Project Completion Report
(1 January 2009 to 30 June 2010)
Water, Environment and Local Livelihoods (WELL)
An integrated program on water sanitation and hygiene
Submitted To:
Concern Worldwide Nepal
Sanepa
Lalitpur
Submitted By:
Karnali Integrated Rural Development and Research Centre
KIRDARC Nepal
July, 2010
Project Completion Report - KIRDARC
Water Environment and Local Livelihoods - 2009-10
TABLE of CONTENT 1. REPORT RATIONALE ................................................................................................................................ 4 2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ 4 3. A SNAPSHOT IN STATISTICS .................................................................................................................... 4 4. COUNTRY CONTEXT ................................................................................................................................ 4 5. PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED ........................................................................................................................... 5 6. FROM FIELD ASSESSMENT ...................................................................................................................... 8 7. CONCERN WORLDWIDE EXIT FROM NEPAL ...................................................................................... 10 8. SECURITY ................................................................................................................................................. 10 9. PROGRAMME TO DATE ......................................................................................................................... 11 9.1 PURPOSE ........................................................................................................................................ 11 9.2 RESULTS .......................................................................................................................................... 11 9.3 PROGRAM AREA ........................................................................................................................... 11 9.4 BENEFICIARIES ............................................................................................................................... 12 9.5 MAJOR OUTPUTS FROM CWN SUPPORTED PROJECTS ........................................................... 14 10. EMPOWERMENT................................................................................................................................ 14 11. IMPACT / ACHIEVEMENTS ................................................................................................................ 15 11.1 TARGETED RESULT 1 .................................................................................................................... 15 11.2 TARGETED RESULT 2 .................................................................................................................... 17 11.3 TARGETED RESULT 3 .................................................................................................................... 20 12. DIFFICULTIES AND SOLUTIONS ....................................................................................................... 21 13. OPPORTUNITIES GRASPED ............................................................................................................... 21 14. PARTICIPATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY TO COMMUNITIES ........................................................ 22 15. SUSTAINABILITY ................................................................................................................................. 22 16. MONITORING AND EVALUATION .................................................................................................. 23 2
Project Completion Report - KIRDARC
Water Environment and Local Livelihoods - 2009-10
ACRONMYS
CHV
Community Health Volunteer
CLBSA
Community Led Basic Sanitation For All
CLTS
Community Led Total Sanitation
CWN
Concern Worldwide in Nepal
DDC
District Development Committee
DEPROSC
Development Project Service Centre
FEDWASUN
Federation of Drinking Water and Sanitation Users Nepal
HP
Hygiene Promoters
KIRDARC
Karnali Integrated Rural Development and Research Centre
NEWAH
Nepal Water for Health
NOD
No Open Defecation
VDC
Village Development Committee
WSUC
Water and Sanitation User Committee
WFP
World Food Program
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Project Completion Report - KIRDARC
Water Environment and Local Livelihoods - 2009-10
1. REPORT RATIONALE
This is a project completion report of 2009 on water and sanitation projects implemented in 3 districts
of Karnali Region of Nepal by Karnali Integrated Rural Development and Research Centre. In total 15
projects with 13 WatSan project and 2 hygiene projects) were implemented in the year 2009 and
completed in the year 2010.
2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
KIRDARC had implemented 15 schemes in the year 2009/10. These schemes were aimed to provide
direct benefits to 6,013 populations of 1,002 households. The support was also extended to 1,714
school children to establish water and sanitation facilities at their schools.
The blockage of Karnali Highway from August to January was the major cause which hampered the
progress of the schemes of Jumla and Mugu to be completed in time. Beside this difficult topography
of Kalikot district, where the schemes implemented were nearly 30 hrs on foot (23 Kosh) from district
headquarter also hampered the progress of Kalikot district.
As the major outputs, KIRDARC was able to increase and improve access to quality drinking water
through 88 water points and 971 latrines and 4 eco-san latrines. Till the end of the project, all the 15
schemes ( 2 in Mugu, 5 in Jumla ans 8 in Kalikot) are declared as “No Open Defecation”. In addition to
this 6 schemes that were completed in previous years were also declared as “No Open Defecation”.
The hand washing practice after defecation has increased upto 95% of the HHs which was only 43%
before the implementation of the project. Similarly hand washing before eating has increased from
55% to 96% in the same period.
Through the support of CWN, we were able to implement Ghodasina and Lorpo schemes as Domestic
PLUS schemes where schemes are designed also to provide additional benefits through water for
productive uses have micro irrigation tanks and household vegetable farming systems set up. In these
schemes the Eco-San latrine is constructed for the pilot study in two HHs in each schemes. Similarly, a
fish pond for Multiple Use of Services (MUS) is constructed in Lorpo scheme.
3. A SNAPSHOT IN STATISTICS
Human Development Report
Key Country Indicators
Area (,000 sq km)
Total Population (Millions)
Population Annual Growth Rate (%) 1990-2005
GDP per capita (US$)
Human Development Index / Rank
Human Poverty Index (Value) % (2004)
Infant Mortality Rate (Per 1,000 Live Births)
Life Expectancy at Birth
Adult Literacy Rate (% Aged 15 and Above)
HIV / AIDS Prevalence Rate in Adults over 15
% Population with Sustainable Access to an Improved Water Source
147,181+
25
2.3*
1,550
0.534 / 142
38.1
56*
62.6
48.6
0.5*
84#
Source: UNDP Country Fact Sheet Nepal 2007/08 unless otherwise stated
+
Government of Nepal
*
UNICEF Nepal Statistics for 2005
#
WaterAid Country Information Nepal
4. COUNTRY CONTEXT
Nepal is the second poorest country in Asia, ranking 142nd out of 177 countries on the 2007 United
Nations human development index (HDI)1. Nepal is small landlocked country famous for the
Himalayas, bordered to the North with China (Tibet Autonomous Region) and to the West, South and
1
http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ 4
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Water Environment and Local Livelihoods - 2009-10
East with India, which exerts a large cultural and economic influence. It is with many remote
communities, castes, ethnic groups and languages.
The country can be split into three distinct geographical zones:
ƒ
The mountains (himal), above 4000m, characterised by snowy peaks and few people, of whom
Tibetan origin pastoral people are dominant. At these altitudes crop agriculture is virtually nonexistent. This zone runs from East to West along the Northern part of the country, adjoining the
Tibetan plateau.
ƒ
The hills (pahad), between 1000m and 4000m, characterised by steep slopes and deep valleys.
Population density is high considering the limited cultivable soil. There are many ethnic groups,
some of Tibetan origin and some of Indian origin. The Hindu Indian origin people, with their caste
system (Brahmin, Chhetri and Dalit) are the majority group
ƒ
The plains (terai), between 70m and 1000m, characterised by flat fertile land, very hot in the
summer and often flooded in the monsoon; running East to West along the southern part of the
country, bordering with India. This part of the country has the highest population density, where
half of the population of Nepal reside and is the most agriculturally productive. People are a mix
of Tharu (indigenous), Madhesi (Indian origin) and Pahadi (people from the hills). Prior to malaria
eradication in the 1950s it was sparsely populated.
Nepal’s population is estimated at about 27.5 million people as of July 2005, with a growth rate of
2.2%, made up of 103 social groups, of which 59 are ethnic groups (Janajaati in Nepali, which means
‘outside caste’), and 42 sub-castes of the Hindu caste system (jaati or caste people). Janajaati groups
make up 37.2% of the population, and Hindu caste groups comprise 57.5%2. The lingua franca is
Nepali although a number of other languages and dialects are also spoken. The majority religion is
Hindu (75.6%) followed by Buddhist (20%).
The majority of the labour force (81%) is engaged in agriculture which accounts for 40% of the GDP.
Services employ 16% of the labour force and contribute to 40% of the economy, and industry employs
only 3% of the labour force but contributes 20% of the GDP (2002 estimates)3.
Other than agriculture, the main economic resources available are water (e.g. irrigation, hydro-electric
power generation) and tourism. With such a range of altitude agriculture is extremely diverse, with
agro-ecological habitats ranging from semi-tropical to alpine.
The economy is hampered by four key constraints4:
ƒ
topography: mountainous, limited transport infrastructure and markets, scattered settlements,
poor and limited soils;
ƒ
culture: deep seated inequalities between castes, ethnic groups and genders, and widespread
exploitation;
ƒ
governance: ten years of Maoist insurgency reacting to the government’s failure on development
progress, to address the urban-rural divide and the inequalities embedded within society, the
overthrow of the monarchy and the present struggle for democracy;
ƒ
dependence: almost all of the imported commodities come from India (majority) or China, who
can control the resources Nepal has access to, placing Nepal in a weak negotiating position
5. PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED
Health Implications - Water borne diseases and parasites.
