Ibeatb'0
A
OF
fDobern
Seriea
Xanguade
BRIEF
SUMMARY
GERMAN
GRAMMAR
AND
A
BEGINNERS'
VOCABULARY
BT
E.
AbBISTANT
D.
C.
BOSTON
V.
GREENFIELD
PBOFCaSOB
OF
"
HEATH
NEW
GbBMAN,
PuBDUK
UNnrBBSITT
CO., PUBLISHERS
YORK
CHICAGO
ttiU^^Tl
"II
'?.
iM-.H^
4,
V
LlBR/^^Y
COLLEGE
HARVARD
GIFT
GiNN
OF
COMPANY
"
17,
MARCH
1927
COPTBIGHT,
By
E.
v.
1014,
QBXBNvnBLiiw
I
H4
PREFACE
but
is not
book
This
as
intended
thereto
supplement
a
for
as
use
German
a
the
during
grammar,
first two
of
years
work.
been
has
It
of undue
because
obtain
during
of the
main
this
the
idea
student
a
and
review.
that
I believe
a
acquisition of
that
so
definite
The
or
end
the
equally
of
one
familiar
with
active
basis
a
each
and
for
and
vocabulary.
enriched
be
years'
very
teacher
thorough
two
or
the
at
recitation, and
be
should
tials
essen-
that
and
the
tive
cumula-
work
the
word
every
by
dent
stu-
of
a
list.
vocabulary
words
used
at
be
may
words
these
to
first aim
working
both
should
each
perspective
also
and
respect
at
the
or
teacher,
The
give
vocabulary
of words
number
certain
in
goal
active
the
is to
book
the
student
done
be
to
of this
clarify
of German,
grammar
true
no
give the
to
work
well-defined
the
points by
of work
and
of the
aim
second
of
sentence-structure.
grammar,
self-examination
The
of minor
years
of
students
many
intricacies
condense
is to
book
an
first two
principles
that
the
emphasis
of German
outset
of
because
either
of
observation
my
from
selected
to-day.
At
college student
herein
suggested
the
end
should
several
of two
have
iii
consists
grammars
years' study,
an
of
that
the
1000
are
ent
differ-
widely
high-school
active, working
vocabu-
PREFACE
IV
of
lary
to
approximately
spell
of
has
Herman
hearty
my
correctly
pronounce
The
accuracy.
worked
not
To
and
in
Babson
thanks
teacher
of
for
which
and
who
should
he
to
use
with
be
a
such
secures
Universitt,
gree
de-
high
efficiency
Buck
Purdue
University
helpful
many
Greenfield
and
I
suggestions
wish
Professor
to
to
and
express
May,
1914.
my
criticisms.
E.
Purdue
able
vain.
Gudrida
wife,
words
1000
V.
G.
TABLE
CONTENTS
OF
PAGB
I.
1
Nouns
Gender
1.
II.
III.
S)teferWords,
Declension:
2.
"
^etn Words
"
7
Mixed
Strong, Weak,
Comparison
2.
"
Adverbs
8
Pronouns
9
Personal
1.
Relative
2.
"
Indefinite
5.
"
Possessive
6.
"
Interrogative
3.
"
Reflexive
7.
"
tensive
In-
4.
"
"
Demonstrative
8.
V.
6
Adjectives
1. Declension:
rV.
Mixed
Strong, Weak,
PREPOSmONS
12
1. Genitive
Dative
2.
"
3. Accusative
"
4. Dative
"
or
Accusative
VI.
Conjunctions
Coordinating
1.
VII.
13
13
Strong,
3.
"
Prefixes
Verbs
8.
"
Conditional
"
the
"
Verbs
Infinitive
Voice
"
18.
9.
"
Prefixes
governing
Modal
Verbs
the Dative
without
"gu"
Outline
of Verb
"
17.
"
Case
Outline
in Passive
"
Verb
7.
"
Separable
"
12.
Impersonal
"
16.
Verbs
of Verb
5.
"
Auxiliaries
14.
Numerals
10.
sive
PasVerbs
taking
in Active
Voice
31
1. Cardinals
Peculiarities
Beginners'
of
Mood
Subjunctive
11.
"
Reflexive
ties
Peculiari-
Tense
Position
4.
"
Inseparable
Participles
13.
Present
2.
"
Mood
6.
"
Mood
Voice
15.
Mixed
Weak,
Imperative
Auxiliary
IX.
Subordinating
Verbs
1.
VIII.
2.
"
"
of
2.
Ordinals
Construction,
Vocabulary
etc
32
35
V
SUMMARY
BRIEF
OF
Gender.
femmme,
Thus:
The
is
noun
that
he
of
some
of the
The
meaning
form
the
nor
@tabt; village,ha" ^orf.
acquires,
rather
learn
to
than
the
depend
following statements,
gender
on
the
however,
of
plication
apbe
may-
are:
of the
names
dajrs,months,
seasons,
and
points
compass.
Ex.:
ber "otntner;
"onntag, SRontag; 3fanuar, gebruar; ber StttJ^Ktifi/
ber
(b) All
9lorben, ber "Uben,
ending
nouns
!Der ZepM,
(c) All
Feminine
All
ber
in
etc.
Mj, ig, lUtg*
StUnxQ, ber gremblina,
ending in
nouns
^er
(a)
masculine,
"
assistance:
MascuUne
(a)
the
advised
strongly
of rules; the
genders,
gender.
8taUf bet "taat; city. Me
student
each
its
indicates
three
neither
Often
neuter.
word
of the
has
German
GRAMMAR
NOUNS
I.
1.
GERMAN
er
SO^aler,ber 8auer,
denoting
etc.
agency.
etc.
are:
ending
nouns
m
el, ffdt,Mt, fii^aft,
itng, in,ie,inn,
tat.
^it
(6) Nearly
SHe
gatnUie, bie ^dntgin, bie SreunbfdHt/
all
nouns
in e.
ending
Sttnge,bie "rdge, bie $01^, etc.
1
etc.
2
BRIEF
Neuter
OF
GERMAN
GRAMMAR
are:
All
(a)
SUMMARY
ending in iftn and lebt* These
and usually have the umlaut.
nouns
all diminutives
^Iflmd^en,bad mWn,
^ad
(6) The
metals, except
bcr
bad
nouns
are
etc.
Sy^ttb^en,
"taf)L
etc.
!Do" "oIb, ba" "llbcr,bo" JJupfer,
infinitive used
(c) The
substantively.
!J)o""d^reibcnmufe man
Icrnen.
Declension.
2.
(a) Feminine
throughout
(6)Learn
without
nouns,
the
gender
occasion
and
to
the
noun
you
than
anything else,determine
ba"
"au",
"anb,
bic
(c)
The
bic
plural cases
are
All masculine
two
inflection.
all like the
declensions,
and
t^ to form
monosyllabic, the
Nouns
the
classifynouns,
grammarians
or
as
use,
invariablyends
STRONG
^
these
plural of
every
things, more
Thus:
house,
5Wcffcr;hand, bie
^ttnbc.
into three
add
nominative
bic
^ttufcr;knife,ba" SWcffcr,
except that the dative
Most
unchanged
singular.
the
have
exception,remain
dative
nouns
or
cr:
hence
in n.
according
to
Strong, Weak,
of the
flection
their in-
Mixed.
