Review
Identify:
1.
Neville Chamberlain – (1869-1940) British Prime Minister at outbreak of WWII, conservative,
tried to appease Hitler and Mussolini, signed Munich Pact with Hitler recognizing his territorial right to
German areas of Czech; succeeded by Churchill
2.
Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) Russian Revolutionary, Bolshevik leader, First Premier of Soviet
Union, Communist Dictator, “Peace, Land, and Bread” NEP plan
3.
Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) Communist Revolutionary, General Secretary under Lenin, power
struggle with Trotsky 1920 – killed him, NEP replaced by series of Five Year Plans – Collectivization,
Industrialization, laid groundwork for Warsaw Pact, instrumental in making USSR world power, nuke
build up Cold War, killed 18m people (his own)
4.
Georges Clemenceau (1841-1929) French Prime Minister twice 1906-09, 1917-20, “The Tiger”,
represented France at Paris Peace Conference, insisted upon humiliation of Germany
5.
Vittorio Orlando (1860-1952) 1917 Italian Prime Minister, signed Treaty of London gaining
territory of Dalmatia, at Paris Peace Conference did not receive territory expected, left meeting early, later
signed reluctantly
6.
Joseph Goebbels (1897-1945) Hitler’s minister of Propaganda, served in military during WWI,
nicknamed the “poisoned dwarf ” for harsh words and height, anti-Semitic, loyal to Hitler to end, gave
poison to his six children, shot his wife and then himself
7.
Adolph Hitler (1889-1945) Der Fuhrer, leader of “Brownshirts”, German dictator, autobiography
“Main Kampf”, wrote in prison for coup in 1923 (Munich Beer Hall Putsch), 1933 became Chancellor
appointed by Hindenburg, 1939 invaded Poland to spark WWII
8.
Paul von Hindenburg (1847-1934) – German General, Chief of Staff of German Army during
WWI, became Pres of Germany in 1925, re-elected in 1932, appointed Hitler Chancellor in 1933, Hitler
was unable to overthrow Hindenburg because of his popularity until his death in 1934
9.
Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) Il Duce, leader of “Blackshirts”, Italian Dictator from 1922-45,
created Fascist state (fasci = “bundle”, ancient Roman symbol of authority, rods bundled around and axe),
followers called black shirts, nation and race above individual, use of propaganda and censorship,
totalitarianism
10.
King Victor Emmanuel III (r. 1900-1946) – one of last remaining monarchs of Italy, appointed
Mussolini Prime Minister, refused to send troops to allow military to stop March on Rome
11.
Giacomo Matteotti (1885-1924) – leader of United Socialist Party in Italy, outspoken critic of
Mussolini and Fascism but disappeared from Rome, (it’s believed Mussolini had him murdered),
disappearance helped Mussolini consolidate power and eliminate opposition
12.
Francisco Franco (1892-1975) Dictator of Spain 1939-1975, presided over Spain after Spanish
Civil War, anti-communist, Nationalist, came to power with help of Mussolini and Hitler, trial run for
WWII
13.
Léon Blum (1872-1945) Jewish Socialist Prime Minister of France 1936, when Germany invaded
in 1940 fled, was captured, tried for betraying his country and held prisoner by Germans, died in prison in
1945
14.
David Lloyd George (1863-1945) Liberal Party, Member of House of Commons, opponent of
Poor Laws in G.B., 1911 Parliament Act reduced power of House of Lords, supporter of women’s rights
but did little to help, Prime Minister of G.B. (as conservative), Versailles Peace Conference, clashed with
Clemenceau about harsh punishment of Germany post WWI (moderate view)
15.
John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) British Revolutionary, Controversial ideas regarding
economy – today referred to as Keynesian, The Economic Consequences of the Peace called for
punishment of Germany – they would stay poor and thus politically unstable, today gov’t must lower int.
rates to level prices and spend in order to expand the economy
Identify the political philosophies of the following groups:
1.
