PRACTICE APPLICATIONS
Topics of Professional Interest
Global Food Practices, Cultural Competency,
and Dietetics: Part 3
Editor’s Note: This is the third article
in a three-part series spotlighting
food cultures in a variety of countries around the globe. Parts 1 and 2
of this series appeared in the March
and April 2015 issues of the Journal.
PAKISTAN
What Are Some
of the Traditional
Foods and Dishes
of Pakistan?
Pakistani cuisine can generally be divided
among its regions, but there are certain
staples common throughout the country.
Wheat and wheat products are ubiquitous, including chapattis—flatbreads,
which are found in most meals. Lentils
and various vegetable curries are eaten
most days, as are the vegetables themselves, ranging from gohbi (cabbage) to
channa (chickpeas). Largely for financial
reasons, meat—excluding pork, which
is never consumed by Muslims for religious reasons—is only consumed a few
times a week.1
Some traditional Pakistani dishes include dhal, lentil stew; chicken karahi, a
chicken dish including various vegetables and spices; and various chutneys.2
What Are Current Food Practices
in Pakistan?
In the more affluent areas of Pakistan,
consumption of Western-style fast foods
and drinks has become more common.
This has led to the common concerns
about unhealthy diets and obesity. Eating
out in general is more common,
This article was written by Matthew Fox,
a freelance writer in Chicago, IL.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2015.03.006
especially among males. Some of the
foods eaten outside of the home include
curry, biryani, fried foods, and lassi, a milk
and yogurt drink. Fruit consumption
tends to be low due to high costs of
produce.1
What Are the Traditional Meal
Patterns in Pakistan?
There are usually three meals per day in
Pakistan. Breakfast consists of paratha
(fried flatbread) or chapatti, fried or
boiled eggs, and a cup of tea. Lunch has a
variety of foods, including meat curries
or lentils with bread or rice. Popular
lunchtime dishes include aloo gosht
(meat and potato curry), vegetables with
mutton, or chicken dishes like karahi.
Dinner is the largest meal of the day, as it
is generally the only meal where the
whole family will eat together. It may
consist of kebabs of meat and vegetables,
qeema, a minced meat dish, and lentils,
among other options.3
Between-meal snacks of tea and
dessert are not uncommon, though the
timing changes depending on whether
they are taken by a student or an office
worker, for example.1
What Are Some Traditional
Health Beliefs in Pakistan, and
How Do They Relate to Diet?
Pakistanis believe in the power of food
to impact health, and this belief lies
in the hot or cold nature of a food. Foods
that are cold are thought to cause colds,
cough, and fever, while hot foods are
said to cause digestive problems, rashes,
or even miscarriages. Fruit, milk, and
rice are considered “cold” foods, and
meat, fish, eggs, and some vegetables
are considered “hot.” A healthy diet
should have a balance of each.1
PANAMA
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ª 2015 by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
What Are Some
of the Traditional
Foods and Dishes
of Panama?
Panamanian foods share many similarities with those of other Latin countries,
albeit with less spicy flavors. Rice and
corn are staple foods in Panama, and
seafood is a Panamanian specialty.4
Popular dishes include ceviche, raw
fish with shrimp, clams, onions, and hot
peppers; patacones, a plantain cut into
pieces, fried and refried, and salted; and
carimañola, a boiled, ground yucca roll
that is filled with chopped meat and
fried. There several other food-based
traditions in Panama in specific circumstances, such as after the completion of the building of a house or
celebration of a baby’s first tooth.5
What Are Current Food Practices
in Panama?
Panama has been called cresol del razas,
a “crucible of races.” Construction of the
Panama Canal in the early 20th century
allowed for people from many different
countries and cultures to pass through
or settle in the country, and these
myriad cultures have affected modern
culinary tastes. Italian, French, Chinese,
Spanish, Japanese, and many other
types of cuisine have a presence in
Panama. People eat out in restaurants
for each meal more frequently than in
the past, including at American chain
restaurants that have been introduced
in Panama.5
What Are Meal Patterns in Panama?
There are generally three meals a day in
Panama. Breakfast is a relatively large
meal, and has some form of fried corn
dough (almojabanos, pastelito, or torrejitas de maiz), cheeses, meats, and coffee
or tea; breakfast may also be a simple dry
or hot cereal, along with fresh fruit and
juice. Lunch is also usually a large meal,
served with rice, beans, chicken or pork,
and vegetables such as plantains. Dinner
is of similar composition to lunch (rice,
beans, meat), though smaller in size.6
What Are Some Traditional
Health Beliefs in Panama, and
How Do They Relate to Diet?