Strong Declension
genitivesingular;if these
singular adds e.
of the Strong Declension
nothing, e,
plural,
DECLENSION
neuter
the
"
nominative
there
are
noims
are
pluralby adding
three classes,as follows:
form
the
SUMMARY
BRIEF
OF
Class
Class
I
Declension
of the Weak
by adding
add nen).
Masculine
n
en
or
The
to
the
stem-vowel
nouns
Class
II
form
Weak
plural
nominative
singular (noims in in
is never
modified
in the plural.
of this declension
Declension
in
the nominative
take
n
singularand plural(exceptingnominative
The
3
GRAMMAR
DECLENSION
WEAK
Nouns
GERMAN
throughout
singular).
or
en
contains:
None.
(a) Neuters:
All nouns
(6)Feminines:
endmg in el,tjdt,Mt, fii^aft,
unfl,
in,ie,ion,t"t The great majority of all other feminines.
Several of one
(c)Masculines:
syllable.Many of foreign
originwith accent on last syllable.
Ex.:
bcr
bic SD^clnung,
blc 2t\)ttdn,
hit "tation,
bic gamlllc,blc grcunbfd^aft,
$clb, bcr j^nabc,bcr (^olbat.
4
BRIEF
QSRMAN
OF
SUMMARY
GRAMMAR
DECLENSION
MIXED
which
comprises about fiftynouns
in the plural;
declined strong in the singular and weak
other words, the genitivesingulartakes 8 or c8 while the
Mixed
The
are
in
four
end
pluralforms
Ex.:
bad
Declension
bcr "taot, bcr
in
n
en.
or
ber 5)oftor,
bad Huge, ha9 ^ctt,
55aucr,ber "^a^fiat,
O^v, bad (Snbe,etc.
SUMMARY
OF
DECLENSION
FOR
RULES
OF
NOUNS
Singular
Feminines.
Never
inflected in singular.
Masculines
Genitive
singulartakes
labic, the
and
Neuters.
dative
The
masculines
take
n
or
Ctt
in
8
ov
takes
t8\ if monosyl-
(Exception:
e.
of the Weak
Declension
genitive,dative,and
sative.)
accu-
Plural
Learn
forms
are
Table
the
nominative
like it
showing
pliu'alof
each
except that the dative
the different ways
must
noun;
end
all
in
plural
n.
masculines:
of inflecting
BRIEF
Table
SUMMABT
showing
the
OF
GERMAN
different ways
GRAMMAR
of
Strong
neuters:
inflecting
Weak
n
m
bad
Senfter
3a6r
bc"
5cnftcr"
3aire"
$aufed
bent
gcnftcr
3a]^rc
^aufc
"ett
"cttc"
No
ba"
Mixed
Scttc
Neuters
3a6r
gcnftcr
Sett
in
Weak
blc gcnfter
3a]S)rc
gcnfter
bcr
ben
genftcrn
blc genftcr
Table
DecLeTkr
$ttufer
"etten
sion
3a]"rc
^ttufer
"etten
Sajren
$(tufem
"etten
3ol^re
$ttufer
Setten
showing
the different ways
of
Strong
feminines:
inflecting
Weak
Mixed
m
n
Me SJhitter
ber
ber
putter
kutter
No
il^ad^t
ble abutter
No
,
Feminines
Feminines
in
in
ble aJHltter
"traSen
this doss
ber SOHltter
9^ttd^te
ben aWttttem
i"ttd^ten
bte aWttttcr
i"tt*te
"tragen
Irregular Declensions:
^ergcn,ace.
man,
1.
Mr.; gen., dat., ace.
liefer Words.
The
are:
^ergcnd,dat.
3)cr ^crr, gerUle-
^crm; pi. "crrcn throughout.
AND
,,"tefer"
adjectivesare
words
!Da" ^crg, heart; gen.
"cra; pi. ^txim throughout.
n.
this doss
,^ein" WORDS
definite article and
classed
as
the
the
words.
bicfcr
six pronominal
These
6
BRIEF
OF
SUMMARY
GERMAN
GRAMMAR
htt,bit,ba^, the
bicfc",
this,these
biefer,bicfc,
itntx,iene,itnt^,that, those
fcber,icbc,icbc",each,
every
maniS^tt,mand^e, man^t^,
many
a, many
stich
folc^ed,
fold^er,folc^e,
which
totlii^tt,
tod^t, toeld^ed,
SiNGULAB
2.
are
bicfc,
bicfc"
bicfcr,
bicfc
bicfc",bicfcr,
bicfc*
bicfcr
bicfcnt,
bicfcr,
bicfcnt
bicfcn
bicfcn,bicfc,
bicfc"
bicfc
Seltt Words,
often
Plural
classed
gin, fcin,and
the
as
dn, cine,cin,a,
all the possessive adjectives
fein words.
These
words
are:
an
Idn, fcinc,fcin,no
mdn,
ntcinc,mcin,
my
fein,fcinc,fcin,his
bdn, bcinc,bcin,your
euer,
cure, cucr, your
3ftr,36rc, 36r,
your
(to
a
child
(to children
or
or
(formally, both
a
friend)
friends)
singular and
plural)
Iftr,
i^rc,i^r,her
Oieir
i^r,il^rc,
il^r,
tmfcr, unfrc,unfcr,our
Notice
that
alike, except
no
ending.
the
bicfcrand
in the
three
fcin words
forms
where
are
the
declined
fein words
exactly
have
OF
SUMMARY
BRIEF
m.
GRAMMAR
GERMAN
ADJECTIVES
1. Declension
(a)
predicateadjectiveis uninflected.
A
Ex.
:
The
road
attributive
(6) An
in three
ways
preceded by
word.
a bicfcr
Weak
Declension
Mixed
clined An
adjective is dewhen
weak
not
fctn
a
clined
de-
by
or
when
mixed
ceded
pre-
word.
biefer
a
Declension
clined
adjective is de-
preceded
by
feln
a
word.
Endings
Endings
Plural
SiNGULAB
be
follows:
as
clined An
adjective is de-
strong when
furj.
tear
modifying adjective may
or
Strong Declension
An
short,ber SBcg
was
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
er
c
e"
c
e
e
e
en
er
e
e"
en
e"i
cr
e"i
er
en
en
en
en
en
en
en
en
cm
cr
cm
en
en
en
en
en
en
en
en
en
e
e"
en
en
c
c"
e
endings
cep)t in
where
we
are
all en,
five
find
that themixed
Note
the weak
that
Note
en
en
e
e
en
endings
ex-
in
places,
where
e.
are
we
all en,
five
cept
ex-
places,
find
er, t,
t^; e, t^.
Old wine
This
His
old wine
old wine
alter i^ein
bieferofte SBein
feinofter SBein
often SBein"
feinc"often iD3ein"
often SBein
often ^etnd
btefed
blefemoften SBeine
bicfenoften SBein
a\it SBeine
biefeoften SBeine
fcineoften SBeine
oftcr SBeinc
bieferoften SBeine
often SBetncn
biefenoften SBeinen
often SBeine
feiner
feinenoften SBeinen
ofte SBcine
biefeoften SBeine
feineoften SBeine
altem i303etne
^
These
two
endings usually become
en
when
feinemolten SBcine
feinenoften SBcin
the
noun
ends
in 18.
8
SUMMARY
BRIEF
These
and
call into
2.
and
a, 0,
GERMAN
GRAMMAR
adjectiveendings should be thoroughly
practiseduntil the student can almost instantly
three
learned
OF
sets of
the correct
use
ending.