During the rainy season every year, outbreaks of diarrhoea and dysentery caused by water
contaminated by surface run-off, a dirty environment and poor hygiene habits, result in numerous
deaths and debilitation. According to the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), some 40 children
die each day of diarrhoea and other water borne diseases in Nepal. 5
2
World Bank, and Department For International Development (DFID). 2006. Unequal citizens: Gender, caste and ethnic exclusion in Nepal ‐ Summary. Kathmandu: World Bank, Department For International Development. 3
source: www.wikipedia.com 4
Concern Worldwide Nepal national livelihoods sector analysis, Nov 2007 5
http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2‐15896733.html 5
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Water Environment and Local Livelihoods - 2009-10
Health problems associated with water and sanitation are aggravated by the poor quantity and
quality of health services, especially in remote conflict effected areas.
The link between improved hygiene behaviour, access to safe sanitation and water supply and
reduced mortality and morbidity especially amongst children is well documented. There is also a clear
link between water and sanitation and food security: decreased health leads to reduced agricultural
productivity and increased costs, with negative implications for food security6.
Low drinking water coverage in hill areas and a high proportion of failed schemes
Nepalese national level statistics indicate rural access to safe water supply is 81%7, but Wateraid
research proposes a much lower coverage figure of only 42%8. Coverage is lowest in the hill areas
with the Mid, Far Western and Eastern Regions faring worst.
Beyond the coverage figures is the fact that many water and sanitation projects, that have been
implemented in the past, are now not functioning. A joint DWSS/Wateraid study in 2003 estimated
that around one fifth of projects in hilly areas are in need of rehabilitation and over half are in need of
major repair. The Government of Nepal’s 10th Five Year Plan (2002-2007) and reinforced in its 3 years
interim plan (2007-2010) recognises this, stating that “due to lack of proper repair and maintenance of
completed projects many projects are non-operational and many are partially operational”9 and
prioritises reconstruction of rural drinking water projects. Based on this finding, this project will
include numerous key steps to enhance sustainability and these are described in Section 5.1 below.
One reason given for the high proportion of failed schemes is that there has been insufficient
attention to community ownership, long term maintenance and sustainability of the projects.
Whilst there is sufficient evidence of the feasibility of mobilising user fees in cash and in kind for
maintenance, grassroots level user groups are often limited by a lack of capacity: mainly planning,
implementation and technical capabilities. Furthermore, there is a lack of resources at the sub district
level to lend support. This has been a major gap in the institutional landscape governing the water
and sanitation sector in Nepal.
In terms of infrastructure provision, the situation changes as the terrain becomes more hilly, although
each area has specific difficulties to be overcome. In the foothills where conditions are dryer and soil
erosion prevalent, ground water is less accessible and specialist drilling equipment is needed. Water
here has high lime content, and resulting infrastructure is prone to damage by landslide.
In the mid hill areas, natural sources such as springs tend to be distant from delivery points, and end
users scattered making schemes more expensive. Transport of materials is one of the issues that have
led to poor coverage in these areas.
In the high mountain areas where coverage is lowest, transportation and access are the biggest
factors for agencies involved in service provision. Many communities in these areas are forced to draw
water from unprotected sources such as rivers and streams.
Throughout all areas, schools and health posts lack adequate water supply facilities. In those that do
have water points, it is common to find them not functioning and awaiting repair (often 2 -3 months)
or providing water only outside of school or health post hours
The sanitation gap and poor hygiene and behaviour
In rural Nepal access to latrines is officially estimated at 41%10, although Water Aid research gives an
alternative estimate of 19%11. In regards to Jajarkot and Kalikot, most villages do not have any
functioning toilets. It is clear that the sanitation coverage lags far behind drinking water coverage,
with a sanitation gap of 38% (based on the census data).
Open defecation is common in the target villages; hand washing before eating and other critical times
is rare, and few public or private eating places provide hand washing facilities. Drinking water is often
handled in an unsafe way, and leftover food often left uncovered. Even though hygiene messages are
delivered at schools, they are rarely put into practise, indicating a resistance to behaviour change.
6
Household food security in Nepal, Summary of findings, World Food Programme, December 2005 National census, 2001 The Water and Sanitation Millenium Development Goals in Nepal, WaterAid Nepal, 2004 9
th
10 five‐year plan, chapter 25, Drinking Water and Sanitation, National Planning Commission, 2002 10
National census, 2001 11
The Water and Sanitation Millennium Development Goals in Nepal. Water Aid Nepal, 2004 7
8
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In rural mid western hills and mountain districts, latrine coverage for schools and health facilities in
general is extremely poor and those that do exist are often poorly maintained. In schools where
facilities exist, children often do not have access to them. Reasons cited include a shortage of water for
cleaning, but the likely reality is that facilities are reserved for staff.
There are no latrines or water supply systems in any of the schools in the target areas of this action.
The lack of toilets facilities is a significant factor which influences the high drop out rate of girls from
school. Girls who reach puberty often do not attend school during time of menstruation due to lack of
facilities in the schools. In some areas at least, District Education Offices have issued instructions that
all new constructions must provide separate latrine facilities for girls and boys12.
Lack of other sanitation facilities
Solid waste disposal is a major issue in almost all areas of Nepal. Few rural areas have any collection
and disposal system, with most waste being left to accumulate in public areas before it is burnt.
Drainage is generally poor, so that near water points, and in the monsoon season, stagnating water
becomes mixed with animal and human waste. The filthy environment that people live in exacerbates
the sanitation situation and further causes disease13.
Impact of conflict
The direct impact of the conflict on the water and sanitation situation in the Mid West has been to
exacerbate what was already a chronic situation.
Addressing the needs for improved water supply in the post-conflict situation requires programmes
which, even more than normal, empower communities to plan and manage rehabilitation,
installation, operation and maintenance of their own schemes and provide the resources for the
installation and repair work. Even in the wake of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, an uncertain
future in regards to political instability and the failure of the governing coalition to find a solution to
the collapse of the VDC structures, means that meaningful support by government to the grassroots
level should not be relied upon for a considerable time to come.
Weak local government capacity to serve poor and remote communities
Under the Local Self Governance Act local government is mandated to provide water and sanitation
services. In the past these bodies have been constrained by lack of resources but this is slowly
changing. Emerging constraints are lack of knowledge and skills on how to implement sustainable,
gender and poverty sensitive projects targeting the poorest conflict affected communities and how to
establish systems for sustainability at local level. Support for local government has not been included
in this proposal as this is being provided under the Community Based Water Supply and Sanitation
project funded by Asian Development Bank.
Impact of poverty and social exclusion
Social exclusion – caste based, ethnic group based or gender based discrimination, is extremely
complex and widespread in Nepal.
The Hindu caste system governs every aspect of life ranging from where people live to who they may
marry, what work they do and even which places they may draw water. Those belonging to the Dalits
(untouchables) are at the bottom of the highly stratified Hindu society and experience widespread
discrimination from the rest of society. They have a very limited role in community decision making,
and less access to community resources including water. Although resources such as government
services are theoretically available to all, social stigma means that Dalits are systematically marginalised
in terms of access to education and health. In rural areas, many are without land, some get denied
access to community infrastructure such as public taps, and household income generating activities
are restricted to certain “trades” which are considered acceptable in terms of their social standing. Out
of the total population in Karnali, 17.9% belong to the Dalit community and in Jajarkot the population
is 27%14 - a significantly larger percentage than the National average of 12.9%.
The impact of discrimination falls most heavily on the women, the primary users of water supply
schemes, who are routinely excluded from decision-making and participation in the management and
maintenance of their infrastructure, and have lower literacy rates. Women are most likely to be tasked
12
Evidence based on Concern visit to Mugu and Jumla DEOs in Nov and Dec 2005 Concern Assessment of Dolpa, Mugu and Jumla Nov 2005 14
Nepal Human Right Annual Book 2003, page no. 3 13
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Water Environment and Local Livelihoods - 2009-10
with fetching water from distant sources and this chore can consume hours in any one day.
Furthermore in the villages of Kalikot and Jajarkot which are perched on steep slopes, the trek to fetch
water is often dangerous, particularly in the wet season.
In rural areas 34% of people live below the poverty line (calculated using the cost of basic needs
methods). Poverty is greatest in the Mid and Far Western Regions where it is 45% and 41%
respectively15. The population in rural Nepal is set to rise from 20 million in 2000 to 24 million by 2020.
This will put a strain on already under-resourced infrastructure increasing the need for innovative
approaches to swiftly establish access to basic services for the poor. Due to grinding and chronic
impoverishment, the communities’ capacity to contribute to the installation of water schemes
(provision of labour and locally available materials) has been further reduced by increased poverty
and seasonal migration (men seeking low paid menial work in India).
