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Раздел 5. Деньги и банковская система
Тема 16. Деньги
1. Развитие навыков чтения и перевода.
2. Изучение профессиональной лексики и терминологии по
теме «Деньги».
3. Ознакомление с основными функциями денег.
4. Обзор основных видов денежных расчетов и инвестиций.
5. Изучение наречий.
Оглавление
Раздел 5. Деньги и Банковская система ..................................................... 1
Тема 16. Деньги............................................................................................ 1
16.1 Функции денег ................................................................................... 1
16.2 Виды и методы безналичных расчётов ........................................... 3
16.3 Инвестиции ........................................................................................ 6
16.4 Наречия ............................................................................................. 7
Выводы .................................................................................................... 11
Библиография ......................................................................................... 11
16.1 Функции денег
Text 1. Read and translate the text. Give Russian equivalents to the
underlined words and phrases.
Money and its functions
The main feature of money is its acceptance as the means of payment
or medium of exchange. Nevertheless, money has other functions. It is a
standard of value, a unit of account, a store of value and a standard of
deferred payment.
Money is a commodity commonly accepted as a medium of economic
exchange. The idea of money as a universal equivalent is familiar to us since
our childhood. Money circulates from person to person and country to
country, thus facilitating trade, and it is the principal measure of wealth.
Money has four functions:
1. to serve as a medium of exchange, a commodity universally accepted
in exchange for goods and services and for the discharge of debts or
for the discharge of contracts;
2. to act as a unit of account, the unit that makes the operation of the
price system possible and provides the basis for keeping accounts and
calculating cost, profit, and loss;
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3. to serve as a standard of deferred payments, the unit in which loans
are made and future transactions are fixed;
4. to provide a store of wealth, a convenient form in which to hold any
income not immediately required for use.
Different Kinds of Money
Golden coins are the examples of commodity money, because their
gold content is a commodity.
Token money is a means of payment whose value or purchasing power
as money greatly exceeds its cost of production or value in uses other than
as money. The essential condition for the survival of token money is the
restriction of the right to supply it. Private production is illegal.
Society enforces the use of token money by making it legal tender. The
law says it must be accepted as a means of payment. In modem economies,
token money is supplemented by IOU money.
An IOU money is a medium of exchange based on the debt of a private
firm or individual. A bank deposit is IOU money because it is a debt of the
bank. When you have a bank deposit the bank owes you money. You can
write a cheque to yourself or a third party and the bank is obliged to pay
whenever the cheque is presented. Bank deposits are a medium of exchange
because they are generally accepted as payment.
Key Vocabulary
commodity
medium of exchange
facilitate
discharge of debt
discharge of contract
unit of account
price system
keep an account
cost
profit
deferred payment
defer payment
loan
future transactions/futures
товар
средство обмена
содействовать
погашение долга
исполнение договора
расчетная единица
ценовая система
вести счет
стоимость
прибыль
отсроченный платеж
откладывать платеж
ссуда
сделки на срок
(купля продажа товаров по фиксируемой в
момент заключения сделки цене с
исполнением
операций
через
определенный промежуток времени);
store of wealth
profit
loss
discharge of debts
discharge of contract
хранение материальных ценностей.
прибыль
убыток
погашение долгов
прекращение обязательств по договору
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means of payment
standard of value
store of value
standard of deferred payment
subsequently
barter economy
to swap (to exchange, to barter)
double coincidence of wants
monetary unit
to remind of
to be worthless
an interest-bearing bank account
to pay interest
hard currency
soft currency
invariably
commodity money
token money
legal tender
IOU money (I Owe You - я вам должен)
to melt down
tiny costs
to supplement
bank deposit
purchasing power
debt
survival
manufacturing costs
средство платежа
мера стоимости
средство сбережения (сохранения
стоимости)
средство погашения долга
впоследствии
бартерная экономика
обменивать, менять
двойное совпадение потребностей
денежная единица
напоминать
обесцениваться
счёт в банке с выплатой процентов
приносить процентный доход
твердая (конвертируемая) валюта
неконвертируемая валюта
неизменно, постоянно
деньги - товар
символические деньги (дензнаки, жетоны, и
т.п.)
законное платежное средство
деньги - долговое обязательство
расплавить
мизерные затраты
дополнять
вклад в банке
покупательная способность
долг
выживание, продолжительность
существования
производственные издержки
16.2 Виды и методы безналичных расчётов
Text 2. Read and translate the text.