Totalitarianism – conservative authoritarianism gave way to new radical kind of dictatorship in
Russia, Germany, and Italy, emerged in 1920’s, 30’s due to economic distress of G Depression,
nationalism, and lack of democratic tradition
2.
Fascists - philosophy or system of government marked by stringent social and economic control,
strong, centralized government usually headed by dictator, characteristics extreme nationalism, antidemocratic, anti-parliamentary, anti-communistic, advocates violence
3.
Nazis - Short term for National Socialist German Workers Party, right-wing, extreme
nationalistic, anti-Semitic, anti-democratic, anti-parliamentary, anti-communistic, advocates violence;
political party formed 1919 and headed by Adolf Hitler 1921-1945, usually considered form of fascism
4.
Communists – a member of Marxist – Leninist Party, a socialist who advocates workers of the
world unite, revolution by the proletariat
5.
New Order – Hitler’s philosophy based on guiding principles of Nazi totalitarianism and racial
imperialism; Nordic people received better treatment – Dutch, Norwegian, and Danes, racially related to
the German “superior” race, “inferior” peoples – French and Latin people, Slavs “subhumans”, Poles,
Ukrainians, and Russians enslaved and forced to die out – to create “mass settlement space” for Germans
to live
6.
War of Annihilation – expulsion spiraled into extermination, Heinrich Himmler and his SS killing
squads – “Jewish Question” – answer “The Final Solution” – extermination camps in addition to Gypsies,
Jehovah Witnesses, homosexuals, and mentally and physically handicapped - 8 Million
7.
Sinn Fein – oldest political movement in Ireland meaning “We Ourselves” calls for selfdetermination and nationalism of Ireland – revolt against the British
Identify the following events/terms:
1.
Rapallo Treaty – 1922 signed by Germany and USSR cancelled all pre-war debts and renounced
war claims, Germany was able to produce weapons in USSR forbidden by Treaty of Versailles
2.
Dawes Plan – 1924, question of how to collect reparations (20B Marks) from Germany, provided
for Ruhr area to be evacuated by Allies – 1b marks first year and 2.5B for four years after
3.
Locarno – 1925 Treaty proposed by German foreign Minister Stresemann to secure borders post
WWI, proposed France, Germany, and Belgium recognize borders, Hitler violated when invaded Czech,
Poland
4.
Enabling Act – 1933 passed by Hitler, Reichstag, legal dictatorship of Hitler, violation of civil
rights, allowed Hitler to rule by decree, removed all opposition to power
5.
Kellogg-Briand Pact – 1928, signed at Paris b/w U.S. and other Powers renouncing war as
instrument of national policy (Kellogg U.S. Sec. Of State)
6.
Spanish Civil War – 1936-1939 military uprising in Morocco led by Gen. Francisco Franco
Fascists, supported by Germany and Italy, vs. Loyalists supported by USSR, G.B., France, and U.S.,
rehearsal for WWII – Pablo Picasso paints Guernica 1938, wills the painting to Spanish government
7.
Munich Conference – 1938 U.S., G.B., France, Italy, policy of appeasement regarding
Sudetenland – Germans living in Czech. (didn’t work, Hitler took ALL of Czech.)
8.
Nazi-Soviet Pact – 1939, USSR and Germany signed non-aggression pact, two countries agreed
divide Poland, Stalin knew Hitler lying and eventual war with Germany imminent
9.
Lateran Pacts – 1929 between Mussolini and Vatican, papacy recognized Italy and capital as
Rome, and Italy established sovereign nation of the Vatican, decisive turning point in modern day era of
Roman Catholic Church – Italy provided Vatican with $85 million dollars for loss of Papal States during
Italian Unification – provided Fascists and Mussolini needed credibility
10.