Comparison. Adjectives are compared by adding (e)r
to the positive;most
(e)ft
monosyllables whose vowel is
or
tt,umlaut
in the
comparative
reldj
rcldjcr
arm
ttrmcr
hirg
fttrgcr
bunfcl
bunflcr
the
When
superlativeis
takes the form
am
and
superlative.
rci(5ft
ttrmft
fttrgcft
bunfclft
predicate adjective,it always
followed by.the superlativeending in en*
a
toor ant Ittngftcn.
Unfrc STuffiabc
3cncr "erg iftam Ijiad^ften.
The
followingirregularcomparisons should
The
comparative
same
way
as
In
the
and
the
superlativeare
be learned:
inflected in the
positive.
vUlagefin cincm ficincrcn "orf.
cin bcffcrcr
A better man,
iD^ann.
For his younger
fctncnjUnficrcn
"obn.
son, ftir
a
smaUer
ADVERBS
positiveof most adjectivesmay
flat,etc.
strongly ftarf;
clearly,
be
comparative is formed like
etc.
bcffer,
fd^ncHcr,
adjective:ftftrfcr,
comparative of
The
used
as
adverbs;
y
The
the
the
superlativeof
The
superlativeform of
easily
adverbs
of
Ex.:
friends
and
in
Relative
same
the
as
predicate
etc.
am
ftttrlftcn,
bcftcn,
letd^ter
traitriger
tiefer
am
am
am
adverbs
leid^teften
traitrigften
tlefften
of time
precede
na4 ^oufe fommen.
used
il^r(plural)are
in
addressing
children.
addressing any
is often called the
2.
adjective:am
@ommer
(Sr toirb nttd^ften
yoimg
@le is used
is the
in sentence:
9
ORABiMAR
manner.
(singular)and
bu
the
of adverbs
place or
GERMAN
the adverb
leid^t
traitrig
tlcf
sadly
deejdy
Position
OF
SUMMARY
BRIEF
politeform
Pronouns.
other
or
person
persons
and
of address.
There
are
two
relative pronouns:
(declinedlike bicfcr,
totld^tt,
n)cld^c,
n)cld^c"
6), and ber,
page
but
bic,bad, which is not declined like the definite article,
as
follows:
bad
Me
bcffcn
bcrcn
bem
benen
ha^
Me
10
SUMMARY
BRIEF
Almost
without
OF
GERMAN
GRABiMAR
exception, these
relatives may
two
used
**
interchangeably,except that the relative
whose''
requiresthe genitiveof bcr,bic,bad.
Ex.:
We
the
saw
whose
woman
son
be
pronoun
sick,IdIt \a\)mbit Jrau, beren
was
franf tear.
"o^n
NOTB.
3.
The
"
but
its
relative
muBt
pronoun
is determined
case
by the
InterrogativePronouns:
SiNGTTLAB
with
agree
its antecedent
of the
structure
clause
in number
in which
and
der,
gen-
it stands.
SBer, toa^
PlURAL
AND
who
toad
en
toeff
whose
toeffen (seldom ttsed)
totm
to whom
tDen
whom
iDer
what
,
The
4.
intensive
used
pronoun,
for emphasis, is fettft,
in all genders, persons,
is uninflected
and
what
toad
and
numbers.
finb gcfomnten.
They themselves have come, fiefelbft
the King himself,toir fa^enben ^finigfelbft
We saw
5.
Indefinite
Pronouns.
The
most
used
indefinite pro-
are:
noims
nothing
tddji^,
soms
tttoa^,som^ething,
genug, enough
)
niemanb, no one
ietnanb,some
iebetmann,
man
one
\ (invariable except
that
genitiveends in 9)
everybody J
(eine",
eincm,eincn),
one, they,people
Ex.
dnige,
:
SD^an fagt,one
1
[
ntel^rete, only in
toenige, J
ein menig, a little
much
tixtif
says,
f some,
they say, people say.
a
plural,\ several
[few
few
12
BRIEF
"crienigc and
comi)oiindsof
berfclbcare
the article
Prei)ositions
governing
weak.
genitivecase:
on
the dative
of
account
case:
nad^,after,to,accordingto
fdt, since
toon,of,from, by (agent)
J
onffer,
except, besides
hd, at, by, wUh
m\i, with
3.
the
megen,
offfrom of
out
simply
toM^venh,during
Prei)ositions
governing
au9,
inflected alike, being
ber,W, ba"+fclbcinflected
instead of
ftatt,
anftatt,
ixo^,in spite of
2.
ORAMMAB
OEBMAN
PREPOSITIONS
V.
1.
OF
ST7MMARY
to
Jtt,flrf,
Prepositionsgoverning
the accusative
case:
withmU
ofiut,
m,tia
btttdt,
through
fttr,/or
um,
around, about
'
toiber,
against (seldom used)
gegen, against
Prei)ositions
governing the dative
These prepositionsgovern
the dative
4.
expresses
when
location
in
a
the clause expresses
an, at, by, to
place; they
motion
to
or
accusative
case
when
govern
the
a
cases.
the clause
accusative
place.
fiber,
over, above,beyond
anf,on, on top of, upon
unter,under, below,among
behind
in front of
l^inter,
toor,before,
in,in, into
smifd^en,between
neben,beside,by, near
!Der SBoficnftanbt)or ber ^ird^c,
!Der SRann fet^te
ha^ ^tnb auf ben ^ifd^.
VI.
Conjunctions
affect the
The
GERMAN
either (1)
are
13
GRAMMAR
CONJXJNCTIONS
positionof
which
OF
SUMMARY
BRIEF
requirethe
coordinating,which
followingwords,
transposed order.
the
or
do
not
ing,
(2) subordinat-
coordinatingconjunctions are:
unh, and
obcr, or
btnn,for
abet,
attein, [ but
fottbern,
The
(weaJdy adversative;the most used)
(stronglyadversative;very seldom used)
(used when the preceding clause is negative)
subordinatingconjunctions are:
because
toeil,
Uifi,that
eftc,
before
nad^bem, after
ba, since (logicalcause)
to time)
feit or feitbem,since (referring
while
mftl^reitb,
obgleid^or oblool^I,
although
u
ntil
\l^",
ob, whether^if (indirectquestions)
when
loaitii,
(indirectquestions)
(introducinga singleaction in past time)
toenii,wheny whenever^if
bamit, in order thai
a\^, when
Vn.
1. Verbs
are
VERBS
usually classified
Mixed, according to the formation
and the past participle.
Strong Verbs merely change their
as
Strong, Weak,
of the
stems
or
past indicative
to form
the past
14
SUMMARY
BRIEF
indicative and
have
OP
the
GRAMMAR
GERMAN
ending in
past participle
en:
speaky
fprcd^cn,
fprad^,
gcfprod^cn;
licf,
gclaufcn.
run, laufcn,
Weak
add
Verbs
indicative
and
te
have
ete to their stems
or
to form
the
past
past participleending in t: seek,
the
learn Icmcn,Icmtc,gclcmt^
fud^en,
fud^tc,
ficfud^t;
Verbs not only change their stem-vowels, but also
Mixed
^
add
te to
ends
in t
form
the
Only
past indicative.
nine
to know,
SBiffcn,
verbs
are
past participle
conjugated thus,namely:
irregularin
is
Their
the
present indicative
as
follows:
toix toiffett
id)loeiff
bit loeigt
cr toclfi
2.