Potential impact of Natural Disasters
Nepal ranks 11th amongst countries most at risk to earthquake and 30th amongst countries most at
risk to flood, due to the rugged, fragile and complex geography, variable climatic conditions and
active tectonics. Kalikot district is also extremely prone to landslides as evidenced by numerous
landslides in 2008 which impacted upon over 5000 people in the district. While this project will not
seek to mitigate against disasters in general, risk reduction measures will be integrated into the design
and implementation of all activities through sensible practical measures and awareness raising with
communities. It would be irresponsible to ignore hazards and the risk of disasters in the design and
implementation of this project.
Proposed Programme Districts
Nepal is divided into five regions and 75 districts, governed by District Development Committees
(DDC). Within each district are smaller administrative units managed by Village Development
Committee (VDC). The program has been implemented in 3 districts (Mugu, Jumla, Kalikot)
Table 1 below illustrates some of the key challenges facing these districts. All four districts are ranked
among the least developed in Nepal, with Mugu reported as the least developed all 75 districts. The
districts score particularly poorly in terms of access to drinking water and toilet facilities.
Table 5.1: Major indicators of 3 districts
Indicators
Population (no)
Households (no)
Average household size (no)
Literacy rate (%)
Area (Sq Km)
Elevation (m)
Access to drinking water (%)
Access to toilet facility (%)
Households using solids fuels for cooking (%)
Incidence of diarrhoea per 1000 children< 5years (no)
Proportion of malnourished children under 3 years (000)
Health institution density (000)
Irrigated land (%)
Farm size (ha/hh)
Per capita food production (Kilo calories)
Marginal Farm households (%)
Overall Rank (out of 75 districts)
Jumla
89427
15850
5.64
32.41
2531
915 to 4679
74.5
52.4
99.8
146
22.4
1.99
7.4
0.45
2781
56.72
68
Mugu
43937
8261
5.32
27.79
3535
1524 to 7045
55.3
13.4
99.6
147
40.3
2.09
3.4
0.84
1127
31.32
75
6. FROM FIELD ASSESSMENT
The Pre KAP survey conducted in, Kalikot, Jumla and Mugu in 2009 indicated that the targeted
beneficiaries were found to have very poor water and sanitation conditions. Spring sources, many of
which are unprotected, were often contaminated by polluted run-off. Sources, and water
infrastructure, get damaged by small-scale natural hazards. In areas where drinking water
15
Nepal Living Standards Survey, 2005 8
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Water Environment and Local Livelihoods - 2009-10
infrastructure exists (mostly provided by local government), many of these systems are not working,
not complete, or not meeting their full potential16.
These surveys have shown poor access to safe drinking water and inadequate sanitation in the project
districts. In many instances the population is currently using unprotected sources such as river water
where there is evidence of contamination from both human and animal waste. Community
prioritisation placed water and sanitation as the first priority and during recent field monitoring visits
communities also strongly expressed their need for water for irrigation purposes.
All of these targeted villages currently access streams and unprotected springs for their drinking water
and have no sanitation facilities and where they do, water points are often not operational and
latrines are not in use.
Box 4.1: Key Findings
ƒ
Women and girls spend more than 4 hours a day collecting water
ƒ
Half of the population in the targeted communities are collecting water from unsafe and
unprotected water sources like rivers and springs
ƒ
More than 60% of water sources are considered to be contaminated by polluted run-off and
excessive turbidity
ƒ
Per capita water consumption is less than 10 litres
ƒ
Not even 5% of the households uses latrines for defecation
ƒ
50% of children and women are affected due to water related diseases such as diarrhoea and
worms
ƒ
Less than 30% people wash their hands in critical times
ƒ
Almost 90% households do not cover their water vessel and water handling practice is
unhygienic and poor
The health and hygiene practices in the communities are poor. The villagers are often not aware of
the links between poor health and poor hygiene practices and many others do not have sufficient
access to water to be able to maintain hygienic standards. Fetching of water from distant sources
consumes a considerable portion of time for women and children each day. KIRDARC surveys
indicate an average of 80 minutes is spent per water fetching trip in Karnali region. Given that they
are already overburdened with tasks to ensure the survival of their large families, the time required to
bring extra water for better hygiene simply cannot be afforded. In the target villages there are no
toilets and everybody practices open defecation in the fields, jungle, khola and kholsa (streams and
gullies). Livestock are not usually penned and animal and human feaces and other solid waste
commonly litter public areas.
This situation indicates the need for hygiene education in conjunction with improved access to water
and sanitation and either intervention alone will not address the underlying causes of the deadly
combination of health and water issues that persist.
Most of the people of Karnali region live in rural areas with very limited access to the most basic
services like water; sanitation, roads, electricity, telephone, functioning health facility etc. Each year at
least one family member (most often a man) from most each household travels to India in order to
find low paid menial work. The family often goes into debt to pay for this trip and earnings often
barely cover the loan repayments.
The districts of Karnali zone rank very low in terms of socio-economic and development according to
the government’s human development index. The Karnali zone was severely affected by the conflict
which left behind damaged infrastructure, large numbers of displaced people and more female
headed households. Overlaid upon this is the recent severe food security crisis in the mid and far west
of Nepal which has been prompted by rising commodity prices and widespread failure of the recent
winter crop.
16
Pre KAP (Knowledge Attitude and Practice) Report 2009 Jumla, Mugu and Kalikot District by KIRDARC conducted in water sanitation villages in Jumla, Mugu, Kalikot 9
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Water Environment and Local Livelihoods - 2009-10
This proposal seeks to continue and build on water and sanitation work already implemented in the
mid-western development region by Concern Worldwide with the same implementing partners but in
different project sites. From 2006 to 2008, a number of key lessons have been learned and these are
incorporated in the proposal (2009-2010) to improve the quality of the programme. Specifically the
lessons learned include;
ƒ
Ultra-poor families struggle to contribute without some form of subsidy. Without this, the cost of
volunteering their time is felt in terms of insufficient time to produce or prepare meals. However
much they would like to, the ultra poor have very little spare money to invest in maintenance
funds or purchasing latrine construction materials. To address this, the project will work with
communities to identify and verify the ultra poor and include subsidies and progressive fee
collection systems in the scheme design
ƒ
Gender awareness training, and encouragement for equal representation of caste and ethnicity,
does have positive influence on equitable use and ownership of the infrastructure
ƒ
Behaviour change is most effective when linked to wider explanations and understanding of
disease, gender, livelihoods and empowerment, but the process is slow
ƒ
Secondary outcomes related to an increase in gender awareness, governance and an increase in
available time for women are of significant benefit to the community and have the potential to
allow further sustainable development initiatives.
ƒ
Communities’ water demand and need extends beyond purely domestic requirements. Meeting
some productive uses can cost effectively be built into the design of some schemes and result in
significant extra benefits and add up to an appreciable impact on livelihoods by increased
production and income in the medium term
ƒ
Participatory hygiene promotion tools are effective in the communities where majority of the
people are illiterate
7. CONCERN WORLDWIDE EXIT FROM NEPAL
In the context of exiting, Concern is supporting institutional strengthening of KIRDARC as required
and has strategically explored areas where Concern can add value to the already high quality of work
of these organizations through a workshop in April 2009 that involved KIRDARC representation. The
workshop identified to support on i) documentation and dissemination of lesson learned, best
practices and innovative approaches ii) capacity building to enable them to continue and expand
their work and achieve higher level of quality that will be widely recognized. The activities identified
for capacity building were on ii.a) improving MIS system ii.b) support to develop Gender and Social
Inclusion Strategy/Policy ii.c) activities related to “Water for Livelihood” iii) support partners to establish
linkage with other in-country and external funding partners iv) enable them to integrate Disaster Risk
Reduction (DRR) and effectively respond to emergencies v) support to create coalitions to continue to
advocate on identified issues in Nepal. Recently, a review was made to benchmark the progress on
the exit strategy, developed in 2009 and that revealed of substantial achievements. Activities for 2010
were also developed during the review. The detail strategy document can be provided as a separate
document.
8. SECURITY
Nepal’s leaders continued to fail their people and there was little actual government during 2009.
Political leaders were largely unable to move beyond personal and party interests and their focus
yielded zero sum power politics in 2009. Negligible progress was made on major issues such as
drafting a new constitution, consolidating the peace process, dealing with the thousands of Maoist excombatants, and delivery of basic services to the majority of the people who are living below the
poverty line in increasing numbers. Federalism has proven to be a very divisive issue for Nepal and
self-proclaimed autonomous ‘states’ have been busy establishing parallel structures and armed militia
to push their conflicting claims. Most worryingly, in the absence of conciliatory or sensible overtures
from leaders, the Comprehensive Peace Agreement came under repeated stress during 2009.
