SUFIJOS
Un sufijo es una letra, o grupo de letras, que se añade al final de una palabra para formar una nueva
palabra. Normalmente cambia el tipo de palabra (sustantivo, verbo, adjetivo, etc.) pero no el significado:
Create (verbo)
creation (sustantivo, cosa); creativity (sustantivo, abstracto); creador
(sustantivo, persona); creative (adjetive); creatively (adverbio)
ADVERBIOS DE MODO
Los adverbios de modo describen cómo hacemos algo o cómo sucede algo
Para formar un adverbio, normalmente se añade el sufijo –ly al adjetivo
Quiet
quietly
A veces la ortografía del adjetivo tiene que cambiar:
easy
easily terrible
terrible
Algunos adverbios son irregulares.
good
well fast
fast
hard
hard
early
early
late
late
(hardly = almost not) (lately = recently)
No todas las palbras que terminan en –ly son adverbios. Estos son algunos ejemplos de adjetivos
que terminan en –ly
lovely
friendly
lonely
likely (=probable)
Posición dentro de la oración:
Los adverbios de modo normalmente van justo después del verbo o al final de la frase.
Cuando van al final de la oración, siempre siguen el siguiente orden: M P T
(manner, place and time)
( modo,
lugar
y
tiempo)
He walked quickly past the door
He walked past the door quickly
SUFIJOS ADJETIVALES
ADJETIVOS NORMALMENTE FORMADOS A PARTIR DE VERBOS
Sufijo
-ive
también: massive
-able
-ible
Verbo
Adjetivo
act
attract
compete
construct
create
decide
destroy
effect
produce
receive
support
accept
believe
comfort
enjoy
irritable
predict
profit
question
reason
recognize
understand
use
wash
access
active
attractive
competitive
constructive
creative
decisive
destructive
effective
productive
receptive
supportive
acceptable
believable
comfortable
enjoyable
irritable
predictable
profitable
questionable
reasonable
recognizable
understandable
useable/usable
washable
accessible
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también: horrible, terrible
comprehend
convert
divide
eat
sense
comprehensible
convertible
divisible
edible
sensible
ADJETIVOS NORMALMENTE FORMADOS A PARTIR DE SUSTANTIVOS
Sufijo
-y
-al
-ful
-less
Sustantivo
Adjetivo
cloud
dirt
dust
fun
hair
hunger
luck
rain
sleep
sun
thirst
accident
economy
electricity
environment
globe
industry
logic
music
nation
origin
politics
profession
region
sentiment
care
colour
help
hope
pain
peace
success
thought
use
wonder
help
hope
pain
sleep
thought
use
cloudy
dirty
dusty
funny
hairy
hungry
lucky
rainy
sleepy
sunny
thirsty
accidental
economical
electrical
environmental
global
industrial
logical
musical
national
original
political
professional
regional
sentimental
careful
colourful
helpful
hopeful
painful
peaceful
successful
thoughtful
useful
wonderful
helpless
hopeless
painless
sleepless
thoughtless
useless
SUFIJOS NOMINALES
SUSTANTIVOS NORMALMENTE FORMADOS A PARTIR DE ADJETIVOS
Sufijo
-dom
Adjetivo
Sustantivo
bored
boredom
2
free
freedom
active
complex
creative
curious
dense
equal
formal
generous
real
regular
secure
similar
stupid
superior
anxious
safe
aware
blind
dark
happy
ill
lonely
mad
sad
weak
adolescent
confident
different
independent
intelligent
obedient
patient
present
resident
violent
(dis)appeared
assured
elegant
extravagant
ignorant
important
insured
relevant
accurate
decent
diplomatic
efficient
fluent
frequent
private
urgent
activity
complexity
creativity
curiosity
density
equality
formality
generosity
reality
regularity
security
similarity
stupidity
superiority
anxiety
safety
awareness
blindness
darkness
happiness
illness
loneliness
madness
sadness
weakness
adolescence
confidence
difference
independence
intelligence
obedience
patience
presence
residence
violence
disappearance
assurance
elegance
extravagance
ignorance
importance
insurance
relevance
accuracy
decency
diplomacy
efficiency
fluency
frequency
privacy
urgency
también: kingdom
-ity
-ety
-ness
-ence
-ance
-cy
SUSTANTIVOS NORMALMENTE FORMADOS A PARTIR DE VERBOS
Sufijo
-ment
Verbo
Sustantivo
(un)employ
amuse
appoint
arrange
assess
develop
embarrass
excite
govern
(un)employment
amusement
appointment
arrangement
assessment