Terms of payment
It is important to choose the terms of payment. Before determining the
terms of payment, the seller must find out about the financial standing of the
buyer by making status inquiries through banks or specialized agencies. The
terms of payment should include the following:
 method of payment
 time of payment
 currency, price (and security)
 bank charges.
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Methods of payment
Risks, speed and costs incurred are the three main factors to be
соnsidered in choosing the best method of payment.
Open account terms are used when the business relationship is longestablished. Payment is made on the due date of the invoice monthly,
quarterly or twice a year against a statement of account. The remittance is
usually sent by payment order (bank remittance) or by cheque. The shipping
documents are sent directly to the customer.
When documentary collections (CAD) are used, the exporter submits
the documents to his bank for collection. This reduces the risk of nonpayment, because the importer gets the documents only against payment or
acceptance of a draft. If payment is made in cash, the term is D/P, which
means that the documents are surrendered against payment. If credit is
given, the seller draws a draft (a bill of exchange) on the buyer, who accepts
it and receives the shipping documents against this acceptance (D/A).
The Documentary Credit (D/C) or the Letter of Credit (L/C) gives
protection to both seller and buyer. By agreeing to open a credit, the
importer's bank guarantees to pay the exporter if the importer fails to pay.
This method is, therefore, ideal in cases where the business parties do not
know each other very well or the unstable financial or political situation
requires more security.
Documentary credits are normally irrevocable which means that they
cannot be changed or cancelled without the agreement of all parties. In
documentary credits, as in CAD, the banks operate solely on the basis of
documents, and it is their responsibility to check them. If the terms and
conditions of a D/C are fulfilled, the exporter receives the payment as set
forth in the terms of the D/C. The D/C is the most expensive method of
payment, and, unless otherwise agreed upon, the bank charges are borne by
the buyer.
Time of payment
The due date, or date of maturity, must be mentioned in the terms of
payment. Payment in advance is rare, but it might be used if the buyer is
unknown to the seller, or in the case of a large single transaction, where part
of the total amount is paid before delivery.
Currency and price
In the terms of payment, you must state the price and determine the
currency in which it is to be paid, eg in sterling, in US dollars. If a Banker's
Guarantee is needed, this should be noted in the terms.
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Bank charges
Banks play a vital part in financing foreign trade. Their services are paid
for by their commissions and charges, and the terms of payment should
indicate who is responsible for them.
Direct payments
A payment order in foreign trade is much the same as a banker's
transfer in the home trade. In it the buyer orders his bank to remit an amount
of money to the seller. In practice this means that the foreign (buyer's) bank
credits the account of the seller's bank. If the transfer is made by cable, it is
known as a telegraphic transfer (TT), and if it is mailed, a mail transfer (MT).
A cheque is a suitable method of payment no matter whether payment
is made in advance, on delivery or after delivery. It is advisable to use Bank
Cheque, as private (personal) cheques may not be honoured abroad.
There are such means of payment as Banker’s Drafts, International
Money Oders (IMOs) and Giro Transfers.
A draft is an unconditional written order by which one party directs a
second party to pay to the order of a third party or to the bearer a certain sum
of money on demand or at a definite time A draft is also known as a bill of
exchange.
Key Vocabulary
to practise
practice
to transfer
money transfer
bank transfer
to make a transfer
letter of credit (сокр. L/C)
to collect
collection
for collection
on a collection basis
draft
to pay by drafts
a sight draft
a 30 days' sight draft
mixed
within
for
You are to ship goods within 30 days.
You are to ship goods for 30 days.
shipping documents
практиковать, применять
практика, применение
переводить
денежный перевод
банковский перевод
произвести перевод
аккредитив
инкассировать, взимать
инкассо
на инкассо
на основе инкассо
тратта
оплачивать траттами
тратта, срочная по предъявлении
тратта, срочная через 30 дней после
предъявления
смешанный
в течение (в пределах)
в течение (всего срока)
Вы должны отгрузить товар в течение
30 дней.
Вы должны отгружать товар в течение
30 дней.
отгрузочные документы
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commercial paper
unconditional
promise
substitute
to deliver
amount
to comply (with)
depositor
debtor
demand
instrument
in accordance with
1).векселя, документы краткосрочного
коммерческого кредита
2).оборотные
кредитно-денежные
документы
не
ограниченный
условиями,
безоговорочный, безусловный
1) обещание 2) обязательство
замена, заменитель
представлять
сумма
1) исполнять 2) подчиняться
вкладчик, депозитор, депонент
должник, дебитор
требование
1) документ 2) средство
согласуясь с (чем – либо)
16.3 Инвестиции
Text 3. Read and translate the text.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF INVESTMENT
Investors may be organizations or individuals. Organizations as
institutional investors buy securities with their funds or funds held in trust for
others. Major institutional investors are insurance companies, pension funds
and universities. Insurance companies make their investments generate
profits and funds for paying future insurance claims. A pension fund wants to
make money on its investments so that it can pay off pensioners.The other
types of investors are individuals who trade securities for their own accounts.