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9. PROGRAMME TO DATE
9.1 PURPOSE
To improve quality of life of remote villages by
ƒ
providing access to sustainable improved water supply and sanitation facilities and promotion
of safe hygiene practices of the communities;
ƒ
organizing and strengthening the poorest households capacity to create livelihood
opportunities;
ƒ
increasing the resilience of communities to risks and hazards;
ƒ
supporting and enhancing capacity of implementing partners to adopt innovative
approaches and technologies
ƒ
and promoting policy change through advocacy and research;
9.2 RESULTS
Result 1:
Improved and equitable access to increased quality and quantity of water for drinking, cooking,
personal and domestic hygiene at 15 village sites including 3 schemes designed considering Multiple
Use Services, with all infrastructures adequately protected against contamination and disaster related
damage
Result 2:
All households and schools in the target villages have acceptable access to latrines, and communities
have adopted improved hygiene practices to the point that all target villages are declared as total
sanitation villages
Result 3:
Implementing partner’s capacity to replicate and influence other organisations to adopt enhanced
innovative, holistic and proven approaches to water and sanitation is demonstrably increased
9.3 PROGRAM AREA
Legend
Domestic Domestic Plus Hygiene Scheme School WATSAN
Mugu District 11
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Kalikot District
Jumla District
Definition of Terms
Domestic Water Supply Scheme: These schemes are designed with consideration of water quantity for
domestic needs ie, drinking, cooking, bathing and cleaning.
Domestic Plus Water Supply Schemes: On top of domestic water uses these schemes will consider
water for productive uses like, micro irrigation, orchards, livestock, fish pods etc.
Add-on Domestic Plus Scheme (previously productive water scheme): These schemes previously had
provision of water supply for domestic uses and are upgraded to multiple water service to provide
additional water for the productive use.
Hygiene Scheme: These schemes are water supply and sanitation scheme where Concern is engaged
in providing support on hygiene component only.
School Water Supply and Sanitation: Extension of water supply and sanitation facilities in schools
within the vicinity of scheme villages. The toilet block will have separate facilities for boys and girls and
will be designed around their needs ensuring privacy especially for girls.
9.4 BENEFICIARIES
Total number of direct beneficiaries: 6,013 of 1,002 HHs (refer excel sheet)
In addition, up to 70,000 people in Karnali zone will be reached with messages to improve knowledge
and practices around health and hygiene through radio broadcasts.
The number of direct beneficiaries is defined as the total number of residents in households that will
benefit from improved water and sanitation facilities plus the estimated number of students attending
the schools where water and sanitation facilities will also be constructed. In all cases this will be the
entire population of a village or settlement that shares the same water source. Table 9.1 gives the
details on the water supply schemes, their type and their coverage in terms of total households and
population. In the second half of the year 2009, the households and the respective population have
increased in some of the schemes due to some household expansion as well as increase in the project
beneficiary coverage.
Table 9.1: Schemes with number of household beneficiaries
SN
Name
Scheme
of
VDC
Jumla District - KIRDARC
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Chulakot
Ghodasin
Pharasibada
Lorpa
Manisanghu
Subtotal
Kudari
Patmara
Narakot
Dillichaur
Guthhichaur
Mehelbada
Ryanchyaghati
Subtotal
Rowa
Rowa
Mugu District – KIRDARC
6.
7.
House
hold
HH
Population
112
91
69
69
44
385
658
462
437
390
262
2,209
44
51
95
251
330
581
Type
Remarks
Domestic
Domestic PLUS
Domestic PLUS
Domestic PLUS
Domestic
Domestic
Domestic
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Water Environment and Local Livelihoods - 2009-10
Kalikot District - KIRDARC
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Kasalgaira
Dhaulagoha
Bochibada
Dhaulagoha
Pulaha
Dhaulagoha
Mudagada
Dhaulagoha
Naulamuhan
Dhaulagoha
Mulkokhola
Khina
Kumalgaun
Kumalgaun
Sannighad
Siuna
Subtotal
Grand Total
31
120
50
95
45
40
99
42
522
1002
174
683
306
632
246
227
710
245
3223
6013
Domestic
Domestic
Domestic
Domestic
Domestic
Domestic
Hygiene Scheme
Hygiene Scheme
The household in Dhoulagoha of Kalikot seems to be changing this time. Since the three schemes
Pulaha, Mudabada and Kasalgaira are the adjoining schemes, some of the HHs which were proposed
to be in Mudagada scheme were included in Pulaha scheme due to the feasibility of the tapstand. In
addition to this, two tap stands were added in Saina due to which 5 HHs were added later which
were of Pulaha scheme.
Table 9.3: Number of schemes by type and total beneficiaries
Type of Scheme
Domestic Water Supply Scheme
Domestic Plus Scheme
Hygiene Promotion Scheme
Total
Units
10
3
2
15
Household
632
229
141
1002
Population
3769
1289
955
6013
Table 9.4: Number of beneficiaries by district
District
Jumla
Mugu
Kalikot
Total
Households
Beneficiaries
385
95
512
1002
School Beneficiaries
2,209
581
3,097
6013
9.4.1 Beneficiaries Desegregated by caste and well being ranking
The beneficiaries are further disaggregated by gender, ethnicity and poverty. For the well being
ranking, community people jointly set criteria based on their income, land holding size, food
production and sufficiency, other sources of income and expenditure. Considering social protection of
the vulnerable groups, the policy of Concern and partners is to support those with very limited means
in latrine construction and reduced tariffs (or exemptions) in regards to cash contribution to the
operations and maintenance fund. As this process is undertaken in a completely participatory fashion,
the whole community agrees to how the subsidies will work in their scheme. The criteria for well
being ranking are given in Table 9.5.
Table 9.5: Criteria of well-being ranking
Well being rank
A
(Ultra poor)
B
(Poor)
C
(Medium)
D
(Better Off)
Criteria for classification
Very limited land for agriculture, food supply from own production only for 3
months of the year; labouring work is primary source of income; no regular
employment; chronically in debt.
Less than six months food supplies for the whole year from own production;
often engages in labouring work; often in debt.
6 to 12 months food sufficiency; no loan required for household expenses;
small-scale business; paid jobholder.
Adequate food from own production and can produce a surplus; permanent
house; land in market area; engaged in business; loan provider etc.
Among the total beneficiaries, 46 percent belong to ultra poor groups. Among the remaining, 40
percent belong to poor and 14 percent belong to medium poor groups. In regard to ethnicity of the
beneficiary groups, 20 percent are Dalits and the remaining 80% belong to other castes.
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9.5
MAJOR OUTPUTS FROM CWN SUPPORTED PROJECTS
CWN has supported 15 schemes that were implemented by KIRDARC in the year 2009/10. The
summary of expected outputs is given in table 9.6 below.
Households
Population
Male
Female
Mugu
Kalikot
Households
Gender
1
Chulakot
Kudari
112
658
335
323
19
93
50
55
7
2
Ghodasin
Patmara
91
462
227
235
0
91
33
42
16
3
Pharasibada
Narakot
69
437
221
216
2
67
18
29
22
4
Lorpa
Dillichaur
69
390
208
182
1
68
7
51
11
5
Manisanghu
Guthhichaur
44
262
133
129
0
44
19
21
4
6
Mehelbada
Rowa
44
251
130
121
15
29
44
0
0
7
Ryanchyaghati
Rowa
51
330
151
179
18
33
5
46
0
8
Kasalgaira
Dhaulagoha
31
174
86
88
31
0
16
10
5
9
Bochibada
Dhaulagoha
120
683
351
332
50
70
58
47
15
10
Pulaha
Dhaulagoha
50
306
152
154
0
50
18
17
15
11
Mudagada
Dhaulagoha
95
632
321
311
0
95
66
22
7
12
Naulamuhan
Dhaulagoha
45
246
140
106
15
25
18
24
3
13
Mulkokhola
Khina
40
227
104
123
10
35
17
11
12
14
Kumalgaun
Kumalgaun
99
710
361
349
32
67
61
15
23
15
Sannighad
Siuna
42
245
133
112
7
35
29
12
1
1002
6013
3053
2960
200
802
459
402
141
Total
Medium
Poor
Economic
Ultra
Poor
VDC
Other
Scheme
Ethnicity
Dalit
SN
Jumla
District
Table 9.6: Outputs of CWN Supported Projects
10. EMPOWERMENT
All the project schemes were implemented through formation of Water and Sanitation Users’
Committees (WSUC). These committees were responsible for taking decisions, mobilizing communities,
coordinating with implementing NGOs, monitoring and supervising project works. These committees
were formed consisting of community members representing various segment of the community
mainly women, disadvantaged and marginalized groups.
In delivering the water and sanitation programme implemented by KIRDARC, it is a mandatory
provision for their proportional representation in the management committees responsible for
planning, implementation and management of water and sanitation facilities. Disaggregated data is
maintained showing sex and caste of beneficiaries. Gender and social inclusion trainings were
conducted in each target community to raise understanding of this approach and as a forum to
discuss barriers to participation. Concern supported KIRDARC to develop own GSI strategy document
in 2009.
