CHAPTER 16: LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY OBJECTIVES
1.
Name the organs that compose the lymphatic system and give three general
functions performed by this system.
Control Disease
Bone Marrow
Thymus
Transport dietary fat
Lymph nodes
Transport excess tissue fluid back to blood
stream
Spleen
2.
Trace the flow of lymph from interstitial tissues to the bloodstream.
Lymphatic capillaries
Afferent lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Efferent Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic trunks
Collecting Duct
Subclavian Veins
3.
Discuss the function of anchoring filaments that surround lymphatic capillaries.
Open the space between lymphatic capillary cells so leaked tissue fluid can enter.
4.
Name four tissues that do not contain lymphatic capillaries.
CNS
Splenic pulp
Bone marrow
Avascular tissues
5.
Give the special name for lymphatic capillaries within the wall of the small
intestine.
Lacteals_________________
6.
Distinguish between an afferent and efferent lymphatic vessel.
Afferent
Efferent
Toward (Lymph Node)
Exit (Lymphatic Trunk)
7.
Explain how lymphatic vessels are similar to veins.
They carry low pressure fluid against gravity. They are equipped with valves.
8.
List the six primary body regions drained by lymphatic trunks.
Jugular trunk
Bronchomediastinal trunk
Intercostal trunk
Subclavian trunk
Intestinal trunk
Lumbar trunk
9.
Name the two lymphatic collecting ducts and indicate the portion of the body that
is drained by each.
Right Lymphatic Duct
Thoracic Duct (Left Lymphatic Duct)
Drains Left and lower right (75%) of body Drains upper right 25% of body
10.
Name the vein that each of the two collecting ducts deposit their lymph.
________Subclavian_____________________ vein
11.
Discuss the composition of interstitial fluid and lymph.
Plasma components minus proteins
12.
List the functions of lymph, noting its major function.
Absorb and transport dietary fats
Collect excess interstitial fluids and deliver back to the bloodstream
Deliver foreign particles to lymph nodes for removal and destruction (phagocytosis by
macrophages).
13.
Explain the forces involved in the movement of lymph.
It is similar to venous blood movement. It is aided by the action of skeletal muscle,
respiratory movement and valves in lymphatic vessels.
14.
Name the condition that occurs when lymphatic flow is obstructed. ____Edema_
15.
Discuss the structure, location, and major function of lymph nodes.
Bean shaped. Located along lymphatic pathways. Convex side receives the afferent
lymphatic vessels. The efferent vessel leaves on the concave side. Filters and remove
debris from lymph for removal and destruction (phagocytosis by macrophages).
16.
Discuss the structure, location, and major function of the spleen.
Located behind the stomach on the left side and it filters debris and worn cells from
blood.
White pulp = lymphocytes
Red pulp = red blood cells, lymphocytes and macrophages.
17.
Distinguish between the body fluids filtered by lymph nodes and those filtered by
the spleen.
Lymph nodes
Filter lymph
Spleen
Filters blood
18.
Name the cell responsible for the filtering action of the lymph node and spleen.
_____Macrophages______________________
19.
Discuss the structure, location, and major function of the thymus.
Located within the mediastinum, soft bi-lobed and decreases in size in adults. The
function is to process T-cells in immunity.
20.
Name the hormone secreted by the thymus that causes maturation of lymphocytes
that have migrated to other tissues. _______Thymosin_____________
21.
Describe what happens to the thymus as one ages. ______Shrinks___________
22.
Define the term pathogen.
Disease causing agent. Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, etc.
23.
Distinguish between the body's two types of defense mechanisms against
infections.
Specific Defense Mechanisms
Non-specific resistance
General defenses, protect against many Immunity, very specific
pathogens
24.
Define the term non-specific (innate) resistance and discuss the body's seven
major mechanisms.
Non specific (innate) – general defenses, protects against many pathogens.
Skin (Mechanical Barriers)
Mucous Membranes (Mechanical Barriers)
Phagocytosis
Inflammatory response
Fever
Interferons
Specific resistance
25.
Name the antibacterial enzyme present in tears. _______Lysozyme__________
26.
Discuss how interferons, defensins, and collectins aid in fighting infection.
Interferon – Secreted by non-infected cells in response to the presence of viruses. They
interfere with proliferation of viruses.
Defensins – destroys bacteria by punching holes in cell walls
Collectins – Protect by attaching themselves to a variety of microbes. Provide broad
protection against them.
27.
List the cardinal signs of inflammation.
Redness = rubor
Swelling = tumor
Heat = calor
Pain = dolor
28.
List the steps involved in the inflammatory process.
Inflammation is a tissue response to damage, injury, or infection.
Blood Vessels dilate increasing capillary permeability so blood floods area.
Chemicals released by damaged tissues attract various white blood cells to the site of
injury.