The majority of personal investors have rather small stock portfolios usually
valued at less than $50,000. They often use these funds for major purchases
such as a home, retirement income, or as a source of cash in case of
emergency.
Investors are interested in long term growth in the value of their
investment. They tend to prefer the so called blue chip stocks of large, high
quality companies such as IBM, General Motors, American Express. The
dividend for blue chip stocks is rather low because these firms reinvest much
of their profits in research in order to remain competitive. Some investors are
interested in a stock's yield which is the percentage return from stock
dividends. The highest regular yields are provided by utility stocks because
they have minimal risk. Common stock is less safe than preferred stock
because preferred stockholders receive dividends before they are paid to the
common stockholders. The safest type of securities are government bonds
because they are backed by the government.
The stocks of the biggest and best known corporations in Russia are
bought and sold in the Moscow Stock Exchange. The stocks of the biggest
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corporations in America are bought and sold on the New York Stock
Exchange. Securities issued by the British Government are called gilts or giltedged securities. This can also mean any high quality security without
financial risk.
Most people, if they have anything at all after paying their bills, will think
first of putting that extra money into a savings bank or into life insurance. If
you put your money in a savings bank it's almost impossible to lose money.
But you have to realize that a savings account provides no protection against
the unseen risk of inflation.
You can invest in real estate. As a rule real estate prices are likely to rise if
the prices of other things do. So there you can find protection against that
unseen risk. But all the taxes you pay while you own your property can eat up
your potential profit. Here the evident risks are very great.
Key Vocabulary
savings bank
unseen risk
real estate
stocks and bonds
return
insurance
stock exchange
provided (syn. providing)
a capital gain
capital outlay
gilt - edged securities (gilts)
ordinary shares/stock
fixed rate of interest
pay a dividend
capital loss
yield
dividend yield
overall return
blue chip
to admit
particular
portfolio
to seek
yield
held in trust
сберегательный банк
невидимый риск
недвижимость
акции и облигации
прибыль, доход
страхование
фондовая биржа
при условии
доход от прироста капитала
капиталовложения
первоклассные (особо надежные) ценные
бумаги (дословно с золотым обрезом)
обыкновенные акции
фиксированная процентная ставка
приносить дивиденд
капитальный убыток
доход по ценным бумагам (особенно
облигациям)
доход на акцию
общий, суммарный доход
первоклассная ценная бумага
разрешать, допускать
определенный, специфический
портфель, пакет акций
искать, желать
доход в виде процентов на капитал
вверенный попечению
16.4 Наречия
Наречие (Adverb) - часть речи, которая указывает на качество
действия и отвечает на вопросы: how?, when?, where?, why?, in what
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manner?, to what degree?. Наречие дает нам дополнительные сведения
о ГЛАГОЛЕ. Наречие говорит, как кто-то сделал что-то или каким
образом что-то случилось:
Your English is very good.
Ваш английский очень хороший.
You speak English very well. Вы говорите по-английски очень хорошо.
Good - является прилагательным, well – наречием.
Ann is a good pianist.
Анна хорошая пианистка.
She plays the piano well.
Она хорошо играет на пианино.
Your English is very good.
Ваш английский очень хороший.
You speak English very well.
Вы очень хорошо говорите поанглийски.
Мы часто употребляем well с причастием (dressed/known и т.д.):
well-dressed (но не `good dressed') Хорошо одет
well-known
Хорошо известный
well-educated
Хорошо образованный
Большинство наречий образуется путем прибавления суффикса -lу
к соответствующему ему прилагательному:
quick
быстрый
quickly
быстро
serious
серьёзный
seriously
серьёзно
intensive
интенсивный
intensively
интенсивно
sudden
внезапный
suddenly
внезапно
near
близлежащий
nearly
близко
high
высокий
highly
высоко
Примечание 1. Не все слова, оканчивающиеся на -ly, являются наречиями.
Они могут быть прилагательными.
Например:
lovely
lonely
friendly
silly
daily
weekly
monthly
yearly
чудесный
одинокий
дружелюбный
глупый
ежедневный
еженедельный
ежемесячный
ежегодный
Примечание 2. Обратите внимание на разницу в значении следующих слов:
hard (много, тяжело, упорно) - hardly (еле-еле, едва-едва).