To sustainably operate and manage schemes, WSUC and community groups were capacitated
through series of trainings and orientations. This was mainly to mobilise people to participate in the
construction of their infrastructure, and appropriately use and maintain their facilities in long term.
The community and WSUC members participated in various management, leadership, technical and
awareness raising trainings. The major trainings conducted in the community included project
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management, repair and maintenance, gender and social inclusion, human rights and kitchen
gardening. Caretaker/plumber and skilled labour were trained to familiarize on the project technical
aspects and the know-how that has been employed in the project.
KIRDARC was involved in projects to protect and enhance human rights, to promote conflict
resolution and peace building. 265 people were trained on human rights issues. This component was
linked with the service delivery mechanism of local government bodies, transparency and neutrality of
service provided, skills to mediate small conflicts within the community, and disputes and
misunderstandings regarding the project. As a result, community people were aware of their basic
rights, claiming services from government agencies (duty bearers), and seeking transparency on
programme planning, resources allocation and utilization.
After the Roll out of PHAST tool in Jan 2010, KIRDARC implemented PHAST tools in some of the
schemes of all the three districts. It was found that the participant in the tole education has increased
after the implementation of PHAST tool. The Illiterate women were found to be participating actively
during the tole education session.
Declaring Caste Discrimination Free Village
Taking the consideration of
Caste discrimination as the
problem in service utilization,
KIRDARC initiated to declare
the communities in WatSan
scheme as caste discrimination
free village. The community
was facilitated to declare their
village as caste discrimination
free village. 5 villages in Jumla
and 1 village in Mugu were
declared
as
caste
discrimination free village.
11. IMPACT / ACHIEVEMENTS
11.1
TARGETED RESULT 1
Improved and equitable access to increased quality and quantity of water for drinking, cooking,
personal and domestic hygiene at 15 schemes designed considering Multiple Use Services, with all
infrastructures adequately protected against contamination and disaster related damage.
Indicators of Result 1:
ƒ
100% of households with year round access to improved water sources
ƒ
Quantity of water used per capita per day is within range of 25-45 litres of water per person per
day
ƒ
Water quality testing completed at 100% of water supply scheme (at source in the beginning
and after 3 months of completion at source to point of use)
ƒ
Water quality (at all sources and points of use) meet national standards (pH between 6.5 and
8.5, maximum turbidity level of NTU < 5, no faecal coli form per 100 ml at tap stand), and
necessary measures taken to meet these standards if shortfalls are identified
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ƒ
Number of households per tap stand no more than 10
ƒ
9 water supply schemes are designed to provide water for both domestic and productive needs
and at least 40% of the ultra poor using those schemes participated in activities that promote
productive uses of water to improve their livelihood options
ƒ
Homestead production of vegetables increased by at least 40% in season in all schemes and
70% increase in scheme with small scale irrigation systems installed under MUS
ƒ
100% of participating communities have the capacity to maintain the water supply
infrastructure in terms of trained personnel and maintenance funds and each scheme has
provision of spare parts and tools
ƒ
At least 70% of the community are self monitoring their activities through Community Based
Monitoring and Evaluation System (CBME)
ƒ
100% of water supply schemes have been sited and constructed in such a way so as to reduce
risks of damage from landslides
The total number of schemes implemented by KIRDARC is 15. There are 5 schemes in Jumla district, 2
schemes in Mugu district, and 8 schemes (of which 2 are hygiene schemes) in Kalikot district. The
scheme of Jumla and Mugu was proposed to be completed in Dec 2010 but due to various technical
difficulties (obstruction of Karnali Highway) the completion period was delayed and was completed in
March 2010. The Wat San schemes supported by ECHO in Kalikot were completed in June 2010.
Similarly, The hygiene schemes in Kalikot were completed in March 2010.
All water supply schemes have been designed considering water demand of 45 litres water per capita
per day. Altogether 10 domestic water supply schemes, and 3 domestic plus schemes (see table 9.1)
and 2 hygiene schemes are being set up to provide water supply to the intended total beneficiaries.
After the post KAP survey it was found that the average water fetching time has decreased to 8
minutes which was 38 minutes before the implementation of the project. Similarly, water
consumption per capita has increased to 35 litres which was only 15 lit during the pre KAP survey.
The major responsibility for fetching water in the houses was that of women. After the completion of
the project the women were able to save the time in fetching water. This saved time is used for
personal cleanliness and other activities of the HHs. The people have started vegetable cultivation
which in fact will improve the nutritional status and the economic status as well. The community
people have got the opportunity to sell the produced vegetables in the nearby market. This extra
income has helped the community to pay the operation and maintenance fund.
Water quality tests on water sources were performed regularly after the monsoon and during dry
season. The water quality testes are performed across seven parameters viz temperature, pH, turbidity,
lime, colour, odour, and coli form. KIRDARC has prepared its own water quality directive that has been
disseminated to its field staffs. During the water quality test, the water was found to be consumable.
(see excel sheet)
Water quality test results in all schemes were at satisfactory level i.e. pH between 6 to 7.5, turbidity
between 5 to 6, and absence of coliform. However, the water quality tests done in past schemes
showed the coliform in some of the schemes. From this we have learn the lesson that regular follow
up is essential even though the schemes will be well functioning as our aim is to provide safe drinking
water to the community.
All together 88 water points (8 at Mugu, 41 at Kalikot, 39 at Jumla) will provide water supply to 861
households and 5058 beneficiaries through 13 Watsan schemes. For this, 9.7 households per tap
stand have been allocated. There are 2 hygiene schemes with 141 households and 955 populations.
Out of 15 schemes, two schemes in Jumla are designed to meet communities’ water demand for
productive uses at their homestead level as an adjunct to their domestic supply. The schemes have
been selected based upon a thorough analysis of the source capacity. Additional quantity of water
available at the source after domestic use needs are fulfilled, is then tapped, and diverted for
productive uses. The project has drip feed and sprinkler systems that can be maintained at the
household level. This includes two tanks, the primary one for domestic water use, and the secondary
tank (only filled by overflow from the primary tank) for irrigation (or other appropriate productive uses
as identified by communities), as well as collection tanks for waste water from tap stands, diverted into
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Water Environment and Local Livelihoods - 2009-10
drip feed systems. In addition to this, a fish pond is constructed in Lorpo from the overflow of water
from the primary tank.
KIRDARC has been piloting the eco-san latrine in Ghodasina and Lorpo. 2 households in each scheme
( total 4 HHs) have constructed eco-san latrine. The excreta will be used as fine manure and the urine
will be used as an good fertilizer (Urea component) and also insecticide. The community are very eager to get the benefits from the eco‐san latrines. Use has not been started as the excreta takes time for
decomposition.
Altogether, these two domestic plus water supply schemes that promote productive uses of water to
improve peoples’ livelihood options is expected to benefit 1,289 beneficiaries from 229 HHs. 24%
households participating in this type of schemes are ultra poor households. Likewise, 54% are poor
households and the remaining 21% are with medium economic backgrounds.
Altogether 835 people (471 men and 364 women) have already received one day orientation on
kitchen gardening making them aware of the importance of green vegetables in both nutrition as
well as an income generation opportunity. After the orientation, the community was given some
vegetable seeds. In Kalikot we coordinated with DEPROSS for distribution of vegetable seeds. The
community are producing vegetables from the waste water from the tap stands.
Water and Sanitation Users Committees (WSUC) have been formed in all 15 schemes. The project
schemes were implemented through formation of WSUCs. These committees are responsible for
taking decisions, mobilizing communities, coordinating with implementing NGOs, monitoring and
supervising project works. These committees are formed consisting of community members
representing various segment of the community mainly women, disadvantaged and marginalized
groups. In all 15 schemes, totals up to 169 members wherein 94 are men and 75 members are
women indicating 44% women representation in WSUCs. 28% of all WSUC members are from the
Dalit community.
To ensure sustainability of each project schemes the project has aim of establishing operation and
maintenance account under the holding of WSUC. In KIRADRC schemes, maintenance fund is
collected in two stages- initial and regular. Initial maintenance fund is collected at the rate of NRs 500
per tap and latrine money NRs. 200 per household. So far, a total of NRs 179,900 has been collected
as initial repair and maintenance fund altogether in all 15 schemes, with hiring of 2 to 3 caretakers in
each scheme (31 caretakers altogether in 15 schemes) to take care of the infrastructures built by the
project. One set of tools and equipments supported by the project during the construction phase
have been handed over to the respective WSUCs after completion of the schemes.