Mein Kampf – “My Struggle” dictated by Adolph Hitler – written by Rudolph Hess, basic
themes include “race”, stress on anti-Semitism, “living space”, war and conquered territory to clear out
inferior people for superior German race, masses – “driving force of the most important changes in this
world”, importance of propaganda, 1933 sold 18,000 copies, became Nazi bible
11.
Third Reich – German Empire 1933-1945, conception of expansionist regime, First Reich - Holy
Roman Empire (800-1806), Second Reich – German Empire under the Hohenzollern (1871-1917)
12.
Kapp Putsch – “petty rebellion”, led by Wolfgang Kapp against Weimar Republic, assisted by
Freikorp, desired to restore monarchy, workers went on general strike in support of Weimar Republic and
broke up Putsch, Kapp died while awaiting trial for treason
13.
Munich Beer Hall Putsch – Hitler and small Nazi party tried to align with General Ludendorff,
attempted to start insurrection against Weimar Republic, attempt failed, Hitler arrested, served 8 months,
wrote Main Kampf while in prison, received great public attention during trial
14.
Night of the Long Knives – June 1934 – after death of Hindenburg Hitler begins to consolidate
power, Ernst Roehm leader of SA or “brownshirts” is seen as threat to Hitler’s power, ironically it is same
people who helped him rise to power, Roehm and approximately 1,000 other top members eliminated
15.
Maginot Line – line of concrete fortifications, tank obstacles and machine gun posts, built by the
French post WWI along French – German border
16.
Battle of Britain – 1940 Germany, Hitler decides to invade Britain, Royal Air Force v. Luftwaffe,
British advantage – use of radar, Germany decides to change strategy from bombing airbases to bombing
cities, German weakness fuel, space, Churchill - “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed
be so many to so few.” Germany losses 1,100 planes – British 650
17.
Battle of Stalingrad – 1942-43, considered by many to be turning point in War
18.
VE Day – May 8, 1945 –unconditional surrender of Germany – Victory in Europe
19.
VJ Day – September 2, 1845 –unconditional surrender of Japan after dropping of atomic bombs
Review Worksheet: Chapters 27, 28
1.
List four items to be settled by the Treaty of Versailles:
2.
List at least four changes in the map of Europe from 1914-1919:
3.
What was the price of bread in Germany in 1918? 1923?
4.
List three reasons for US non-involvement in Europe between 1920’s-1930’s:
5.
Define self-determination –
6.
Who proposed and fought for this ideology?
7.
Give at least three examples of violations of self-determination on the eve of WWII:
8.
What did Russia become in 1917?
9.
Define totalitarian –
10.
List three totalitarian regimes.
11.
Who became dictator of Italy?
12.
13.
What ideology did he adhere to?
Mussolini’s followers were called the?
14.
What was Mussolini’s nickname?
15.
Who was Mussolini’s historical hero?
16.
What event occurred that helped Mussolini gain power?
17.
When? Who was the King of Italy at the time?
18.
What happened to Matteotti?
19.
Identify Mussolini’s policy towards industry?
20.
Why did industrialists support Mussolini?
21.
What treaty recognized the Vatican as an independent state?
22.
When did this occur and what role did Mussolini play?
23.
How much money was paid to the Pope as compensation for lost territory?
24.
When did Mussolini adopt a policy of Anti-Semitism?
25.
Were there mass murders of Jews in Italy?
26.
List five reasons why Hitler was successful in taking over Germany?
27.
What were the weaknesses of the Weimar Republic:
28.
Why did the people of Germany distrust democracy?
29.
Describe the Munich Beer Hall Putsch:
30.
What famous WWI general did Hitler get to join in the revolt?
31.
What book did Hitler write during his 8 months of imprisonment?
32.
What are some of the fundamental ideas in his writings?
33.
Define Aryan –
34.
Define lebensraum –
35.
What is Anti-Semitism?
36.
Define Final Solution –
37.
What were the Nuremberg Laws?
38.
Describe Kristallnacht:
39.
How did world-wide depression aid Hitler in his rise to power?
40.