Не works hard.
Он много работает.
Не can hardly walk. He is too old.
Он едва ходит. Он очень старый.
Мы также употребляем hardly с any/anyone/anything/anywhere:
Hardly anybody came to the meeting (very few people came to the
meeting.)
Отметьте, что можно сказать:
She ate hardly anything. или She Она почти ничего не ела.
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hardly ate anything.
Hardly ever -почти никогда:
I'm nearly always at home in the По вечерам я всё время дома. Я
evenings. I hardly ever go out.
почти никогда не выхожу.
Иногда мы употребляем наречие перед прилагательным и другим
наречием:
1. extremely interesting (наречие+ прилагательное);
2. awfully sorry (наречие+ прилагательное);
3. incredibly quickly (наречие+ наречие).
Your story is extremely interesting.
Ваш рассказ очень (чрезвычайно)
интересный.
I am late again, I am awfully sorry .
Я снова опоздал. Я очень (ужасно)
виноват.
He came incredibly quickly.
Он пришёл невероятно быстро.
Наречия fast, hard, early, late, long, far, little, much, straight по форме
совпадают с соответствующими прилагательными. Сравните:
We took an early train.
Мы отправились ранним поездом.
We arrived at the station early.
Мы приехали на станцию рано.
We had a late dinner.
У нас был поздний ужин.
Why do you always come home so Почему ты всегда так поздно
late?
приходишь домой?
Все наречия делятся на наречия обозначающие место (here, there,
at home, outside), время (now, then, today, long ago), образ действия (by
chance, by mistake, quickly, suddenly), частотность (sometimes, usually,
often, never, once, always), степень (quite, rather, extremely, fairly, a bit).
Наречия места и направления
here
здесь, тут
there
там
inside
внутри
outside
снаружи
down
внизу
back
сзади, назад
away
вдали, вон, прочь
downward
вниз
upward
вверх
now
before
ever
never
always
Наречия времени
сейчас, теперь
до, перед, прежде
когда - либо
никогда
всегда
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often
usually
seldom
still
already
just
yet
sometimes
today
recently
lately
commonly
always
часто
обычно
редко
все
уже
только
еще, уже
иногда
сегодня
недавно
в последнее время
обычно
всегда
Наречия образа действия
slowly
медленно
quickly
быстро
easily
легко
calmly
спокойно
brightly
ярко
hardly
с трудом, едва
Наречия меры и степени
much
много, сильно
little
немного, мало
enough
достаточно
too
слишком
almost
уже, почти
very
очень
В соответствии с выражаемыми значениями наречия могут
выполнять в предложении функцию обстоятельства места, времени,
образа действия, степени.
It's windy outside and it's warm Снаружи ветрено, а внутри тепло.
inside.
Everything started badly but finished Всё плохо началось, но хорошо
well.
закончилось.
I meet him from time to time.
Я встречаю его время от времени.
It's a bit warmer today, isn't it?
Не правда ли сегодня немного
теплее
Degrees of Comparison of Adverbs/Степени сравнения наречий
Наречия
имеют
положительную
(the
Positive
Degree),
сравнительную (the Comparative Degree) и превосходную (the Superlative
МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ БАНКОВСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ
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Degree) степени сравнения. Наречия, оканчивающиеся на - ly, образуют
степени сравнения путём прибавления слов more (less) или most (least) к
положительной степени слова.
carefully - more carefully - most carefully;
gratefully - more gratefully - most gratefully;
efficiently - less efficiently - least efficiently.
Наречия типа late, hard, fast, near, soon образуют степени
сравнения как соответствующие им прилагательные:
soon - sooner – soonest;
near - nearer – nearest.
Примечание. Следующие наречия имеют неправильные формы степеней
сравнения:
far - farther - farthest
far - further - furthest
badly - worse - worst
little - less - least
much - more - most
well - better - best
Выводы
В результате изучения данной темы студенты изучат
профессиональную лексику по теме «Деньги» и приобретут знания об
основных функциях денег, видах денежных расчетов и инвестиций.
Кроме того, студенты ознакомятся с наречиями, их образованием и
использованием.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Библиография
English Dictionary, Macmillan, 2005.
David Begg, Stanely Fischer, Economics, UK Limited. 1984.
Stephen Danks, A First Course in Business Studies, 1991.
И.П. Агабекян, English for Managers, Феникс, 2005.