During the design, the program has incorporated the location of intakes, reservoir tanks, pipeline
alignment and tap stand will be selected avoiding the risk to landslide prone areas. Flood diversion
trenches have been constructed around the spring intake to protect it from floodwater entering in the
intakes. Pipes have been suspended over gullies or slopes subject to slippage to reduce the risk of loss
in a landslide. Beside DRR consideration to the water infrastructure, the plan is also to develop plans to
ensure protection against possible natural disaster in the villages that are especially risk prone. As
such, RVA has been conducted in 2 schemes in Kalikot (Naulamuhan and Kasalgaira), 2 schemes in
Jumla (Ghodasina and Lorpa) and 1 scheme in Mugu (Mehelbada). WSUCs are well oriented about
RVA, its need and its process. It has been realized that there are disasters which are not directly related
to water and sanitation, such as food insecurity, fire, etc., but nevertheless, will affect the people and
therefore needs to be taken into consideration, thus raising the need for a holistic RVA.
11.2
TARGETED RESULT 2
All households and schools in the target villages have acceptable access to latrines, and communities
have adopted improved hygiene practices to the point that all target villages are declared as total
sanitation villages.
Indicators of Result 2:
ƒ
100% of targeted households with access to a toilet (i.e., 1 latrine is constructed per household)
ƒ
All school toilets are accessible to girls and boys
ƒ
Latrines are constructed no more than 50m from dwellings and at least 30m from groundwater
sources with pit bases at least 1.5 m above the water table
ƒ
Latrines are designed and situated so as to allow access by all members of the community (or
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student population) including children, older people, pregnant women and physically and
mentally disabled
ƒ
Latrines sited and constructed so as to minimise threats to users (particularly women)
throughout day and night and to provide adequate privacy in accordance with local customs
ƒ
70% of households disposing human excreta through use of hygienic latrines
ƒ
90% latrines well maintained in sanitary condition and widely used
ƒ
100% of participating communities received at least 20 sessions of hygiene promotion
ƒ
Children of the villages participated in the hygiene campaign through child clubs and
awareness activities
ƒ
70% of households practising safe hand washing at critical times: ie., after defecation, after
cleaning children, before handling food, before eating and before feeding children and babies
ƒ
70% of households practising appropriate disposal and use of waste water (such as through
irrigating kitchen gardens)
ƒ
100% of water supply tap stands fitted with hygienic waste water drains
ƒ
70% of households practising safe handling of drinking water at home
ƒ
70% of households practising adequate food hygiene including covering food and using drying
racks for cooking equipment
ƒ
70% of households practising proper disposal of household refuse, such as using refuse pits and
composting pits
ƒ
70% of households (especially mothers) have knowledge of treatment for diarrhoea and use of
oral re-hydration therapy
Pre KAP (Knowledge, Attitude and Practice) was conducted in all the schemes. Survey was conducted
in each target village by the Social Technicians to understand the hygiene behaviour of the
community. After completion of the project activities the same process was adopted to conduct Post
KAP survey, which provides evidence of behavioural changes in the scheme villages
In regard to providing sanitation access to all beneficiaries (i.e. 1 latrine per household), the target set
is 1,002 household latrines (385 latrines in 5 schemes in Jumla district, 95 latrines in 2 schemes in
Mugu district, and 514 latrines in 8 schemes in Kalikot district). All the targeted beneficiaries HHs have
constructed latrine in their houses. 4 HHs (2 in Ghodasina and 2 in Lorpo) have constructed Eco-San
latrine first over Karnali region.
The household latrines are being constructed with the assistance of Social Technicians in each
scheme. Communities are involved in the planning and sitting of their own latrines. All families were
advised of the guideline in regards to distance from dwellings to latrines. Community people were
suggested to select the location of latrine nearby household so as to make ease during nights,
sickness and maintain the adequate privacy. The latrines are constructed considering feasibility,
distance, land structure, etc., in places from where there is no chances of faecal contamination in
drinking water.
Ignition PRA was conducted in all the schemes. After Ignition PRA, community was highly motivated
to construct the latrine. Ghodasina in Jumla district already declared their village NOD even before
starting of the project. This village received an award of NRs. 50,000 from the District Development
Committee (DDC) for their high motivation. Kumalgaun VDC of Kalikot has been declared as the first
NOD VDC (Village Development Committee) in whole of Karnali Zone and second in the Mid-Western
region of Nepal. For this, the Kalikot DDC have awarded NRs 100,000 to the Kumalgaun VDC. All the
15 schemes were able to declare their village as NOD village by the end of the project. The schemes
declared as ODF are given in table 11.1.
Table 11.1: Schemes of 2010 declared as ODF
SN
1.
2.
3.
Scheme/Village
Ghodasin
Mehelbada
Kumalgaun
VDC
Patmara
Rowa
Kumalgaun
District
Jumla
Mugu
Kalikot
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4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Sannighad
Ryanchanghati
Kasalgaira
Bochibada
Pulaha
Mudagada
Naulamuhan
Mulkokhola
Chulakot
Pharasibada
Lorpa
Manisanghu
Siuna
Rowa
Dhaulagoha
Dhaulagoha
Dhaulagoha
Dhaulagoha
Dhaulagoha
Khina
Kudari
Narakot
Dillichour
Guthichour
Kalikot
Mugu
Kalikot
Kalikot
Kalikot
Kalikot
Kalikot
Kalikot
Jumla
Jumla
Jumla
Jumla
In addition to the construction of domestic latrines, communities have also constructed garbage pits,
washing slabs and drying racks at their houses, along with maintaining kitchen gardens at their
backyard. Altogether 819 drying racks, 813 garbage pits and 859 kitchen garden have been
completed.
Hygiene behaviour information from KIRDARC districts shows commendable increase in improvement
in hygiene behaviour, especially in terms of hand washing behaviour at critical times. Hand Washing
after defecation is now 95% after post KAP survey which was 44% in Pre KAP. Similarly Hand washing
before eating has reached to 97% from 55%. Hand washing before feeding the babies has increased
from 62% to 76% and that before cooking has increased from 30% to 89%. The Summary is shown in
the table below.
Table No: 11.2 Change in Hygiene Behaviour
Description
After Defecation
Average Percentage (Total 15 Schemes)
Before
After
After Cleaning Children Bottom
44%
15%
95%
19%
Before cooking
30%
89%
Before eating
55%
97%
Before feeding babies
Materials used for washing hands
Water only
Soap and water
Ash and water
Mud and Water
Cover water pot
Appropriate disposal of waste
Covering of food
Mothers knowledge on ORT
62%
76%
85%
12%
6%
5%
23%
13%
43%
8%
8%
89%
7%
9%
96%
88%
94%
89%
Hygiene Promoters (HPs) in all schemes are selected and provided with ToT (Trainers of Trainers)
focused on hygiene promotion techniques using participatory methods. These promoters are selected
from the community by the WSUC themselves with the responsibility to deliver hygiene education to
the community. Hygiene promotion activities are focused at each tap stand to capture all households
in the village. The Health promoters go to each tap stands daily on rotation basis for the health and
hygiene related awareness dissemination. In addition to the tole education, they also regularly
conduct household visits and monitor the hygiene and sanitation progress of each HHs in monthly
basis.
Considering the vague content of traditional tole education and the level of understanding of the
participants CWN developed, a hygiene tool based on PHAST (Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation
Transformation Approach) integrating the total sanitation approach (CLTS). At the end of the project
completion, KIRDARC used the PHAST tools in some schemes of project implemented districts.
Surprisingly, it was found that the participants were increased in PHAST methodology that the
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traditional tole education. The reasons described by them were due to its easy understanding and the
lesson/session was just like the game.
Along with elders, children are also involved in the hygiene awareness campaigns and are responsible
to monitor the total sanitation activities in the village. The child clubs are formed in all the schemes
and 2 day orientation on hygiene and sanitation was given to the child club members. The roles and
responsibilities of the child club members were oriented to them. After that, we found the child clubs
as the major key to make able the community to declare as NOD village.