Panamanians are usually strong proponents of the beneficial effects of
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701
PRACTICE APPLICATIONS
herbs and herbal medicines. Chamomile or tilo tea are commonly used as
sleeping aids, mastranto tea is said to
calm the stomach, and té de boldo, tea
from the boldo plant, regulates blood
sugar. Green and white tea have also
become increasingly popular, used for
prostate cancer prevention and its
antioxidant properties, respectively.5
PHILIPPINES
What Are Some
of the Traditional
Foods and Dishes
of the Philippines?
Filipino cuisine has evolved from various
cultural influences, including American,
Chinese, Hispanic, and Asian cultures.
Staple foods in the Philippines include
rice, fish, and vegetables. Rice, especially,
should be noted for its ubiquity in the
Filipino diet, as it is included in every
meal. Meats like beef and pork, as well as
some seafood, tend to be expensive and
are eaten less frequently.7
Ingredients and flavors are diverse
in the Philippines. Typical ingredients
include garlic, onion, various bananas
such as saba, coconut, potato, yam, and
many others. Flavors such as tamis, asim,
and alat (sweet, sour, and salty, respectively) are common, and flavor combinations like champorodo, sweet porridge,
and tuyo, salty, dried fish, are popular.7
Traditional dishes include adobo, a
meat dish cooked in vinegar, salt,
garlic, and other ingredients. Adobo also
describes a cooking style in general.
Arroz caldo, a Spanish-inspired thick
porridge with chicken, is also popular,
among many other dishes.8
What Are Current Food Practices
in the Philippines?
Western fast food and chains have
started replacing traditional Filipino
cuisine, especially among the younger
generations. The rise in consumption of
these foods has led to familiar problems
with obesity.9 These and instant, prepackaged foods and meals have begun
to change traditional meal patterns
among Filipinos, although a trend for
healthy eating is currently on the rise.7
What Are Traditional Meal
Patterns in the Philippines?
There are generally three meals in the
Philippines, as well as a late-afternoon
702
snack. Breakfast, called agahan or
almusal, is commonly composed of
sinangag, leftover rice fried with garlic,
as well as other leftovers from the
previous night’s meal. The meal can be
more elaborate and diverse for affluent
eaters, and may include delivered rolls,
eggs, or cheeses. Lunch, tanghalian, and
dinner, hapunan, tend to be similar and
include rice, meat or fish, and vegetables, as well as fresh fruit as a quasidessert. A popular afternoon snack
(merienda or minindal) is kakanin, a rice
cake served with sugar, sticky rice, or
coconut milk.7
What Are Some Traditional
Health Beliefs in the Philippines,
and How Do They Relate to Diet?
Filipinos have a variety of food-based
health beliefs. Hot ginger tea is used
to soothe sore throats, and boiled rice
water called am and chewing guava
shoots are used to alleviate baby and
adult diarrhea, respectively. Pancit,
Filipino noodles, are eaten on one’s
birthday to ensure longevity.7
SINGAPORE
What Are Some
of the Traditional
Foods and Dishes
of Singapore?
Singapore is home to a diverse ethnic
population, including people from
China, Malaysia, India, and individuals
of Eurasian descent. Singaporean food
and cooking naturally follows that diversity, giving the country an eclectic
mix of cuisine.10 Chinese food in
Singapore contains soy sauce, among
other ingredients, and would include a
dish such as bak kut teh, pork ribs in an
herbal soup. Malaysian cuisine regularly uses a variety of spices, and they
may be found in asam pedas fish. From
India, foods such as tandoori chicken
include chili and curry powders. Perankan cuisine, a fusion of Chinese and
Malaysian flavors, includes dishes such
as otah (fish paste, coconut milk, and
chili wrapped in a banana leaf and
grilled).11
What Are Current Food Practices
in Singapore?
Globalization has brought even more
variety and diversity to Singaporean
foods as international influences meet
JOURNAL OF THE ACADEMY OF NUTRITION AND DIETETICS
with tradition. Local foods have seen
decreased consumption due to a larger
amount of choices, as many restaurants
offer foreign cuisine options previously
inaccessible. That said, there is experimentation with fusion of traditional
and the new, exotic food options
available.11
What Are Traditional Meal
Patterns in Singapore?
There are generally three meals a day
in Singapore with an occasional latenight supper. Breakfast often includes
toast with kaya, a sweet coconut egg
jam, soft boiled eggs, and coffee. Lunch
is rice or noodles with stir-fried meat
and/or vegetables, and dinner usually
consists of similar food choices. Supper
is eaten very late, around 12 midnight,
and is especially popular on weekends
where people will visit late-night eateries that have stir-fried noodles or
dessert soups. Common in Singapore
are hawker centers, collections of stalls
selling simple, local food.11
What Are Some Traditional
Health Beliefs in Singapore, and
How Do They Relate to Diet?