Define hyperinflation –
41.
What was the exchange rate for one American dollar in 1924?
42.
As a result of the Great Depression, what percent of people were unemployed in Germany?
43.
Name the British economists who advocated “pump priming” as a solution to the Great
Depression:
44.
Define “pump priming” –
45.
Define Mass Politics –
46.
Who was elected Chancellor of Germany in 1933?
47.
What building burned down in 1933?
48.
How did Hitler take adavantage of this?
49.
Describe Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution?
50.
What law did Hitler push through the Reichstag that gave him dictatorial powers?
51.
What did Hitler do on the Night of the Long Knives?
52.
What was the significance of the Sudentenland?
53.
When, why, and with whom did Hitler arrange the Pact of Steel?
54.
When, why, and with whom did Hitler sign the Nazi-Soviet Pact?
55.
When and how did Vladimir Lenin die?
56.
The power struggle for leadership of the Soviet Union took place between what two men?
57.
What was Trotsky’s title under the new Bolshevik government?
58.
What was the ideology of Stalin? Trotsky? How were they different?
59.
What was the New Economic Policy, and who was in charge of it?
60.
What was the fate of Leon Trotsky?
61.
What was the purpose of the Five Year Plan?
62.
What was Comintern? (combo of what two words)
63.
Identify five common characteristics of Fascism, Nazism, and Communism:
64.
Identify five differences between these ideologies:
65.
Fascism and Nazism are on the ___________side of the political spectrum?
66.
Communism is on the ____________side of the political spectrum?
67.
Describe the treatment of women in Communist Russia?
68.
How did this compare/differ from the treatment of women under Mussolini and Stalin?
69.
The Spanish Civil War was called a “testing ground for WWI”. What do you think this means?
70.
Who was the leader of the fascist who were trying to destroy the democratic Spanish
government? What groups and countries supported him?
71.
How long did the Spanish Civil War last? Who won?
72.
Identify the weaknesses of the League of Nations.
73.
List three events in which the League was ineffective.
74.
Define and give examples of the following underlying causes that contributed to both WWI and
WWII.
75.
List Hitler’s allies:
76.
What problems did France face between World War I and World War II?
77.
How did France try to protect itself against Germany?
78.
List the major Allied powers in WWII:
79.
Identify three steps Hitler took before March 1938 that led to war.
80.
What happened in September 1939?
81.
What happened in Albania in 1939?
82.
In 1939, who was the only central European nation to remain liberal?
83.
Who was the British Prime Minister in 1939?
84.
What was his policy towards Hitler?
85.
What was blitzkrieg?
86.
What was the Maginot Line?
87.
When France was conquered by Hitler the southern area was renamed?
88.
Why did puppet governments form in countries conquered by Hitler?
89.
List two neutral nations in Europe August 1940:
90.
Who became Prime Minster in 1940?
91.
What was the name of the German air force? The British air force?
92.
What was the Battle of Britain?
93.
What new technology played an important role in defeating the German air force?
94.
What were u-boats? Why called that?
95.
What treaty shocked the world in 1939?
96.
Why was Southeastern Europe important for Hitler?
97.
When, what was Operation Barbarossa? Why so successful in its early stages?
98.
The turning point in African campaign?
99.
What was D-Day?
100.
What types of jobs did women do in WWII?
101.
In what region of Europe did most of the Jewish people live?
102.
What did Jews have to wear on their clothes in Germany?
103.
What were the three methods used by the Germans to murder Jews?
104.
Approximately how many Jews died during WWII?
105.
Who met at Yalta? When? Why?
106.
How did the Russians ultimately defeat the Germans?
107.
Why was the Battle of Berlin so important?
108.
What happened to Hitler?
109.
What was the fate of Mussolini?
110.
What does “VE” day mean?
111.
Explain why fighting a two-front war is bad.
112.
Approximately, how many people died in WWII?
113.
What were the outcome/consequences of WWII?