11.3
TARGETED RESULT 3
Implementing partners capacity to replicate and influence other organisations to adopt enhanced
innovative, holistic and proven approaches to water and sanitation is demonstrably increased
Indicators of Result 3:
ƒ
Risk and Vulnerability Assessments (RVAs) conducted in at least 50% of the schemes and are
addressed through modifications to programme design and implementation
ƒ
Eco-San and bio gas attached latrines, ram pump, soap from rittho (a local product) are tested,
assessed and documented in at least 1 village in programme
ƒ
Fish ponds, water recharges ponds, ram pump, water mill improvement, micro irrigation,
implemented in at least in 1 program village to provide livelihood opportunities
ƒ
At least 1 operation and maintenance fund has been mobilised into a functional saving and
credit group, which can sustainably provides low-interest loans to members as a demonstration
project
ƒ
Advocacy strategies developed and platforms for influencing and changing policies and
practices established (e.g., networks and coalitions formed)
ƒ
Action research conducted and disseminated on; cost and benefit of domestic PLUS scheme,
water sanitation and Dalits, promotion of IWRM principles in WATSAN Sector in Nepal including
MUS
ƒ
Effectiveness of previous years innovations studied on awareness raising through radio
program, water heating system, bathing unit, moving from CLTS to CLBSA
ƒ
Successful trials are rolled out and mainstreamed within approach of partner organizations
ƒ
Partners capacity on management of information system enhanced by improved MIS System ad
reflected in reports and documentation through use of graphical presentation and digital data
base
ƒ
Lesson learned documented, published and disseminated
In 2009, Concern made considerable effort to help implementing partners mainstream Disaster Risk
Reduction (DRR) at the institutional as well as at the operational level. DRR has been considered as
part of the design of all new water supply systems and integrated in at least half of them based on
sound understanding of the local disaster context. Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (RVA) is a
cornerstone of our DRR mainstreaming. Trainings on these topics conducted with our partner staff
have been received positively and led to greater incorporation of protection measurements that need
to be considered before initiating water and sanitation schemes. KIRDARC conducted intensive RVAs
in Naulomuhan, Kasaligaira, Ghodasin, Lorpa & Mehelbada schemes. The community were assigned
to find out the possible disasters in their village and after the prioritization of the possible disasters, the
action plan was set to cope with the disaster by the community themselves.
After the RVA, it was fund that the whole Mehelbada village is under risk of landslide and hence was
supported with disaster mitigation interventions. After the survey, the gabion support was done in the
scheme to minimize the possible risks of landslide. In addition to this, the plantation of economically
important plants like orange, lemon and walnut have been completed. This intervention will help the
community in two aspects one reduces the risks of possible hazard (landslide) and the next is
increases the economic opportunities by economically important plants.
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Project Completion Report - KIRDARC
Water Environment and Local Livelihoods - 2009-10
To demonstrate environmentally friendly technologies KIRDARC installed installing 6 units of ecosanitation toilets (using urine diversion) in three schemes of Jumla. Two eco san latrines (one wet and
one dry) have been constructed in Ghodasina, Lorpo and Pharsebada schemes. This technology is
helpful to provide multiple benefits to the environment and livelihoods of the users by providing
fertilizer, preventing pollution of surface and ground water and replenishing soil fertility.
To respond to the communities additional water demand for productive uses that can enhance their
either nutritional status or diversify livelihood, both of the partners were able to demonstrate fish
ponds, install irrigation systems for kitchen gardening, vegetable production was including orchards.
KIRDARC has constructed a fish pond in Lorpo of Jumla that can be a good source of income for the
community. Similarly micro-irrigation tank have been constructed in Ghodasina and Lorpo that will be
helpful to irrigate the land and hence the productivity.
To deal with the possible landslide in Mehelbada of Mugu, the gabion works have been completed
and the plantation of economically important plants like orange, lemon and walnut have been
completed. This intervention will help the community in two aspects one reduces the risks of possible
hazard (landslide) and the next is increases the economic opportunities by economically important
plants.
Installation of ram pump in Kudari 1 Kholigaun of Jumla that is aimed to pump water without
additional energy through just use of hydraulic pressure has been completed. This has encouraged
the community to adopt the new technology in the future to solve the water scarcity in similar area.
KIRDARC has been broadcasting hygiene and sanitation promotion program through its two
community radios in Jumla and Kalikot. Program named “Swasta Jeevan Chitikka” has been aired
through Community Radio Karnali FM in Jumla and Community Radio Naya Karnali in Kalikot district.
Total 53 episodes of the programs in Jumla and 35 episodes in Kalikot have been broadcasted till the
end of June 2010. Similarly, the program has awakened the community in hygiene and sanitation
related critical times.
12. DIFFICULTIES AND SOLUTIONS
The tough geographic location and landslides caused delay in completion of the project. The
obstruction of Karnali Highway in mid August 2009 halted the material transportation in Jumla and
Mugu. Similarly, the obstruction of highway due late monsoon rains till October 2009 delayed our
activities in Kalikot district. The scheme areas of Kalikot were nearly 30 hrs walking distance from read
head in Hulma Bajar. Carting bulky and unwieldy materials along narrow unstable paths with
precipitous drops has considerable logistical and safety challenges. In addition to this, the temporary
migration of male members of the house to India and other parts of the country created difficulty in
effective implementation of the program.
In the unavailability of materials in time due to the blockage of highway, KIRDARC even borrowed
necessary materials with the WatSan stakeholders in the district and completed the projects. The
major learning for us last year was to improve the effective logistic system.
The WATSAN Technical Advisor of CWN facilitated staff of NEWAH and KIRDARC in development of
their detailed implementation plans (DIP) for the year 2010. This helped us to implement the activities
effectively and was also the evaluation tool for the progress of the activity.
13. OPPORTUNITIES GRASPED
In response to the communities demand for additional water for productive use, with the help of
CWN, KIRDARC introduced Domestic PLUS to describe a new approach in which water service
provision meets people’s multiple water needs in an integrated manner whilst prioritizing and
ensuring vital domestic uses for consumption and basic sanitation. The PLUS activities can include
water uses at the household level for a range of small-scale activities that enable people to grow food,
earn income and eventually enhance the quality of their life. A domestic PLUS scheme can be a
complete water service delivery system with the ‘PLUS’ provision at the household level, or an ‘add-on’
to an existing water supply system.
Out of total 15 schemes 3 schemes in Jumla (that includes Ghodasin, Pharsibada and Lorpa) are
designed as inbuilt (designed from scratch) domestic plus. This means in these schemes, water was
been be used for both the domestic and productive purpose. The extra water after the domestic uses
has been collected in the separate water tank and that water will be used for irrigation for vegetable
farming.
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Project Completion Report - KIRDARC
Water Environment and Local Livelihoods - 2009-10
14. PARTICIPATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY TO COMMUNITIES
For ensuring downward accountability process, a complaint mechanism process has been initiated in
the working areas of CWN & KIRDARC. Complaint mechanism is a process/system in which the
beneficiaries/participants are able to express their concerns, issues, suggestions etc about the
implementing organisation, programme or project in a way that does not endanger them or could
lead to then being victimised. In return, the implementing organisation responds to the complaint in a
fair and transparent manner that leads to its efficient resolution. CWN & KIRDARC have established
the suggestion boxes in all the 5 schemes of Jumla and KIRDARC district office Jumla. The recorder is
provided to the women in the scheme so that being illiterate also; they can put their views regarding
the project and the supporting organizations.
Total of three public auditing have been completed in all the schemes. The last public audit was held
before the handover of the project to the community. The total money and materials received by the
community through KIRDARC was presented by the WSUC’s chairperson in front of all the community
members. The total expenditure of the project and the remaining balance in the bank account was
presented by the treasurer and secretary of the scheme to the community members. The KIRDARC
social technician presented the remaining materials that were hand over to the community after the
completion of the project.
Collaboration with Federation of Water and Sanitation Users Committee (FEDWASUN) has been
initiated in 2010 to foster downward accountability mechanism within FEDWASUN. For enhancing
the capacity of FEDWASUN, KIRDARC Jumla supported FEDWASUN Jumla branch with the furniture
and necessary equipments for establishment of the office. Beside this, all the Watsan schemes
implemented by KIRDARC are in the process of registration in FEDWASUN.
KIRDARC works in right based approach. It is the right of all the human beings to consume the
available services regardless of gender, caste and ethnicity. Considering this issue, KIRDARC facilitated
different communities in Jumla and Mugu for Caste Discrimination Free Village (CDFV). Six villages
were declared as caste discrimination free village. The community committed that they will not
discriminate any other caste in terms of caste and ethnicity in the coming future.
The table shows the CDFV declared clusters this year.
SN
1
2
3
4
5
6
VDC
Depalgaun
Guthichour
Talium
Hanku
Raralihi
Karkibada
Ward No
7
4
9
3
9
5& 6
Village
Foi
Manigaun
Jaitveed
Hanku
Lermi
Dhuma Gaun
District
Jumla
Jumla
Jumla
Jumla
Jumla
Mugu
Remarks
15. SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainability of any project depends on its ownership by the community, which could be measured
through community contribution in the form of time, cash, labour, and local materials for the
construction, operation and maintenance, and management of the project. A main governing factor
ensuring sustainability of the project is the capacity of the community to operate and manage the
project activities even after the phase out of the implementing organization. In relation to this,
KIRDARC ensures sustainability of its water, sanitation and hygiene interventions through involvement
of community people at all levels including their capacity building; the same strategy that it uses with
its implementing partners. Water services are demand driven, and much focus is given on the ignition
PRA process in sanitation interventions to make people aware through themselves on the need for
correct sanitation and hygiene practices.