The
Peculiarities
of
Strong
present indicative
vowel-change
migt
ilEir
fiemiffcn
of
in the 2d and
a
in Present
Verbs
strong
verbs
undergoes
singular,as follows:
3d person
generallybecomes
"
often
Indicative.
"
ii
short
e
i
long
e
ie
BRIEF
3.
OF
Sm/aSARY
Imperative Mood.
forms, namely:
(a)
to
a
whom
person
(6) to
(c) to
person
These
three
or
whom
the
verb
as
present
as
has
three
perative
im-
bu,
i^r,
as
@ie.
always (two exceptions
are
stem
15
addresses
one
imperative forms
upon
German
addresses
one
persons
GRAMMAR
addresses
one
whom
persons
follow)built
The
GERMAN
follows:
as
toorte
toortct
toorten "ic
wait
bringc
bringt
bringcn@ic
bring
fommc
fomntt
fomntcn
come
tnac^e
mad^t
madden "ic
"ic
make
Exceptions:
(a) Strong
verbs
to i
present indicative
bu form
of the
with
the
stem-vowel
ie,undergo
or
imperative and
drop
the
the
e
and
same
changing
change
ending
in
in the
e*
(6) "ein, to be,fei,fcib,
fcicn@ic.
4.
Position
infinitives used
The
Order
or
inflected
as
verbs
of the Verb.
stand
verb-form
may
and
Perfect participles
at the end
stand
of clauses.
in the
Normal,
In-
16
OF
SUMBiARY
BRIEF
GERMAN
GRAMBiAR
verted, or Transposed i)osition.The followingEnglish sentence
aid in illustrating
these positions.
may
He
(English)
(Normal
German
Order) He has
in the
city been.
In the city has he been,
(Inverted Order)
(Transposed Order)
Normal
has been in the city,
he in the city been has.
Because
independent clauses. When
first in an
the subject stands
flected
independent clause, the inverb-form
must
directlyfollow it.
Order.
The
The
Used
weaiher
only
is
now
in
bad iBetter ift[t^ifc^dn.
beaviifvl,
lowed
coordinating conjunctions {and, ory for,bv") are folby the normal order when the subject stands directly
after them.
Inverted
Order.
only in independent clauses. When
the independent clause begins with any element
other than
Used
the subject,the arrangement
Some
element
Now
the
Transposed
other than
days
are
Order.
be:
must
subject
"
verb
subject.
gettinglonger,{e^tiDerben bie Sage Ittnger*
Used
only
in
dependent clauses.
dependent clause,the inflected verb-form
end
"
must
stand
In
a
at the
of the clause.
Because
SBcil cr
Relative
have
recenUy sold his new house.
ftat.
ncuU(5fdn ncue" ^au" t)crfauft
clauses
the verb
he has
always dependent clauses
transposed.
are
and
fore
there-
Exceptions:
(a)
normal
When
baff
is
omitted,
the
dependent
order.
He
said his
He
said
(Sr
fagte,bafffein$ater neuUd^ geftorbenmar.
fatherhad recentlydied.
(gr fagtc,
fcinSJatcr toav nculid^gcftorbcn.
that his father had
recentlydied.
clause
has
BRIEF
(6) When
inverted
SUMMARY
OP
GERMAN
17
GRABiMAR
(if)is omitted, the dependent clause has
tocnn
order.
He
would
doit, if he were poor,
toftrccr orm
nid^t,
(or tocnn
not
(gr ttttcc"
AuxiliaryVerbs.
and fcin.
5.
SBcrbcn has two
1. The
future
auxiliaryverbs
The
distinct
uses
of any
tense
the infinitive:/ shall go,
i^
l"abcn,
n)crbcn,
are
auxiliaryverb.
is composed of tDcrbcn
as
an
verb
n)crbc
tottrc)^
cr arm
gcl^n;He
will vmie,
and
tolrb
cr
etc.
fd^rcibcn,
2. SBcrben is used
in German
as
the
auxiliaryfor
mation
for-
the
has been found ba^
passive voice: The money
"clb iftgcfunbenn)orbcn. (See article on Passive Voice.)
the perto form
^abcn and fcinare both used in German
fect
in English we
use
now
only have to
tenses, whereas
of the
,
form
these
Rule,
tenses.
and
"cin, iDcrben,
bicibcn,
of
change
with the
tenses
position or
are
future
the
names
condition, form
auxiliaryfein. Other verbs
THE
There
all intransitive verbs
PERFECT
take
noting
de-
the
perfect
l^aben*
TENSES
three
perfect tenses: present perfect,past perfect,
perfect. The student should bear in mind that
of these tenses
mation,
are
always a guide to their for-
thus:
Present
perfectmeans
+perfect participle.
present of auxiliary
Past
perfectmeans
+perfect participle.
past of auxiliary
Future
perfect means
+perfect participle.
future of auxiliary
Prea.
Past
I
FtU.
Jiot
Pres,
cr
\)atU
Past
cr
tolrb l^bcn
FiU.
cr
cr
f^aigclcmt
Perf.
cr
fiatttgclcmt
Perf,
cr
ttiirbgclcmt l^abcn
Perf.
18
BRIEF
GERMAN
Pre8.
cr
ift
Prea,
Past
er
toor
Past
Ful,
cr
toirb fcin
Fut, Perf,
those
that
They
are
Perf,
Perf.
GRAMMAR
er
Iftflcgongcn
cr
tear
cr
toirb gcgangcn
gcgangcn
fein
inseparable prefixes are
the verb-stem.
be separated from
can
never
fie,tvXp, vxi, tt, ge, tier, ser^ They are never
Inseparable
6.
OF
SUMMARY
Prefixes.
The
accented.
Verbs
with
like verbs
has
inseparable prefixesare
with
no
prefixesexcept
that
conjugated exactly
their
past participle
prefixge:
no
understand
contain
promise
7.
may,
stem
Separable
separable prefix is one
under
certain conditions,be separated from the
and stand alone as an independent word.
The
prefixis always accented.
Those
most
Prefixes.
used
nh, off,away
auf,up, upon
an^,
out
htx,by (near)
ein,in, into
tmpot, up
entgegen,against
RULES
FOR
THE
fort,away, Jorward
here
l^er,
there
l^in,
away,
with
tnit,
nad^,after
nieber,dovon
loot,hefore
POSITION
only two
separated from
(a)
In the
Get up
Bring
of the
verbable
separ-
OF
conditions
its verb
THE
ttieg,away
mieber,again, hack
su, to
hack
suritcf,
sufammen, together
SEPARABLE
PREFIX
is the
tirely
separable prefixen(the prefixmust then stand
clause):
imperative.
auf.
immediately,ftc^cn"ic glcic^
it hack
that
are:
(1) Under
alone at the end
A
to-morrow, bringcn ""ic c" morgcn
jurllcf.
20
BRIEF
9.
Modal
six modal
OF
SX7MMARY
Auxiliaries.
GERSiAN
Because
auxiliaries should
be
GRAMMAR
of their constant
thoroughly mastered.
burfen indipates,in general,permission
use,
the
BRIEF
SUBCMARY
OF
fdnnte
bubflrfteft
ttnntcft
etc.
