describe that
ecosystem; explain how people interact with that ecosystem
in different ways. (12)
 Why is it important to conserve the natural environment? Use
your own studies to answer. (12)
 From your own studies, explain why pollution is a global
issue. (12)
 Explain how business organisations and environmental
pressure groups try to influence attitudes towards
environmental issues. (12)
Family & Socialisation (Paper 2
Options)
Definitions
Family
The family is a group of persons directly linked by kin connections, the
adult members of which assume responsibility for caring for children.
Household
A group of people who live together in shared accommodation.
Different Family Types
Extended Family – Three or more generations e.g. grandparents, Aunts
and Uncles, etc.
Nuclear Family – Consists of parents and children.
Single (lone) parents – Caused by an increase in marital breakdown &
a rise in births to unmarried mothers
Reconstituted – Family made up from people who have divorced or
separated from an earlier partnership and formed another family, bringing
up children from one or both previous relationships.
Civil Partnership – Same sex couples
Cohabiting – Where a couple lives together but they are not married.
Divorce & Marriage
Divorce – Legal separation of a married couple
Marriage – Legal joining of a couple (due to love; Arranged in some
cultures)
Problems caused by divorce




Disruption to children - Effects self-confidence/school work suffers
Difficult for single-parents to earn a living and look after children
Cost of break-up is both distressing and costly
Culture – Divorce seen as shameful in some cultures
Benefits of divorce



Now an alternative for unhappy couples
Prevents unhappy couples living together and reduces arguments
in the home.
No children involved then best for both husband and wife.
Family Size
Media
Religion
What are the
influences on
family life?
Health
Government
& Law
Social Class
Environment
Lifestyle
Changes to Family Life

Changing attitudes as people become less religious and more
tolerant of divorce and cohabitation.
 Changing opportunities for women such as women such as
women going to work and having equal rights.
 Legal changes such as Divorce Reform Act and Civil
Partnerships.
 Economic changes such as increased cost of weddings,
decreased cost of divorces and financial support for single
parents.
Changes in gender roles in the Family



Women have greater equality at home and in work
Women are a major part of the workforce
More expensive to bring up children
 Money, so people can have a better quality of life.
 More Househusbands
Different attitudes to the care of the Elderly
Family responsibility




Moral duty
Care in nursing homes not always as good e.g. neglect
Deserve to be repaid for looking after children
Family will provide better care than strangers.
Government Responsibility



Elderly have paid taxes all their life.
Many people don’t have resources to look after their parents.
Skills and facilities to do a better job.
Is there an Ideal Family?
Arguments for



Majority of people believe in marriage & children
People who divorce often remarry
Media – Soap stories / adverts / magazines based around family
life e.g. Jordan & Peter.
Arguments Against



Changes in society are more accepting of different family types.
Different religious beliefs & family traditions.
Decline in religion leads to less marriage / increases in divorce.
Nuclear
Family
Family & Socialisation
Exam Questions

Name two family types. (2)

Give the meaning of the term nuclear family. (2)

Give the meaning of the term divorce. (2)

Give the meaning of the term marriage. (2)

Give the meaning of the term extended family. (2)

Give the meaning of the term civil partnership. (2)

Give the meaning of the term reconstituted family. (2)

Give the meaning of the term household. (2)

Give the meaning of the term gender roles in the home. (2)

Describe one way that the media can influence our views about the
family. (2)

Give two reasons why gender roles within the family are changing. (4)

Explain two ways of caring for the elderly. (4)

Explain one argument for and one argument against divorce. (4)

Explain two reasons why people get divorced. (4)

Explain two ways the media can influence our views of an “ideal
family”.(12)

Explain how gender roles within the family are changing. (12)

Explain why there are different types of family in the UK. (12)

Explain why there are different attitudes towards marriage and divorce
in the UK. (12)

Explain the main influences on family life. You could include any of the
following: Income; the law; religious beliefs; family size; traditions (12)