A common health belief in Singapore,
especially among the older generations,
is that food can be “heaty” or “cooling,”
and that eating too much of one type
might unbalance the body and affect
health. For example, an excess of fried
foods, which are considered “heaty,”
might cause a sore throat, and drinking
a “cooling” tea is meant to counteract
that. Foods such as lettuce or pineapple,
“cooling” foods, are often disallowed
as they are said to cause body aches.
“Confinement diets,” diets that avoid
excessive hot and cold foods, are common in Singapore, especially following
exhausting events such as childbirth.12
SWEDEN
What Are Some
of the Traditional
Foods and Dishes
in Sweden?
Sweden is a large, cold-to-temperate
country with a variety of foods and
dishes that change with regions and
seasons. Various game animal meats,
such as reindeer in the north, or moose,
boar, and deer throughout the country,
are often eaten. Starches like potatoes
May 2015 Volume 115 Number 5
PRACTICE APPLICATIONS
commonly go with meat. Swedes have
various food preservation techniques
that are used on meats, such as gravning, which involves curing meat with
salt, vinegar, and sugar. Many other
foods come from the widespread Swedish forestlands, such as mushrooms
and myriad berries.13
Some traditional Swedish dishes include fil, similar to yogurt, knäckebröd,
a flat bread/cracker, and artsoppa, pea
soup.14 The term smorgasbord originated in Sweden and refers to a buffetstyle meal which is usually eaten on
special occasions and holidays.
What Are Current Food Practices
in Sweden?
Swedes are well attuned to international food trends, and foods from
the Mediterranean, Asia, and Africa
have influenced the food available and
popular in Sweden. Ethnic foods are
commonly mixed with native Swedish
dishes to develop new flavors.13
Healthy, organic, and locally-grown
foods have become more popular in
Sweden in recent times.15 Pasta, rice,
and other starches have started to
replace potatoes as the side dishes for
meat.
What Are Traditional Meal
Patterns in Sweden?
Swedes usually eat two or three meals
a day. Breakfast can be a large meal
and consist of bread, cheese, eggs,
strömming (herring), and a beverage.
At lunch, common foods include openface meat sandwiches or other meat,
starch, and vegetable combinations.
Dinner is generally eaten immediately
after work or school and its foods are
similar to lunch.13
In the past, Fridays were days of fasting for Swedish Catholics, and meat
was not allowed to be eaten. Thursdays
became a day of eating rich, heavy meals
composed of artsoppa and pannkaka
(pancakes). Although strict adherence
to these Catholic tenets has diminished,
these two foods are still popularly
served for Thursday meals.13
What Are Some Traditional
Health Beliefs in Sweden, and
How Do They Relate to Diet?
Diet-based health beliefs in Sweden
tend to run along the lines of modern
May 2015 Volume 115 Number 5
nutritional recommendations—that is,
the belief that eating a balanced diet
of fruit, vegetables, protein, fiber-rich
breads, and dairy leads to better
health.13
SYRIA
What Are Some
of the Traditional
Foods and Dishes
in Syria?
Syria has several staple foods that
are available year-round. Rice, cracked
wheat, potatoes, vegetables, lamb, beef,
and poultry are all common, popular
Syrian food. Pork, however, is sometimes not eaten for religious reasons
by the Muslim population of the
country.16
Some notable Syrian dishes include
falafel, balled, ground chick peas with
spices which are fried; hummous, puréed chickpeas and sesame paste; baba
ganouj, an eggplant purée; and tabouleh, a cracked-wheat and vegetable
salad.17
Tea is the most ubiquitous drink of
Syria, although soda is fairly popular.
Consumption of alcohol is disallowed
in Islam, but beer, wine, and arak, an
aniseed alcohol, are available.
What Are Current Food Practices
in Syria?
As is becoming more common
throughout the world, Syrian eating
patterns have begun to change to accommodate the increasing presence
of fast foods. The past decade has seen
a particular rise in fast-food consumption among teens. This trend has begat
familiar concerns over obesity and diabetes. The restaurant business overall
has greatly increased in Syria, especially
in its capital of Damascus.16
What Are Traditional Meal
Patterns in Syria?
Syrians generally eat three meals a day.
Breakfast is composed of local cheeses
and labneh, drained yogurt, along with
a variety of olives, fried or boiled eggs,
or makdous, a pickled eggplant stuffed
with walnuts, minced garlic, and red
pepper. Tea is a common breakfast
drink.18 Lunch is a larger meal and
commonly includes various vegetables
cooked with meat, rice, cracked wheat,
and potatoes. Dinner is becoming a
major meal in Syria, often having
multiple courses that include salads,
meats, seasonably-available fruits, Syrian sweets such as baklava, and a
beverage.16
What Are Some Traditional
Health Beliefs in Syria, and How
Do They Relate to Diet?
Many Syrians believe in the positive
health qualities of legumes and beans,
such as chick peas and lentils, and that
these proteins can replace meat. As
such, many choose to lead a vegetarian
lifestyle.16
TURKEY
What Are Some
of the Traditional
Foods and Dishes
of Turkey?