The
md^te
md(6teft
etc.
tooUte
foUte
milfetcft fotttcft toottteft
etc.
auxiliaries
PECULIARITIES
used
are
USE
IN
OF
He
wanted
We
vnU
to go,
have to
infinitive.
The
auxiliaryin
a
tenses; the
AUXILIARIES
auxiliaries
take
never
gel^n.
with
infinitive
perfecttense
two
qt, the
form
forms
other
is used
governs
an
of the perfect
the
same
when
the
as
the
modal
infinitive.
has had
to,er l^atgemulft.
has had to earn
it,er l^ated Derbienen mfiffen*
He
permitted,toir I)attengeburft.
had been permittedto go, toir l^ttengel^enbtfarfen.
We
had
We
(3) When
participlein
transposed
etc.
hurry, toir tocrben eilen mllffcn.
beginning
one
participle,
tooUte
er
auxiliaries have
modal
He
in all
MODAL
(1) Infinitives governed by modal
(2) The
etc.
take fytbtn.
perfecttenses
THREE
milgte
etc.
modal
German
21
GRAMMAR
Subjxjnctivb
Past
i^bftrfte
GERMAN
been
conditions
requirethe infinitive form of the past
subordinate
clause,the auxiliaryj^abenis not
a
as
should
we
expect, but
stands
before the
two
infinitives.
Because
When
Note.
he has had
arbeiten mtlffen.
work, toeller Ifiat
he had been allowed to go home, ate er nad^^aufe l^atte
gelfien
bftrfen*
"
Also
infinitive forms
to
dependent clauses in the future tense when
stand together,the auxiliarytoerben precedes both.
Because
in
he wiU
have to
earn
some
money.
SBeil er ettoa* "elb toirb tterbienenmliffen.
two
22
BRIEF
and
perfect.
/ should
Mood
Conditional
The
10.
OF
SUMMARY
The
has
GRAMMAR
only
two
tenses, present
corresponds
work, they would
should
we
go,
present tense
GERMAN
to the
corresponds to the English I should
have worked, they would have studied,etc.
should
of the
conditional
The
study,etc.
tense
mood
English
fect
per-
have gone,
we
conjugated
exactly like the future and future perfectindicative,except
find the auxiliaryii)tDilrbc,
bu tDtlrbeft,
toir
that we
cr tDilrbc,
The
tenses
two
are
i\)xtoiirbct,
fietDiirbcn*
tDllrbcn,
Future
Indicative
Conditional
Present
id)toerbe gel^en
bu toirft
Qt\)tn
t^ iDllrbegel^en
bu iDilrbeft
Qt\)ta
tolr iBcrbcn ftubiercn
toir tollrben ftubicrcn
toirb c" tun
er
Future
er
Perfect
Indicative
id^merbe
gegangen
id^merbe
ed
fern
gemad^tI)Qben
toirb un"
fyibm
gcljiolfen
fetn
fiemerben geftorben
er
11.
SubjtinetiveMood.
(a)
The
of the
totlrbee" tun
Perfect
Conditional
i^ tDllrbegegangen
td^milrbe
ed
fetn
gemad^tf)ahtn
l^aben
gc^olfen
fein
fietoilrben geftorben
cr
tollrbeun"
has all six tenses, each
subjunctive mood
tense
subjunctive being almost like the same
tense
of the
indicative.
the
endings of the subjunctive are
in all tenses, namely: t, eft,
same
e; en, et,en.
but is
(c) The present subjunctive has no irregularities
(6) The
always
inflection
the infinitive stem-l-the
subjunctive endings.
feten.)
(Exception: fetn,fei,feieft,
fei;feten,fetet,
toiffen
Pres.
Ind.
nei^men
Pres.
Subj.
Pres.
Ind.
Pres.
Subj.
id^totii
toiffe
ne^me
ne^me
bu toeifet
toiffeft
nimmft
nel^meft
toiffe
nimmt
nefime
er
totii
BRIEF
(d)
the
The
SUMMARY
OP
GERMAN
past subjunctive of
weak
a
23
GRAMMAR
verb
is the
same
as
'
past indicative.
(Exception: \)abm,tj"ttt,
tiattt%f^Utt,
etc.)
(e) The
a, 0,
past subjunctive of
strong verb usually umlauts
a
u.
InDICATTVE
SUBJUNCnVB
i^ tarn
id)fttnte
id)trilge
id^bergage
id)trug
id)bergag
USES
The
THE
OF
SUBJUNCTIVE
subjunctive is used mainly
Conditional
in Indirect
Statement
and
Sentences.
Indirect
After
verbs
of
saying, thinking,
junctive
believing,hoping, doubting, fearing,inquiring,etc.,the subis usually used
to emphasize the idea of uncertainty.
statement,
Generally
the indirect
the tenses
the
"
tense
same
statement
most
as
of the
used
was
in the
is used
indicative;if such
of these
be the case,
present subjunctive one
may
direct statement,
subjunctive one may use
present perfect subjunctive one
coincide
tenses
the past
the
subjunctive,
present conditional,
the
use
may
past perfect
subjunctive.
Indirect
Statement:
Statement:
He
says,
He
says
with
for the
use
future
Direct
in
used therefore being the present, future,and
present perfect. Certain forms
the
subjunctive
"/
have
no
thai he has
(Sr fagt,bai
er
hooks."
no
hooks.
leine ^ild^erl^abe*
24
BRIEF
SUMMARY
Direct Statement:
Statement:
Indirect
OF
He
said, "/ myself have
He
said that he himself had
(gr fa^te,
bag
Statement:
Direct
Indirect
Statement:
GRAMMAR
GERMAN
er
it.
seen
cd ^efe^n ffaht(or f^lktU)*
felbft
He
said, "toe shall go UMnorrow."
He
said that
they would
sentences.
These
"
may
go UMnorrow.
gel^entourben*
(Sr fagte,bag fiemorgen
Conditional
it."
seen
be
divided
into threb
general classes: (1) Simple Conditions, (2) Present contrary
less vivid,(3) Past contrary to fact.
to fact or Future
(a)
The
in which
Simple Condition
nothing
is
implied:
// he finds itjhe will seU it.
SBcnn
cr
c"
fo tolrb cr
finbet,
c"
ttcrfaufcn.
I shaU stay here.
// she has gone h^rnie,
SQ^ettnfienad)$aufe gegangen tft,
fo bletbe i^ l^ier.
This
type of conditional
condition
both
and
sentence
takes
the
indicative in
conclusion.
tions,
(6) Present contrary to fact or Future less vivid condiunfulfilled or
implying that the ^^if* clause is now
of its future fulfilment is remote:
that the possibility
// he
were
SBenn
er
If
he should
aSenn
This
kingj he would help its.
er un"
fo l^ttlfe
^finigtoftre,
er
sentence
in the condition
in the conclusion
waanot
uti"
f)tl\m)^
have to stay.
fo mlifeteid^bleiben (orfo totlrbei(5bleibenmllffcn).
tocgfiinge,
type of
(c) Past
I should
go away^
(or fo totlrbecr
contrary
"
"
requires
the past subjunctive,
the past subjunctive or present
to
fact, implying that
the
ditional.
con-
condition
fulfilled:
// he had been king, he would have helped us.
"enn
er ^Onig geloefen
er un"
fo I^tttte
ge^olfen{or fo toilrbe er
tottre,
und
geldolfen
l^aben).
BRIEF
OF
SUMMARY
GERMAN
26
GRAMMAR
// he had owned it,he would have sold it.
