Thibodeau: Anatomy and Physiology, 5/e Chapter 1: Organization of the Body Organization of the Body A natural way to begin the study of human anatomy and physiology is to help students recognize that such a course is necessarily a subdivision of biology, or the "study of life." For this reason, it is essential to begin by helping students identify the characteristics of life: responsiveness, conductivity, growth, respiration, digestion, absorption, secretion, excretion, circulation, and reproduction. Second, because anatomy is concerned with the study of the relationship of an organism's parts, an overall view of the organization of the body as a whole creates a solid base on which to begin, since systems cannot exist in isolation from the rest of the body. Finally, it is important to recognize the frequently used terms for anatomical positions, axial and appendicular subdivisions, major cavities and their organs, abdominal regions and quadrants, and of course, the principle directional terms and body planes. Mastery of these terms is crucial before study of the human body begins in earnest. Objectives After students have completed this chapter, they should be able to: 1. Define the terms anatomy and physiology. 2. Describe the process of science. 3. Identify the classic characteristics of life. 4. List and discuss in order of increasing complexity the levels of organization of the body. 5. List and briefly discuss the major organ systems of the body and identify the functions of each. 6. Explain the interaction between structure and function. 7. Discuss the concept of body type (somatotype). 8. Define homeostasis. 9. Explain the importance of homeostatic control mechanisms and the operation of negative and positive feedback loops. 10. Describe the anatomical position. 11. Discuss and contrast the axial and appendicular subdivisions of the body by identifying the specific anatomical regions in each area. 12. List the nine abdominal regions and the four abdominal quadrants. 13. List and define the principle directional terms and body planes used in describing the body and the relationships of its parts. 14. Name the cavities of the body and identify the major organs in each. Lecture Outline I. Introduction (p. 4) II. Anatomy and Physiology (p. 5) A. Anatomy Copyright © 2003 Mosby, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1: Organization of the Body B. III. IV. V. Physiology The Process of Science (Fig. 1-1) A. Observations B. Hypothesis C. Experiment D. Theory E. Law Characteristics of Life (p. 6) A. Responsiveness B. Conductivity C. Growth D. Respiration E. Digestion F. Absorption G. Secretion H. Excretion I. Circulation J. Reproduction Levels of Organization (Fig. 1-3) A. Chemical level B. Organelle level C. Cellular level D. Tissue level E. Organ level F. System level (Table 1-1) F. 1. Outer protection 2. Support and movement 3. Communication, control, and integration 4. Transportation and defense 5. Processing, regulation, and maintenance 6. Reproduction and development Organism level VI. Anatomical Position (Fig. 1-4) VII. Body Cavities (Fig. 1-5) A. Ventral cavity (Table 1-2) 1. Thoracic cavity 2. Abdominopelvic cavity Copyright © 2003 Mosby, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 Chapter 1: Organization of the Body B. VIII. IX. Dorsal cavity 1. Cranial cavity 2. Spinal cavity Body Regions (Fig. 1-6, Table 1-3) A. Abdominal regions (Fig. 1-7) B. Abdominopelvic quadrants (Fig. 1-8) Terms Used in Describing Body Structure (p. 14) A. Directional terms 1. Superior and inferior 2. Anterior and posterior a. X. XI. 3 Ventral and dorsal 3. Medial and lateral 4. Proximal and distal 5. Superficial and deep Body Planes and Sections (Fig. 1-9) A. Sagittal B. Coronal C. Transverse Interaction of Structure and Function (p. 16) A. Body type and disease (Fig. 1-11) 1. Endomorph 2. Mesomorph 3. Ectomorph XII. Homeostasis (Fig. 1-12, 13) XIII. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms (p. 21) A. Basic components of control mechanisms (Fig. 1-14) 1. Afferent (sensory) mechanism 2. Integrating or control center 3. Effector (motor) mechanism 4. Feedback mechanisms B. Negative feedback control systems C. Positive feedback control systems XIV. Cycle of Life: Life Span Considerations (p. 26) XV. The Big Picture: Organization of the Body (p. 26) XVI. Mechanisms of Disease (p. 28) A. Some General Considerations B. Basic mechanisms of disease Copyright © 2003 Mosby, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1: Organization of the Body XVII. 4 1. Genetic mechanisms 2. Pathogenic organisms (Fig. 1-15) a. Prions b. Viruses c. Bacteria d. Fungi (yeast cells) e. Fungi (mold) f. Protozoans g. Pathogenic animals 3. Tumors and cancer 4. Physical and chemical agents 5. Malnutrition 6. Autoimmunity 7. Inflammation 8. Degeneration Disease Terminology (Box 1-4) A. Terms 1. Pathology 2. Diagnosis 3. Symptoms 4. Syndrome 5. Acute 6. Chronic 7. Idiopathic 8. Communicable 9. Pathogenesis 10. Epidemiology XVIII. Medical Imaging of the Body (Box 1-1) A. Radiography B. Computed tomography (CT) C. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) D. Ultrasonography Copyright © 2003 Mosby, Inc. All Rights Reserved.