Explain why there are different family types in the UK. Use examples
and information from your own studies. You could include any of the
following: Culture; religion; law; wealth. (12)
Global Inequality (Paper 2 –
Options)
There are different features of global inequality
Food deprivation
Education deprivation
Shelter deprivation
Health deprivation
Absolute Poverty
– lacking the
basic needs to
survive
Less than
$1 per
day
Information deprivation
Clean drinking water
Sanitation facilities
Relative Poverty – an
individual living on
less than half the
average income of the
society they live in
Could mean a
child does not
have a bike
Development Indicators are a way of measuring a countries
development. Remember PAIN!!
P
A
I
N
People per Doctor
Access to clean
water
Infant Mortality
Number of calories
Comparing the UK and Ethiopia
Average Income
Employed in Agriculture
People per doctor
Adults with HIV/AIDS
Access to clean water
Calories per person
Average number of
children
Children in primary
education
Literacy rates
UK
$32,602
1%
610
0.2%
100%
3,412
1.84
Ethiopia
$108
93%
37,397
4.4%
22%
1,857
6
99%
43%
99%
35.9%
Causes of global inequality can be broken down into 4
groups.
D
E
B
T
Debt burden
Many MEDC countries had spare money during the
1970’s and 1980’s. They loaned this money to LEDCs
but charged them interest. This has meant LEDC
countries have paid back the original loans but are still
paying back the interest. They therefore have no spare
money to develop their own countries.
Environmental
Environmental crises may occur in any country. Some
are man made, e.g. deforestation and desertification
whilst others are down to the natural environment. For
example earthquakes in Japan, Floods in Bangladesh.
Because of Colonialism
This is a historical cause. It is due to MEDCs exploiting
former colonies for their natural resources. Many
LEDCs were invaded by rich countries.
Terms of Trade
Many LEDC countries rely on primary products e.g.
coffee or copper. Countries trade with each other but
conditions of trade can be very unfair on LEDCs.
Tariffs, quotas and subsidies are the main issues.
How does global inequality affect LEDCs and MEDCs?
Stereotyping in the
media
Global
Interdependence
Affects
Multinational
companies
Expansion of
tourism
How effective are the methods used to reduce global
inequality?
Millennium
Development Goals
AID
Expansion of
tourism
Methods
Cancellation of
debt
Fair trade
Global Inequality
Exam Practice

What is meant by ‘relative poverty’? (2)

Give two development indicators that can be used to indicate the
differences in living conditions. (2)

What is meant by the term ‘fragile environment’? (2)

Give two ways in which colonialism has slowed development in LEDCs.

Why do people from LEDCs often want to migrate to MEDCs? (2)

What is meant by the ‘economic and technological power’ of an
MEDC? (2)

What is meant by a ‘tariff’? (2)

Give one example of how trade between MEDCs and LEDCs can be
made fairer. (2)

What does ‘global interdependence’ mean? (2)

Briefly explain the ‘poverty cycle’. (4)

Give two ways in which life will be different in an LEDC from life in an
MEDC. (4)

Using examples and information from your studies, explain how the
development of LEDCs is affected by their debt to banks in MEDCs.
(12)

Using examples and information from your studies, explain how
different forms of aid can help people in LEDCs make progress. You
could include any of the following: (12)
 Humanitarian aid
 Government aid
 Non-governmental organisations

Using examples and information from your studies, explain how global
inequality can be reduced. You could include any of the following: (12)
 Aid
 Trade
 Debt
 Religious groups

Explain how colonialism has affected the development of countries.
Use examples and information from your studies. You could include
any of the following: (12)
 Exploitation
 Natural resources
 Cash crops
 Economic power
Useful Websites
Humanities Exam Board - http://www.aqa.org.uk/
Ensure you look at the New Humanities Specification if you enter this
website.
School website – www.learn.oakbank.org.uk
Mr Moules’ website – www.pastmatters.org
Culture & Beliefs
1.) www.abortionrights.org.uk
2.) www.dignityindying.org.uk
3.) www.amnesty.org.uk
Environmental Issues
1.) www.cat.org.uk (Centre for Alternative Energy)
2.) www.btcv.org.uk (Conservation Volunteers (British Trust for))
3.) www.foe.co.uk (Friends of the Earth)
4.) www.greenparty.org.uk
5.) www.greenpeace.org
6.) www.rainforestconcern.org
7.) www.tourismconcern.org.uk
Family & Socialisation
1.) www.ace.org.uk (Age Concern)
2.) www.helptheaged.org.uk
3.) www.shelter.org.uk
Global Inequality
1.) www.britishempire.co.uk
2.) www.actsa.org (Development in Zambia)
3.) www.youthink.worldbank.org/issues/corruption (Quiz)
4.) www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/aug/25/uganda.mainsection
5.) www.oaxfam.org.uk
6.) www.jubileedebtcampaign.org.uk
7.) www.ecotourism.org (International Ecotourism Society)