IBcnn cr c" bcfcffen
fo l^tttte
(orfo tollrbeer
cr c" berfauft
l^tttte,
fauftl^bcn).
This
type of
the
"
conclusion
in the
requires
sentence
in the condition
tS ber*
past perfectsubjunctive,
the
"
past perfectsubjunctiveor perfect
conditional.
last two
These
but
the
types of sentence
is past
:
er
ed
The
passive in English is built
Hhe
as
auxiliaryto be plus the past participle,
built';'she will be punished,'etc.
The
become
iDorbcn
trary
con-
getan ^Uttt,tollrbeid^ed glaukn*
Voice.
Passive
12.
mixed^
rules still prevail.
same
SBenn
been
sometimes
// he had done it,I should believe it;the condition
to fact;and the conclusion,future less vivid.
Ex.
the
are
is built upon
passive voice in German
(iDcrbcn)
plus the past participle. In
is used instead of QClDorbcn.
upon
house
the
the
has
auxiliary
passive,
$au" iftgebauttoorben,the house has been {become) built.
"Ste h)irb geftraft
toerben,she wiU be (become) punished.
^a"
passive voice
The
correct
tense
of the
The
the
than
of the
reallyvery
word
'^
easy,
become"
as
it is
plus
the
simply
the
past participle
principalverb.
apparent
sentence
is
passive.
"
often
continuance
conveys
In
the
the
of the action.
present and
idea
of
In such
past tenses
completion
the
rather
auxiliary
of compleThe house is built (the idea is one
tion),
fcinis used.
ba" ^au^ iftQcbaut;The house is being built (the sentence
indicates present action),ba^ ^au^ tt)ttbflcbaut.(See
Synopsis
of Passive
Voice.)
cases
26
BRIEF
SUBOIABY
Refleadve
13.
Verbs.
to
A
reflexive
be; fid^irren,to be mistaken,
The
the
is
verb
whose
verb
a
therefore the object is
itself;
corresponding to the subject.
verbs are
always reflexive,as fid^bcfinbcn^
German
much
occurs
GRAMMAR
GERMAN
reflects upon
subjectsreacts or
always the pronoun
Many
OF
that
so
frequently in
more
reflexive pronouns
the reflexive construction
German
of the first and
than
second
in
person
(genitive,dative,accusative)of
objectivecases
lish.
Engare
the personal
pronouns.
"id^ is the reflexive pronoun
and plural,dative or accusative.
Reflexive
verbs
take
the
of the third
singular
person,
auxiliary l^abcn^and
have
no
peculiarityof conjugation.
ini4
t^ toafd^e
id)fyihtmir gel^olfen
bu todfd^ft
bi4
bu l^ftbtr
fidt
tottfd^t
er
A
er
gel^olfen
f)at
Fidt(dat.)gel^olfen
tt"iv
nxtfci^und
n)ir l^abenund
eud^
il)rtoa\d)t
ii)XI)abteud^ gebolfen
fieiDafd^en
fidt
fidi
gel^olfen
fiefyibtn
few much
used
reflexives
gel^olfen
are:
to be
fi4 beftnben,
ft4 itren,to be
wrongs
to he mistaken
fii^freuen fiber (with ace),
to be
fi4 Stgern itber (with ace),
to he vexed
ft4 tounbern (with ace),
How
He
/
are
She
vexed
was
d,
with
to he
aurjnisedat
to-day? tole bcfinbcn"ic fid^l^cute?
always
was
am
you
to wonder
glad ofj to r^'oiceover
wUh
wrong,
you,
surprisedat
er
irrte fid^Itnincr.
id^ttrgcrctnid^ttber bid^.
the
qvestionf fieiDunberte fid^fiber bte Sroge.
An impersonal verb is one
whose
Impersonal Verbs.
subject is ei8. The impersonal verb, especiallyin idiomatic
than in English.
used in German
phrases,is more
14.
28
Verbs
16.
governing
without
Infinitive
the
six
The
511.
Ittntn,\t^m, \)'6xtn
I)clfcn,
Icl^rcn,
laffcn,
and
modal
auxiliaries
govern
the infinitive without
She
GRAMMAR
GERMAN
OF
SUMMARY
BRIEF
gu.
tl^ lefen*
read,ftelel^rte
He had ua stay at home, er Ueg und gu $aufe bletbeiu
ben SD'latm(ommeiu
/ heard the man
coming, id)l^drte
He ha8 learned to write, er l"atfd^relben
Icmen.*
taught him
to
infinitive constructions
Three
(a) urn
"
"
which
used:
much
are
3U+infinitive.
"
itm
in order to visit my
mcincn grcunb su 6efu(i^en,
itm
ba
Iftngcr
(6) ol^nc
"
6Iei6en,m
order to remain
there
Bl^neil^rc
935rfcju ftnben,without finding her
ot^t
longer.
gu+infinitive.
"
"
ju
friend.
bcm
au"
faBen, wUhout
gcnftcrp
purse.
fallingout of the
vrindow.
(anftatt)
(c) ftatt
"
.
gu+infinitive.
.
instead of sleepinglonger.
ftatttenficr
su f(i^Iafett,
instead of burning
anftattbic ^opicrc ju 6rettnett,
the
papers.
Outline
17.
early in
very
and
two
Every
1
case
in Active
study get
Voice.
clear
a
in the
The
student
conception of the
of the verb-structure
six tenses
are
and
Note
his
symmetry
There
tense
of Verb
as
indicative,six
should
tion
correla-
whole.
a
in the
tive,
subjunc-
in the conditional.
of the
tense
subjunctive
is
nearly
like the
same
of the indicative.
the
similarityof
The
last six verbs
with
the
modal
mentioned
auxiliaries.
the
above
present conditional
have
two
to the future
perfect participle"
fonns,
as
is the
BRIEF
OF
SUMMARY
indicative and
of the
GERMAN
29
GRAMMAR
perfect conditional
to
the future perfect
indicative.
The
framework
of the verb
may
ACTIVE
Synopsis of lefen,3d
Indicative
person
be
represented as follows:
VOICE
singular,Active Voice
Subjunctivb
30
OF
SUMMARY
BRIEF
GRAMMAR
GERMAN
Conditional
Present:
Perfect:
Synopsis
of
er
Mrbe
Icfeit
cr
tottrbc
gclefcnfythta
fttthtn,3d
person
singular, Active
Voice
Subjunctive
Indicative
Pres.
er
ftirbt
cr
fterbe
Past
cr
ftarb
cr
ftttrbe
Fut.
cr
h)irb
ftcrben
er
toerbe
er
iftgeftorbcn
cr
fet gcftorben
cr
tear
cr
trSre
er
toerbe
Pres,
Past
Perf.
Perf.
gcftorben
fterben
gcftorbcn
^
Fut.
Perf.
er
toirb
gcftorbcnfein
gcftorbcnfefai
Conditional
18.
Outline
Synopsis
Present:
cr
totlrbe
fterben
Perfect:
er
totlrbe
gcftorbcnfein
of Verb
of mfen,
in Passive
ist
person
Voice.
singular, Passive
Present:
id" totlrbe gcrufen tocrben
Perfect:
id^totlrbe gcrufen toorben
fcln
Voice
SUMMABT
BRIEF
Vm.
GEBUAN
31
GRAMMAR
NUMERALS
Numbers.