development
embarrassment
excitement
government
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improve
retire
create
destroy
discuss
educate
explain
express
hesitate
impress
invent
operate
organize
fail
please
press
-ion
-ure
también: leisure
improvement
retirement
creation
destruction
discussion
education
explanation
expression
hesitation
impression
invention
operation
organization
failure
pleasure
pressure
SUSTANTIVOS NORMALMENTE FORMADOS A PARTIR DE OTROS SUSTANTIVOS
Sufijo
-ship
Sustantivo
Sustantivo
Friend
relation
Friendship
relationship
Sustantivos – personas
-er writer, painter
-or decorador, actor
-ist scientist
Pronunciation:
Los sufijos nunca llevan el acento:
Lucky hopeless colourful industrial comprehensible attractive
ACTIVITIES
Put each word in the correct column. In one column there are two words:
Create
creator
creation
verb
creatively
Noun
(abstract /thing)
creativity
Noun
(person)
creative
adjective
adverb
Add these words to the table. Complete each column using suffixes when necessary
Help
photograph
produce
Suffix noughts and crosses
-ion
-ity
-or
-er
-ful
-ive
-ly
-y
-ness
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ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES
Look at these words. Which suffixes do we need to change them into adjectives? Put them in the correct
column(s). In some cases, you may need to change the spelling.
Logic decide comprehend fun use understand
nation care attract comfort dirt industry
-y
-al
-ful
-less
-ible
-able
-ive
Choose the correct word in each of these rules:
a.
b.
The suffixes –ive, -able, -ible are normally only added to verbs / nouns
The suffixes –y, -al, -ful,- less are normally only added to verbs / nouns
1.
Complete each sentence with an adjective from the table
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
These new shoes are very _______________. They don’t hurt at all.
His writing is very _________________. He writes fast and makes a lot of mistakes.
There’s always a _________________ explanation for even the strangest phenomena.
He hates making choices. He’s not very __________________.
A pocket dictionary can be ________________ when you go to different country for holidays.
Those new clothes make you look really _________________.
2.
Add two adjectives to each column in the table.
3. Adjective race
Make teams. Look at these definitions for adjectives. Each adjective ends in a suffix from the table.
Who can find all six adjectives first?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Something that can be wash without problem is w___________________ (8 letters)
When the sky is grey, It is c______________. (6 letters)
Someone who is very private and likes keeping secrets is s_______________ (9 letters)
Someone who has the ability to invent original things or ideas is c_______________ (8 letters)
Something you like or that gives you pleasure is e______________ (9 letters)
Someone who is quiet because they are thinking about something is t_______________ (10
letters)
Adjective suffixes
1. Which suffix do you need to change the words in each list into adjectives? Remember, you
sometimes need to change the spelling.
Cloud, dirt, rain -y
a. understand, reason, wash
b. logic, economic, historic
c. care, harm, use (2 suffixes)
d. attract, support, construct
e. access, convert, comprehend
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Now complete each of these sentences with an adjective
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Smoking can be ________________ to your health
His parents are very ________________. He can always rely on them to help him
My town is very _______________ . It’s easy to get there
We have to put the customs of the Ancient Egyptians in their proper _____________ context.
If I find a car at a ________________ price I’ll buy it.
NOUN SUFFIXES
TEENAGE
STRESS
For many teenagers, daily stress is a very real problem. It often starts for them at school. 'I just
hear the word exam and I panic”, says 16-year-old Joanna Smith from Telford.