Tissue fluid leaks into area
Fibroblasts arrive
29.
Discuss the importance of phagocytosis, and indicate the origin of phagocytic
cells.
Phagocytosis – special white blood cells that destroy foreign particles from tissues and
body fluids.
Origin – Neutrophils or monocytes in the blood are called phagocytes. Those that leave
the blood through diapedesis are called macrophages.
30.
Define the term adaptive resistance/ immunity.
Specific attack on an antigen.
31.
Define the term antigen, and discuss how antigens cause immune responses to
occur.
Substance (usually a protein) that causes the formation of an antibody & reacts
specifically with that antibody causing an immune response.
32.
Discuss the origin and maturation of lymphocytes.
Stem cells in red bone marrow give rise to undifferentiated lymphocytes that are released
into the blood. Those that reach the thymus are processed into T-Cells; those that are not
processed by the thymus are most-likely processed in the fetal bone marrow and are
called B-Cells. The T & B cells are transported through the bloodstream and also inhabit
lymphatic organs.
33.
Discuss the process by which an immune response occurs, beginning with the
“antigen-presenting cell”.
Macrophages in the tissues receive the antigen first. They present the antigen to the Tcell, which then activates the B-Cell.
34.
Distinguish between T cells and B cells.
B-Cells
T-Cells
processed in the thymus
Function in cell mediated immunity
35.
processed in fetal bone marrow
Function in antibody-mediated immunity.
Distinguish between Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI) and Antibody-Mediated (or
humoral) Immunity (AMI).
Antibody-Mediated Immunity (AMI)
Cell Mediated Immunity (CMI)
Direct attack on the antigen
B-Cells provide an indirect attack on
T-Cells provide cell mediated immunity.
antigen.
Once processed, both T-Cells and B-Cells Once activated, B-Cells proliferate into
inhabit lymphatic organs.
large plasma cells that produce antibodies.
(Igs) that attack the antigen.
36.
Discuss the general structure of an antibody (immunoglobulin [Ig]).
Resemble a Y, with 4 amino acid chains; 2 heavy chains, and 2 light chains.
37.
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgD
IgE
Name the five major classes of immunoglobulin’s and list the major
characteristics of each.
80% Most abundant.
Only antibody to cross placenta.
13%
Defends against bacteria and viruses. Tears, saliva, breast milk.
6% 1st antibody to be secreted after initial exposure.
Located in plasma.
<1%
Located on the surface of most B lymphocytes.
<.1% Involved in allergic response.
Located on exposure gland secretion.
38.
Name the most abundant Ig.
___________IgG_______
39.
Name the only Ig that can cross the placenta. _______IgG_________
40.
Name the Ig produced during a primary immune response (IR). ____IgM_____
41.
Name the Ig produced in abnormal amounts during allergic reactions. ___IgE___
42.
Discuss the many actions of antibodies.
Attack antigens directly
Direct Attachment involves agglutination, precipitation, neutralization.
Activation of complement (Positive feedback mechanism) Opsonization, chemotaxis,
inflammation, lysis.
43.
Distinguish between agglutination, precipitation, neutralization, and lysis.
Agglutination: Antigens clump
Precipitation : Antigens become insoluble
Neutralization : Antigens lose toxic properties
Lysis : Cell membrane ruptures
44.
Name the positive feedback mechanism that is activated by antibodies and list its
effects.
Complement
45.
Compare and contrast a primary IR vs. a secondary IR.
IgM (Primary)
IgG(Secondary)
Slow
Huge/Quick
46.
Discuss the four practical classifications of immunity.
Naturally Acquired (ACTIVE)
Live Pathogen
Suffer disease symptoms
Artificially Acquired
Vaccine containing dead or weakened
(ACTIVE)
pathogen
Possible mild symptoms or no disease
symptoms
Naturally Acquired
IgG Antibodies that cross placenta from
(PASSIVE)
mom to fetus
Artificial Acquired
Injection of gamma globulin with ready
(PASSIVE)
made antibodies.
No immune response, short term immunity.
47.
Explain how immediate-type allergic reactions occur and proceed.
Inherited
Causes production of high IgE ;levels
When allergens combine with IgE, this causes mast cells to burst and release histamine
causing tissue damage.
Symptoms: hives, hay fever, asthma, eczema, gastric disturbances, anaphylactic shock.
48.
Name the four types of transplants performed.
Isograft
Autograft
Allograft
Xenograft
49.
Discuss the major problem that occurs in autoimmune disorders, and list some
possible causes of autoimmunity.
Can’t distinguish “self” from “non-self”. Maybe caused by previous viral infection,
faulty T-Cell development, persistent fetal cells.
50.
Explain the theory of “microchimerism”, as it relates to autoimmunity (AI).
Microchimerism seen Scleroderma most likely due to persistent fetal cells. This may
explain predominance of AI in females.