AP Biology Chapter 19 Study Guide
1. Give the 2 main differences in gene expression between prokaryotes and
eukaryotes.
2. Give the 2 levels of packing DNA in the nucleus.
3. Explain what a histone is and what it does.
4. Explain what a nucleosome is and what it does.
5. How is a nucleosome’s ability to change shape an advantage?
6. Explain what a looped domain is and what it does.
7. Explain the difference between heterochromatin and euchromatin.
8. In terms of coding for proteins differentiate between the quantity of DNA that
codes for protein.
9. Give the 3 things eukaryotic DNA does code for.
10. Explain what is meant by satellite DNA.
11. Explain what an intron is.
12. Give the 3 types of satellite DNA and their respective sizes.
13. Give at least 2 disorders caused by tandemly repeated nucleotide triplets.
14. What causes the above diseases to be more or less severe?
15. Explain the difference between a telomere and a centromere.
16. What 3 criteria do all artificial chromosomes have to meet?
17. Explain what interspersed repetitive DNA is.
18. Explain what Alu elements are.
19. Explain what a multi-gene family is and where they came from.
20. Explain what identical genes are and what they consist of.
21. Explain what non-identical genes are and 2 examples.
22. Explain what stages of human development require the most hemoglobin and
why.
23. Explain how these gene families likely arose.
24. Explain what a pseudogene is and how they are formed.
25. Explain what is meant by gene amplification is.
26. Explain what a transposon is and what portion of the genome..
27. Explain what gene jumping is and the results in.
28. Explain what a retrotransposon is and what it does.
29. Explain what an immunoglobulin is, what they do and their 2 parts.
30. Explain what is meant by cellular differentiation.
31. Give at least 3 examples of the web of control that connects different genes and
their products.
32. Explain why genes of densely packed chromatin are not expressed.
33. Explain what is meant by DNA methylation and how it relates to active and
inactive DNA.
34. What affect does methylation have on genes? Do they stay that way? Explain
35. Explain what genomic imprinting is and how it is accomplished.
36. Explain what histone acetylation is and what effect it has on DNA.
37. Explain the relationship between histon deacetylation and DNA methylation.
38. Explain the difference between transcription and translation. (not in presentation)
39. Give the fine and coarse tuning mechanisms for gene expression.
40. Explain what an intron, exon and promoter sequence are. (may have to look in
the book)
41. Explain what a control element is and what they do.
42. Explain what the transcription initiation complex does.
43. Explain what is meant by the TATA box. (book)
44. Explain what an enhancer is and what it does.
45. Explain what an activator is and what it does.
46. Explain what repressors and silencers are and what they do. (book)
47. Explain what a DNA-binding domain does.
48. Explain what an operon is. (book)
49. Explain how prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in terms of their organization of
controlled genes.
50. In eukaryotes coordinate gene expression is dependent on…….
51. Explain how steroid hormones affect a cell.
52. What mechanisms for gene regulation are available to eukaryotes but not to
bacteria?
53. Explain what is meant by alternative RNA splicing.
54. Compare the life span of mRNA molecules between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
and give an example.
55. Describe a common pathway for mRNA breakdown.
56. Explain what ubiquitin proteins are and what proteosomes do.
57. Give 2 main reasons cancer arises in cells.
58. Explain what the products of proto-oncogenes are.
59. Explain the evolution of an ocogene.
60. Explain the difference between malignant and benign cancers.
61. What causes a malignant cell?
62. Give the 3 methods by which proto-oncogenes become oncogenes.
63. Explain what a tumor suppressant gene is.
64. Give thre things tumor suppressant genes do.
65. What causes cancer in 30-50% of the cases?
66. Give the function of the ras and p53 proteins.
67. Explain what ras means.
68. Explain why ras genes cause cancer.
69. Explain what happens when the p-53 gene is knocked out.
70. Give p-53’s main function and nickname.
71. Give the 4 transcription factors p53 codes for.
72. Why do older people have a natural predisposition for cancer?
73. Explain the steps in colorectal cancer.
74. Give the 6 changes that must occur for a cell to become cancerous.
75. Give at least 3 examples of retroviruses that cause cancer.
76. Explain how viruses can cause cancer.
77. Explain how families can become predisposed to cancer.
78. Explain the APC and BRA1 and BRA2 genes.