The geopolitical position of Turkey has
made it a major cultural crossroads,
and its food and dishes have been
influenced by these forces. In general,
rice, wheat, and vegetables make the
foundation of Turkish cuisine, and olives, yogurt, fish, and lamb are found
in many dishes as well. Olive consumption is high in Turkey, as in many
Mediterranean countries. Yogurt is
served with many dishes, such as saksuka, a vegetable dish, and manti,
pieces of dough filled with minced
meats. Fish is especially important in
northern Turkey, particularly the hamsi
fish which is included in soups, meal
dishes, and even desserts.19
Tarhana, couscous soup, is a key
cultural and nutritional dish in the
Turkish diet due to its high amounts of
carbohydrate and protein. Other traditional Turkish dishes include dolma,
vegetables stuffed with rice and meats,
and kebap, skewered meat (usually
lamb) served with pilav, Turkish rice.20
What Are Current Food Practices
in Turkey?
Organic farming and food have become
much more popular in Turkey recently,
and as Turkey is one of the few agriculturally self-sufficient countries in
the world, these foods tend to be local.21
Salt consumption has traditionally
been very high in Turkey, with Turkish
people in the past consuming about 18
g of sodium per day (compared to the
European average of 8 to 12 g per day).
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The Ministry of Health has instituted
a variety of salt-limiting measures,
including removing saltcellars from
restaurant tables and reducing salt in
bread.22
What Are Traditional Meal
Patterns in Turkey?
Turkish people generally abide by the
standard of three main meals a day.
Breakfast in Turkey is usually light but
can include a variety of foods and flavors, such as roasted bread, eggs, jams
and honey, olives, white cheese, tomato, and others. Tea is a staple at
breakfast. At lunch, soup and meat,
especially köfte, a dish of fried minced
meatballs, are served with pilav. Dinner
is a larger meal that usually starts with
meze, a multi-dish appetizer that can
be considered a meal in itself. Meat and
potatoes are common follow ups to the
meze, while fresh fruit and sweet rice
pudding serve as desserts.19
What Are Some Traditional
Health Beliefs in Turkey, and How
Do They Relate to Diet?
Milk with honey is used to alleviate a
sore throat, and hot water with mint,
lemon, and lime is said to help cure a
cold. Crushed sesame seeds and pectin
promote a strong body and keep people healthy during cold winters.19
VENEZUELA
What Are Some
of the Traditional
Foods and Dishes
of Venezuela?
Maiz (corn) and rice can be considered
some of the staple foods of Venezuela
and are components of many of its
dishes. Perhaps the most common,
popular food in Venezuela is arepa, a
thick disc of precooked cornmeal (or,
in some regions, flour). It is essentially
a replacement for traditional bread
and is served with almost every meal.
Arepas can be filled with meat, cheese,
beans, and many other foods and
flavors.23
Other traditional dishes include
pabellón criollo, which consists of rice,
fried plantains, black beans, and
shredded beef, accompanied by an
arepa. The northern Venezuelan diet
includes more fish, found in corbullón
de pescado, a fish soup. Carne en vara,
704
grilled beef cooked on sticks over a
large charcoal fire, is popular in central
Venezuela where beef consumption is
high.23
What Are Current Food Practices
in Venezuela?
There has been an increase in the
presence of fast-food chains and processed, prepackaged foods in grocery
stores. Even important traditional
foods like arepas are being transformed, as the fried version of the
iconic dish is becoming more popular
than the traditional baked version.
These changes to the Venezuelan diet
have led to an increase in obesity rates
and associated health problems;
Venezuela is one of the top 10 most
obese countries in the world.24
What Are Traditional Meal
Patterns in Venezuela?
Venezuelans usually eat four meals a
day. Breakfast, desayuno, includes arepas filled with ham and cheese, avocado, cafe con leche, and fresh fruit
juices. Lunch, almuerzo, is the largest
meal of the day and can vary. The meal
might include pabellón criollo or pasta
with meat, served with vegetables and
rice. Between lunch and dinner (cena)
is a late-afternoon, small meal/snack
called merienda. It usually includes a
trip to a café for coffee or espresso.
Dinner is the final meal of the day and,
like breakfast, it is usually small and
based on arepas.25
What Are Some Traditional
Health Beliefs in Venezuela, and
How Do They Relate to Diet?
Hot milk and a small amount of butter
is commonly used to clear one’s voice,
and chamomile tea is used to treat
anxiety and digestive distress. Aloe
vera is very popular in Venezuela for
use in treating skin maladies, such as
cuts or burns.23
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DISCLOSURES
STATEMENT OF POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
FUNDING/SUPPORT
The author has no funding to disclose.
May 2015 Volume 115 Number 5
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