Even when you don't have to do exams, there's the pressure of too much work, bullying,
problems, with friendships, loneliness and just wanting to be liked. And at home there might be
family problems too, from arguments with your parents to dealing with a divorce. Then there's
“ the 'bigger picture”, since young people are more likely to worry about the environment,
crime and unemployment problems.
Just as there are many causes for stress, the way it manifests itself also varies. Stress can turn
you off your food, stop you sleeping properly and even be the reason for stomach pains,
backache or a stiff neck. Irrational fears, are also common. That's when one bad mark gives you
the impression you are a total failure.
But for all the negative effects, stress can actually be good for you. A small amount of it can
help you to work better, and too little stress can result in boredom. The key is balance. You
must learn how to beat off unhelpful levels of anxiety. The highs of being a teenager-the
freedom, the excitement of trying new things, the possibility of so many new experiences ahead
of you - are mixed with the lows too. According to Joanna, you needn't worry too much. 'You
ought to remember that problems will come up all through life, but I think you have to
experience the downs to really appreciate the good bits.'
-dom
-ity
-ety
-ness
-ment -ion -ure -ship
Find words with each of these suffixes in the text. What do all the words have in common?
Noun suffixes
Choose the correct word in each of these rules.
a.
The suffixes -dom. -ity. -ety. -ness are normally only added to verbs/adjectives/nouns.
b.
The suffixes -ment, -ion, -ure are normally only added to verbs/adjectives/nouns.
c.
The suffix -ship is normally only added to verbs/adjectives/nouns
1 Change these words into nouns and put each one in the correct column.
real sad
impress
equal
express
hesitate
arrange
develop
happy
weak
stupid
dark
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-ion
-ment
-ity
-ness
3 Complete each sentence with a noun from above
a You have to stop dreaming and accept the ______________of the situation.
b He went out into the _____________of the night.
c Helen accepted the present without a moment's__________________.
d Shall we make an ______________ to meet next Friday?
e 'Cheers, mate' is a colloquial _____________in English.
f What are the plans for future _______________ in this country?
Work in pairs. Take it in turns to say a base word from this page. If your partner can make a noun, he/she
chooses another word. When one of you cannot make a noun. the other player scores a point and 'serves'
the next word.
A: Free
S: Freedom. Stupid
A: Stupidness
B: No! Stupidity. 15-0. Friend
Change these words into nouns, using suffixes
Equal hesitate impress develop stupid weak happy arrange
Complete each sentence with one of the nouns.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
I wish you __________________ and good health
He ran out of the door straight away, without a moment’s __________________
I’ve made a special _________________ to see him
When you meet someone for the first time, try to make a good _________________ on
them
There should be _______________________ between all different races
Jane has a _________________ for chocolate biscuits
Technological _______________ is very important for progress
I can’t believe the ___________________ of people who throw litter in the street
Add a correct suffix (-ful or –less) to the following nouns in order to complete the text below. Use
each word only one.
Care use hope help thought power
As I was walking next to the sea, I saw a man trying to swim to the shore, but he couldn’t because the
waves were too __________________ . I thought it was very ___________________ of him to go
swimming in the sea when the waves were so high. As each wave hit him, he became more and more
_____________________. There was nothing he could do so I had to do something for him.
I found a rope which I thought could be _______________ . I threw it to him and he managed to reach
the shore. When I pulled him out of the water, he was shaking. He said that he had been sure the situation
was _______________________ .
I offered to take him home in my car. He thanked me for being so ________________________
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Add a suitable suffix (-able, -al, -ive or –ous) to the following nouns or verbs to form adjectives. Use
a dictionary to help you and make any necessary changes.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
understand
electricity
impress
ridicule
luxury
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
create
fame
depend
accident
adventure
Not every word which ends with the letters –able, -al or –ive is an adjective. Study the following
groups of words and decide which word in each group is not an adjective. Use a dictionary if
necessary
1. forgivable • vegetable • countable
2. active • sensitive • adjective
3. arrival • legal • musical
4. enable • unforgettable • enjoyable
5. expensive • deceive • productive
6. seasonal • interval • factual
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