The crucial part of the project is the sustainability of the project for a long run. For the sustainability of
the project, each WSUCs has raised the Operation and Maintenance (O&M) fund from all the HHs.
The community has raised Rs 500.00 per tap (all the consumers of the tap has to contribute
proportionally) and additional Rs 200.00 per HHs which have been deposited in the bank account of
each WSUC. Again, for the sustainability of the project, the community has set the norms. Rs 5-10 per
month per HHs will be levied by the WSUCs. The raised amount is paid to the care taker (Choukidar)
which is selected in all the schemes after the completion of the project.
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Project Completion Report - KIRDARC
Water Environment and Local Livelihoods - 2009-10
The community have used the multiple benefits from the water available from the system. They are
not only using the water for domestic purpose but also for the economic benefits (using water in
kitchen gardens, micro irrigation) after selling excess vegetables in nearby markets. With increased
availability of money (income), early repair and maintenance is becoming easy. The community
people are obligated for immediate maintenance as the obstruction in water supply will directly
hampers their economic activities (especially micro irrigation).
All of the water and sanitation schemes are implemented by the community themselves through the
Water Supply and Sanitation Users Committees (WSUCs). WSUC consists of local people representing
various segments of the community with a common understanding and goal, and a collective
capacity to transparently and effectively manage project activities along with the services as well as
the fund generated. To build their management capacities and sufficient knowledge, different
trainings to develop their working skills have been delivered to each members of WSUC. Post project
operation and maintenance of the project should be managed by the community people themselves.
Collection and use of the water service fund appropriately towards repair and maintenance of water
infrastructures as well as mobilization of the saved amounts to productive activities for the community
themselves, if ensues as expected, gives self-sufficiency to the community. Community based
monitoring and evaluation system gives ownership and responsibility of the project to the people.
After the initiation of the project, various community based capacity building activities have been
conducted. 5-days Project Management Committee (PMC) training was given to Water and Sanitation
Users Committee (WSUC). A 3-day Right Based Approach and Social Inclusion (RBA/SI) also called as
Gender and Social Inclusion (GSI) training was also conducted in each schemes. In addition to this 5 –
day Community Health Volunteer (CHV) training was given to the tap volunteers. Considering the
vital role of children in hygiene promotion in the community, 2-day Child to Child (C to C) training was
also conducted in all the schemes. 3-day Care taker training was conducted through which the care
takers being trained in each schemes will take care of their schemes in the future. For this 2-3 care
takers in each schemes were selected and trained. The post construction training was conducted in all
the schemes after the completion of the project to empower the community to sustain the schemes in
a long run.
Taking the sustainability as a major issue, A set of toolbox has been given to the WSUCs for the
maintenance of the structures after the handover of the project to the community. Moreover, two
people in each scheme was given the care taker training.
For generating accountability of the project within the implementing partners and towards their
target beneficiaries, post project monitoring process is encouraged. The process of complaint
mechanisms has been initiated.
16. MONITORING AND EVALUATION
Monitoring and evaluation were done from different level in this year. The WSUCs monitored the
overall activities of the project via regular meetings. The Social Technician and Health and Sanitation
Promoter directly monitored the evaluated the progress of the scheme regularly and reported
accordingly. The KIRDARC district level staffs regularly visited the program implemented areas and
gave necessary suggestion and feedbacks. In addition to this, KIRDARC senior management level from
Nepalgunj and Kathmandu level also frequently visited the program implemented areas.
Series of monitoring visits were conducted by CWN and ECHO this year. Mr Jurgen Tumler, Technical
Advisor from ECHO, along with CWN country representative Moire O'Sullevian conducted field visit to
Kalikot sites in April 2010. He gave some very productive suggestions and feedbacks for effective
implementation of program.
Regional Director of Concern Worldwide Lucia, Country Director Phillip Miller and Programme
Manager Cecial Adhikari visited the project areas of Jumla in early 2009 and gave valuable
suggestions and feedbacks.
Research and Advocacy Officer of Concern Worldwide Mr. Sanoj Tulachan along with Health and
Sanitation Officer and Social Technician visited Thapagaun, Lamra and Sharkibada which were the
project sites of previous years for research propose. In this, he explored the factors that are associated
with the success or failure of the program implementation.
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Project Completion Report - KIRDARC
Water Environment and Local Livelihoods - 2009-10
Concern Worldwide, Programme Manager Cecial Adhikari and Monitoring officer Sonu Shah along
with the Program Support Manager of KIRDARC visited the project areas of Mugu in June and gave
valuable suggestions and feedbacks.
Concern Worldwide WATSAN Monitoring and Evaluation Officer along with KIRDARC Nepal's Health
and Sanitation Officer visited both the hygiene schemes of Kalikot (Kumalgaun and Sannigad) and
gave necessary suggestions and feedbacks. In the visit, the team mainly focused on hygiene
promotion activities, smooth conduction of tole education, filling the observation checklists, proper
documentation of the data and site office management.
CWN WATSAN Monitoring and Evaluation Officer, Country Accountant and regional accountant of
funding agency visited Jumla and monitored the financial activities of the project. M/E officer along
with country Accountant and Regional Accountant visited the project area in water supply and
sanitation. He also gave necessary suggestion and feedback for effective programme implementation.
CWN regional Accountant Ms. Maccy, Country Accountant Mr. Suresh Pandit and Monitoring and
Evaluation Officer Mr. Sonu Shah visited Jumla district and monitored the financial activities running in
the district in July 2009. The team cross monitored about the relevancy of the data from the field level
and suggested to report the real data from the field. The team also observed the district store and
urged the district team to update the store immediately.
Similarly, CWN advisor Thomas and M&E officer visited the schemes of Kalikot the month of
September with the TS of Kalikot. Social Welfare Council members visited Jumla and observed the
different sites of Jumla and monitored the activities going on.
This year CWN supported KIRDARC in proper logistics management system also. In early April, Ms. Sue
Hodgson, ACDS Timor Leste also visited Jumla and after the visit conducted Logistics Management
Training which will help us to manage the logistics more effectively in the future.
A system of peer review was introduced by CWN through which we got the opportunity to visit the
schemes of NEWAH which enhanced learning between us, and brought us to tie up closer. Peer
review was completed in all program districts of Kalikot, Jumla, Mugu by NEWAH staffs and 2 clusters
in Jajarkot districts by KIRDARC staffs.
Follow up of the Past Projects
This year KIRDARC conducted “Looking Back Study” a study to visit the previously completed projects.
This was conducted in all the schemes of Jumla and Mugu that were completed during the period of
2006 to 2009. In the study, the existing situation of those scheme were analysed and the necessary
support for smooth functioning of those scheme was identified. The key findings were
•
The WSUCs were not functioning well because of lack of sufficient knowledge on utilizing
operation and maintenance fund (remain idle in their bank account)
•
The operation and maintenance fund was not utilized properly
•
Some of the caretakers (especially male) left their village in search of better job in town or in
India.
•
Some of the schemes were not functioning totally (one or two taps were not operating) due
to the lack of non-local materials
•
The latrines previously constructed were not used as it was to be used.
After the study the following activities were conducted.
Project Management Training
In the study it was found that the WSUCs were not functioning well as expected. Taking this issue the
Project Management Training was conducted. Participants of all the past schemes (18 in Jumla and 9
in Mugu) participated in the training.
The training focussed on the approach on how to function the WatSan schemes well in the coming
days.
Care Taker Training
The care takers of all the post schemes were given one day care taker training. The care takers who
are currently working as the choukidar in the scheme and the members of WSUCs participated in the
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Project Completion Report - KIRDARC
Water Environment and Local Livelihoods - 2009-10
training. They were refreshed about how to manage the minor technical problems that could arise in
the schemes.
Saving and Credit Training
During the Looking Back Study, it was found that, the Operation mad Maintenance fund that was
collected by the community was not utilized properly. Identifying this issue, KIRDARC conducted one
day saving and credit Training to the WSUSs in Jumla and Mugu. The training mainly focussed on
proper recording and mobilization of the operation and maintenance fund with in the village in the
form of saving and credit.
NOD Declaration
In addition to this, KIRDARC was able to facilitate the previous year’s implemented projects of Jumla
district to encourage the community themselves to declare their village/cluster as NOD village.
KIRDARC staffs facilitate the community to declare their cluster as NOD as the community was
supported in water and sanitation program by KIRDARC in the previous years.
The clusters that are declared as NOD are as follows.
Table: Additional NOD declared clusters
SN
1
2
3
4
5
6
Scheme/Village
Bata
Lashi
Kudu
Tirkhu
Muduli
Dhita
VDC
Patmara
Dillichour
Mahabaipaterkhola
Dillichour
Guthichour
Depalgaun
Ward No
7&8
4
6
6
9
1
District
Jumla
Jumla
Jumla
Jumla
Jumla
Jumla
25