QUESTIONS FOR UNIT TWO
Name the components of the skeletal system.
Briefly discuss the five functions of the skeletal system.
Describe the general structure of cartilage.
Discuss the growth of cartilage by appositional growth.
Discuss the growth of cartilage by interstitial growth.
Describe the structure of hyaline cartilage.
Describe the connective tissue and cells that are found in the perichondrium.
Discuss how nutrients from the blood vessels in the perichondrium reach the
chondrocytes explain how this affects tissue repair.
Discuss the function of osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteprogenitor cells.
Distinguish between compact and cancellous bone and discuss where they may be found.
Name the major bone shapes and describe their structures.
Describe the structure of a long bone using the following terms: diaphysis, epiphysis,
epiphyseal plate, epiphyseal line, medullary cavity, red bone marrow, yellow marrow,
compact bone, cancellous bone, periosteum, endosteum and Sharpey’s fiber.
Discuss the function of the osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteoprogenitor cells in the
endosteum.
Describe the matrix found in bone.
Define the term osteogenesis (ossification) and name the cells that are responsible for it.
Define the term resorption and name the cells responsible for it.
Name the stem cells that give rise to osteoblasts and chondroblasts.
Name the stem cells that give rise to osteoclasts.
Name the spaces that are occupied by chondrocytes and osteocytes.
Distinguish between woven and lamellar bone.
Distinguish between cancellous and compact bone.
Explain the importance of the trabeculae found in cancellous bones.
Describe the structure of a flat bone and name several examples.
Describe the structure of a short bone and name several examples.
Describe the structure of an irregular bone and name several examples.
Name the regions where red bone marrow is found in the fetus? In an adult?
Compare and contrast the structure of short, long and irregular bones.
Discuss the importance of sinuses in bone structure.
Describe the structure of compact bone using the following terms: Haversian (central)
canal, Osteon (Haversian) system, concentric lamellae, interstitial lamellae,
circumferential lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, perforating (Volkman’s) canals and
Sharpey’s fibers.
Explain why perforating and central canals are not necessary in cancellous bones.
Compare intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
Discuss the importance of ossification centers.
Discuss the importance of fontanels.
Describe the major steps in intramembranous ossification.
Describe the major steps in endochondral ossification.
Discuss when primary and secondary ossification centers appear during endochondral
ossification.
Discuss how appositional growth occurs in bone.
Explain why interstitial growth does not occur in bone but can in cartilage.
Describe growth at the epiphyseal plate using the following terms: zone of resting
cartilage, zone of proliferation, zone of hypertrophy, zone of calcification.
Briefly discuss how growth occurs in the articular cartilage and explain why it is
important that the articular cartilage not become ossified.
Discuss how bones increase in diameter.
Discuss how the following factors affect bone growth: vitamin D, vitamin C, proteins,
growth hormone, thyroid hormone, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, testosterone, and
estrogen.
Explain the process of bone remodeling and discuss how mechanical stress can affect
bone remodeling and bone strength.
Discuss the four steps of bone repair.
Discuss the importance of bone in calcium homeostasis.
Name the hormone that is the major regulator of calcium levels in the body.
Discuss the effect of aging on bones.
Describe the following clinical conditions: gigantism, acromegaly, pituitary dwarfism,
achondroplastic dwarfism, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteomyelitis, tumors of the bone,
osteomalacia, osteoporosis, fractures, tuberculosis of bone, metastic calcification,
fractures, rickets, and osteomalacia.
Define the following terms: body, head, neck, margin, border, angle, ramus, condyle,
facit, line, linea, crest, crista, spine, process, tubercle, tuberosity, trochanter, epicondyle,
lingula, hamulus, cornu, foramen, canal, meatus, fissure, sinus, labrynth, fossa, notch,
fovea, groove, and sulcus.
Describe the major features of the skull from a superior, inferior saggital, lateral, frontal
and top view.
Describe the major features of the cranial floor when the calvarium has been removed
using the bones listed for the practical.
List the bones of the axial skeleton and discuss its function.
Name the seven bones that make up the orbit of the eye.
Name and describe the bones and cartilage found in the nasal septum.
Name the various sinuses and discuss their structure and function.
Give the location of each of the sinuses.
Distinguish between the paranasal and other sinuses.
Name the major structures that pass through the following foramen, canals, meatus, or
fissure: carotid canals, foramen lacerum, jugular foramina, foramen magnum, foramen
lacerum, foramen rotundum, incisive foramen, hypoglossal canal, internal auditory
meatus, mandibular foramen, mental foramen, superior orbital fissures, inferior orbital
fissure.
Name the bones that form the hard palate and discuss its function.
Discuss how a cleft lip occurs.
Discuss how a cleft palate occurs.
Name the foramina that contains the following nerves: optic nerve, olfactory nerves, and
vestibulocochlear nerves.
Name the one characteristic that makes the hyoid different from all other bones.
Discuss how the curvature of the vertebral column develops.
Discuss the features that characterize the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebrae
and give the numbers of each.
Describe the effects of scoliosis, lordosis and kyphosis.
Describe the structures that form the vertebral foramina.
Name and describe the bones of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs.
Name and describe the bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs.
QUESTIONS FOR ARTICULATIONS
Define the term articulation.
Discuss how joints are classified by structure
Discuss how joints are classified by function..
Describe the structure of a fibrous joint,
Name and describe the different types of fibrous joints, tell where they may be found, discuss
the function of each and explain the movement in each.
Distinguish between a suture and a synostosis.
Describe the structure of a cartilaginous joint. Name and describe the different types of fibrous
joints, tell where they may be found, discuss the function of each and explain movement in each.
Describe the structure of a cartilaginous joint. Name and describe the different types of
cartilaginous joints, tell where they may be found, discuss the function of each and explain the
movement of each.
Describe the structure of a synovial joint.
Name and describe the different types of synovial joints, tell where they may be found, discuss
the function of each and explain the movement of each.
Discuss the five distinguishing features of a synovial joint. Draw a generalized synovial joint
labeling each of these structures.
Discuss the structure, function and importance of bursae and tendon sheaths. Name the various
joints where they may be found.
Distinguish between a tendon sheath and a bursae.
Discuss the factors that stabilize synovial joints.
Distinguish between nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, and triaxial or multiaxial movement. Classify
each of the synovial joints in relationship to these movements. Give examples of each.
Describe the structure and function of each of the following synovial joints: gliding or arthrodal
joints, hinge or ginglymus, pivot or trichoid joint, condyloid or ellipsoid joint, saddle joint, and
ball and socket or spheroid joints.
Discuss each of the following movements and give examples of joints that do each: gliding,
flexion, dorsiflexion, extension, plantar flexion, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation,
supination, pronation, elevation, depression, inversion, eversion, protaction, and retraction.
Describe and discuss the importance of each of the following clinical conditions: sprains,
dislocations, bursitis, tendinitis, herniated disc, torn menisci, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis,
gouty arthritis