1. Cardinal
The
OF
cardinal
numbers
excepting cin^
and
SWiHion
are
not
declined.
2Kal and
crlciare
often suflSxed to the cardinals
dncrlct,one
elnmal,once
ber
follows:
of
itodmal,twice
three times
breintal,
ad^tmal,eighttimes, etc.
two kinds of
gtoeierld,
three kinds of,etc.
breicrlei,
ntanc^mal,many
all kinds of
allerlet,
"
2.
kind
as
Ordinal
times
Numbers.
the first
erfte,
ber atoette,
the second
the sixth
fed^fte,
the eighteenth
ber a"i)tit\)nit,
ber
ber
the third
britte,
the fourth
bcrbtertc,
htciM^tt, the fifth
ber
the twentieth
stoanglgfte,
the thirty-second,
ber gtoduubbreifelgftc,
et"
32
BRIEF
The
SUMMARY
ordinals
OF
declined
are
GERMAN
GRAMMAR
like other
They live in the fourth house
adjectives:
the
on
left.
im nierten $aufe linfd.
@te tooldnen
In their twenty^second year,
they died.
3n il^remstoeatnbstoansigften
^al^reftnb[itgeftorbetu
The
followingfractions should
J,dnc ^ttlfte
i, eitigttnftcl
(neuter)
'},eiti3)rlttcl(neuter)
J, ein "cd^ftcl(neuter)
^, cin 3ci"ntel
(neuter)
i, ein 35icrtel(neuter)
IX.
PECULIARITIES
1.
Leam
to
2.
Time
ago,
Three
Extent
OF
CONSTRUCTION,
ETC.
distinguishbetween:
t)or+dative:
Twenty
3.
be learned:
years
hours
of time
ago,
ago,
and
Dor
jtoangig
3al"ren.
l)or brei
space
"tunben.
is
expressed by the
He
tive:
accusa-
stayed ihe whole day, er blieb ben gangen Sag.
We werU ten miles on foot,toir gingenjel^n
2WeiIcn gu gu6.
^
Uttcn takes
aco.
of person
/ aaked
him
and
for
um+acc.
an
of the
thing.
apple, id^ bat i^
um
elnen SpfeL
4.
Saffcn,to let,to
He
have his
wiU
/ had
OF
SUMMABY
BRIEF
laffetu
iDirb feinen^oim fommen
er
the coat, i^
make
him
come,
son
something done:
to have
cause,
33
GRAMMAR
GERMAN
Ixtiil^nben dtod
tnad^eiu
(to know a fact).
conjugation of tDtffcn
in the sense
Learn
conjugation of fcnnm (to know
being acquainted with a person or thing).
5. Learn
Do
know
you
where
are
we
of
lioingf
now
SQ^tffen
@ie, loo toir fet^ttoofyxtn?
He
several people in
knew
our
town,
(gr tonnte mcl^rerc
Scute in unfrer"tabt
6.
is,e" fiibt
(ace);e" ift(nom.).
are, c^ glbt(ace);e^ ftnb(nom.).
There
There
7.
Learn
distinguishbetween
to
.
indirect
Study the
9.
Learn
They
10.
take
the
of tocnn, toann, ate
use
the
objectof
of it,barctud
it,borin
2Ba^ is seldom
a
preposition:
under
the
it,borouf
it,borunter
for it,bafilr
vnth it,bamit,etc.
against it,bagegen
in
when.
the verb.
upon
through it,baburd^
out
meaning
cintgc,mel^rcrc,tocntfic^ They
pluralform of
11. @^ is seldom
12.
ducing
(intro-
correctlymem, iemcmb,niemanb, icbcrmantu
3d person
singularform of the verb.
take the 3d person
in
ob
use
Distinguish between
out
(if)and
if,whether.
questions),
8.
to
toetm
object of
of what, tooroud
what, morin
throughwhat, h)obur(5
against what, loogegen
a
preposition:
what, toorouf
what, loorunter
for what, toofflr
with what, toontit,
etc.
upon
under
34
8UBCMARY
BRIEF
13.
35crfcttc^
Both
bicfclbc^
the
word
the
is
same,
much
declmed,
axe
used.
fclbc
gem,
am
the
with
plea^sure.
(comparative),
Hcbftcn
IBalbe.
bemfelben
in
forest,
same
gladly,
licber
rather.
preferably,
best
(superlative),
of
all,
mth
the
pleasure.
15.
being
weak.
In
14.
GRAMMAR
GERMAN
ba^fclbc^
of
components
declined
OF
^ciftcn,
I
like
/
prefer
I
like
to
tvritej
id) fd^rcibe
torite,
to
ivriting
best
aU,
of
be
l^icfe,ficJ^etfecn, to
What
is
What
xjoas
Whal
is
your
her
your
gern.
id) \d)xdht
name,
tote
father*
id) fdjrclbe
named
s
or
]^ei6"i
tote
name,
lithtt.
name,
am
liebfteit*
called:
"ic?
\)it^ fie?
toie
f)dit
3]^r
$ater?
greatest
36
BEGINNERS'
VOCABTJLABT
beginners'
vocabulary
37
38
beginners'
vocabulary
mBglidi
possible,
impossible,nmttdgliili
ready, bcrdt
completed,done, fertig
kind, gracious, gitftbig
cruel,gtaufam
t""t^, gemBlftitn^
strange, fremb
tired,mitbe
hungry, (ttitgrig
thirsty,
ImrfHg
sleepy,fiftiafrig
^PPy$ fortunate,glfirfUdt
sad, traurig
glad,fro^
wierry, joWy, IttfHg
courteous,ffbfiid^
obstinate,
(atttt"tfig
satisfied,
sufrieben
angry, smrnig
pleasant,aitgene^m
dear, lith
popular, beloved,htlitht
wise, shrewd. Hug
stupid,bttmm
dark, bttttlel
familiar,t^ttttant
peculiar,eigetttttmlidt
t"^ZZ Jmown, Mannt
famous, ber"lftmt
02"en,
offeit
wild, ipilb
/erri"^e,
(((rerfliit
eigeit
own,
capable,able,fo^ig
/rcc,frd
^rw, feft
"oiid,
((
comical,braiif
obedient,gednrfant
efemoZ, eloig
aoiig
necessary,
fidltiar
visi"fe,
sftorp,fd|"rf
important, tebttttmb
important, tDU^itg
remariaUe, merftoirbig
horizontal,
toageret^t
fenfret^t
vertical,
slanting,f^t"g
tnieresliny,uUcccffrat
evuienX,plain,bcmtlifl
Conjunctions
and, itmb
or, obet
b^or", c^
/or, beas
aber (most used)
"iit,
but,fimbeni
"u/,oflcn
because,loeU
"sjirf, b"
"MOP,
time)
Kin
fd^
a
logJKalsense)
fntts
(refcning
beginners'
39
vocabulary
in order
thatybamit
{whenever),totvax
when, toann (indirectquestions)
when, aU (singleaxstion in the past)
if,totnn
(conditions)
either
when
dOpo^I
althmghy ol^glei^,
untilyW
neither
oh
{if),
whether
Adverbs
and
where,
too
everywhere,fiberaH
.
.
.
nor, toeber
.
.
.
.
Phrases
Adverbial
here,^icr
there,ha, bort
or, entlpeber
...
tanta
scarcely,
partly,ttiU
mostly,meiftetti?
raiher,quite,siemlidt
entirely,gans
almost,faft
toefentU^
essentially,
completely,tioHft"nbig
ttdti
no,
not, nid^t
yes,
ia
completely,ttoUlommtn
upstairs,obtn
now,
ie^t
downstairs, uittett
then,bann
never, nit,nimmer
early,frulft
late,f|"at
always, immer
when,
aoon,
toann
yesterday,gefterit
day beforeyesterday,tiotgefterit
murgeit
yesterdaymorning, gefterit
abenb
yesterdayevening, geftern
t(Miay, 4eute
this morning, Ifteutc
morgeit
abenb
this evening, l^eute
na^mittag
this afternoon,l^eute
to-morrow,
ntorgen
morning, murgeit fru^
day afterto-morrow, ubermorgen
to-morrow
o/ten,oft
seldom, felteit
balb
already, fd^on
again, toieber
no^ 2/e^,
nodftttidftt
at that
time, hamal^
daily,t'dqlxtti
yearly,ia^rlidt
before,ttott^tt
afterward,nad^l^er
sometimes, ^uHieileit
at
^aufe
(motion),ita4 $aufe
home, p
home
umally, gemdlftnttci^
frequently,4"uflg
.
.
ober
twcft
40
beginners'
eiitmal
once,
haw, toie
very, fe^r
oZso,au4
why, toatum
only mtr
twice,stoieimal
times, man^mal
many
approxim^Uely,ungefftl^t,
um
exactly,genau
on
ths average,
J
bur^fd^nittUdt
enough, geitug
especially,
befonbetj?
a Zon^ fo*?7i",
lange
rea%, toirfUd^
"iiH,yet, nodi
suddenly,pU^^lid^
j^rs^,
hvittft
last,aule^t
finaUy, enblid^
a"
at
recently,
neulid^
a"
vocabulary
immediately,fogleidt
2eas^,
menigfteiiiS
in vain, t^ttf^thtn^
principally,
f^anpt^adilidi
well,moi^l
certainly,
geipiff
to 6e 5wre, in^Zy,
^toiar
0/ course, aEetbingi^
6y no means, ttxnt^totq^
at all
barum
therefore,
therefore,
alfo
therefore,
ba^er
events, {ebeufaEi^
ther^ore,^tt^^M
perhaps,tiielleid^t
Weak
ZooA;/or,fud^ett
"6eA;,
Verbs
teach,Ufittn
learn,Ittntn
"ry,attempt, kierfud^en
hear,^drett
ZtVe,lel^eit
dw;eZZ,
reside,toioi^iieii
work, atl^eiteat
play,fl^ielen
study,ftttbieten
aufi^Brett
belongto, ge^Bren
cease, stop,
lead,ffij^ren
lead,(eitett
accompany,
l^egleiteit
fagett
show, aeigeit
"ay,
buy, laufeit
sell,
tietfaufeit
serid,
fd^irfen
believe,
qlmhtn
a"A;,fragen
ansioer,
anitoovtcn
serve, bienett
earn,
deserve,tierbieitett
beginners'
vxiitf toaxttn
expect^
ftiaeit
^,
foTy enoarten
wait
41
vocabulary
he
lacking, he wanting,
fe^Ien
hjopej^offett
rain,
open,
offnen
open,
aufmad^eit
ffjftneieit
snow,
dosBy pma^ett
regnen
lighten, bli^eit
thunder, bonnerit
laughy ladften
save
(lay by), f|"arcii
toieinett
sflwc
(rescue), retten
make,
madden
^nd
huUd,
l^auen
reac/i,a"am,
smile, IMntlVL
weep,
reid^eit
to, pass,
erteid^eit
complete, tioHenbeit
follow, folgen
lay, legeit
place, fteEen
mee^,
begegneit
cost, (ofteit
"6^, fe^ett
translate,fil^erfe^eit
pay
for, beaai^leit
A^TiocA;,
(lolifen
need, braud^ett
i^inA;,w"an,
meineit
"2oi^^,stoeifeln
explain, erflSteit
^raveZ,rcifen
^te, (afTen
smoke, taudfteit
praise, (obeit
(oleit
/ete^, flre^,
punish, fhrafeit
warry,
(eirateit
remember,
fidjerinitetit
notice, (emerfeit
/ear, fitr^teit
observe, (enliad^teit
demand,
6e
pleased, he glad, fldtfrcucil
^AanA;, ban!
ask
for, fotberit
taste, fd^merfen
touch, berill^ren
en
wish, toititf^eit
separate,
part, ttemten
permit, allow, erlaubeit
count, i^lvx
change, alter,Snbent
relate,tell,etsftj^len
celebrate,fdcm
42
beginners'
strong
Infinitive
and
vocabulary
IrregularVerbs
Past
Perf.
Pabt.
Pres.Ind.
44
BBQINirEBS'
VOCABULABT
BEQINNEBS'
VOCABTTLABT
45
46
BEGINNEBS'
VOCABULABT
Nouns
TIME
beginners'
vocabulart
SCHOOL
47
48
BEGINNEBS'
VOCABTJLAKT
HOME
BEGINNEBS'
VOCABXTIiABT
49
50
beginners'
Singular
vocabulary
Plural
52
beginners'
PARTS
vocabulary
OF
BODY
BEGINNERS
PERTAINING
VOCABUIiABT
TO
CITY
53
54
BEGINNEBS'
VOCABTJIABT
beginners'
PERTAINING
vocabulary
TO
NATURE
55
56
BEGINNEBS'
MISCELLANEOUS
VOCABXTLABT
WORDS
beginners'
57
vocabulary
Singular
trandatian
Me
description
explanaUon
bie
fiberfetung
Plural
die Qberfej^ungen
height
SBef4teilittitg
(gtliarung
Me S^t
weight
bad
size
Me
number
Me 3a4I
length
example
Me
bad
SBeif)iie(
opportunity
bie
"elegen^eit
siuxess
bet ^rfolg
good luck
misfortune
bod mu
love
bie Stebe
Me Sieben
joy
bie
bie
Me
bad
"etoi^t
^rSge
""nge
bie
^efd^reibungen
bie (Srflttrungen
bie ^dl^en
bie "emid^tc
bie "rdgen
bie ^Q^I^n
bie Sttngen
bie i^cifpielc
bie ^elegenl^eiten
hit (grfolge
Uttglilff
Sreube
honor
bie Qifyit
pleasure
bie
hatred
ber
grcuben
bie (gl^ren
bie SUfte
sorrow
Suft
4"tte
bie @orge
anger
ber
courage
ber mni
patience
bie "ebttib
song
bad "ieb
bie Sieber
difficulty
help
bie
"(^toierififeit
bie 4"i(fe
bie
side
bie eette
bie "eiten
surface
hit %mt
bie Slttd^en
fear
Me
^urc^t
dance
ber
Xwx^
thought
ber "ebanle
bie "ebanfen
form
punishment
bie
bie
bie Strafe
bie "5trafen
reward
bie
bie
music
bie SRuftl
request
bie "itte
headache
bad
St'i^n
@(eftaa
93e(ii]^uuiig
bie
Xttnge
"e|talten
"elol^nungen
bie "itten
bie
bie ec^Btt^ett
ber
"5(5h)ierlgfeiten
^oityftoel^
Christmas
beauty
influence
bie "orgen
CHnfluff
^eil^nad^ten
"(^Snldciten
bie (ginflttffc
bie