Chapter 1 Lecture Outline Teacher
I.
II.
Anatomy and Physiology (p. 5)
A.
Anatomy – study of structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationships to one
another. Gross – large body structures. Microscopic – small structures
B.
Physiology – study of how the body and its parts function. Has many subdivisions
Characteristics of Life (p. 6)
A.
Responsiveness – permits an organism to sense, monitor, and respond to changes in its external
environment. Pin prick.
B.
Conductivity – the capacity of living cells and tissues to selectively transmit a signal from one
point to another. Responsiveness and conductive very developed in nerve and muscle cells.
C.
Growth – more cells increase in size of a person or organ. Little change in shape.
D.
Respiration – results in absorption, transport, utilization, or exchange of respiratory gases. Oxygen
and carbon dioxide. Blood and cells or blood and air.
E.
Digestion – process of breaking down food into simpler products. Several organ systems do this,
digestive, urinary, and respiratory.
F.
body fluids
Absorption – movement of digested nutrients through the wall of the digestive system into the
G.
Secretion – production and delivery of specialized substances for body functions
H.
Excretion – removal of waste
I.
Circulation – movement of body fluids from one body area to another
J.
Reproduction – formation of a new individuals and the formation of new cells (mitosis). Permit
growth, repair, and replacement of dead cells. Function of the reproductive system and is regulated by hormones.
III.
Levels of Organization (Fig. 1-3)
A.
Chemical level – atoms – building blocks of matter. Combine to form molecules
B.
Organelle level – molecules combine to form organelles
C.
Cellular level – organelles make up cells – smallest units of all living things
D.
different role
Tissue level – group of similar cells that have a common function; four basic types and each play a
E.
Organ level – structure that is composed of two or more tissue that perform a specific function;
complex functions become possible
F.
A.
System level (Table 1-1) – group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
1.
Outer protection - skin
2.
Support and movement – skeletal and muscular
3.
Communication, control, and integration – nervous and endocrine
4.
Transportation and defense – cardiovascular and lymphatic
5.
Respiration, nutrition, and excretion – respiratory, digestive, and urinary
6.
Reproduction and development - reproductive
Organism level – organ systems make up the living organism
Levels of organization figure 1-3 p 8
IV.
Anatomical Position (Fig. 1-4) – body erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at the sides, and palms facing
forward
V.
Body Cavities (Fig. 1-5)
A.
B.
Ventral cavity (Table 1-2) p 12
1.
Thoracic cavity
2.
Abdominopelvic cavity
Dorsal cavity – cranial and spinal; lies in the skull and lies in the spinal column
1.
Cranial cavity
2.
Spinal cavity
VI.
Body Regions (Fig. 1-6, Table 1-3) – two major portions: axial and appendicular; appendicular is upper and
lower extremities and their connections to the axial; axial is head, neck, and torso or trunk;
A.
regions p 14
B.
VII.
Abdominal regions (Fig. 1-7) nine abdominal regions p 12; table 1-5 descriptive terms for body
Abdominopelvic quadrants (Fig. 1-8)
Terms Used in Describing Body Structure (p. 14)
A.
Directional terms
1.
towards the feet (lower or below)
2.
Superior and inferior – superior towards the head (upper or above), inferior
Anterior and posterior – anterior front or in front of, posterior back or in back of
a.
Ventral and dorsal – ventral toward the belly, dorsal toward the back
3.
Medial and lateral – medial towards the midline, lateral toward the side away
4.
Proximal and distal – toward or nearest the trunk, distal means away from the
5.
Superficial and deep – nearer the surface, deep farther from the surface
from the midline
trunk
VIII.
Body Planes and Sections (Fig. 1-9)p 15
A.
Sagittal – lengthwise plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into
right and left sides
B.
Coronal – lengthwise plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into
anterior or posterior portions (frontal plant)
C.
Transverse – a crosswise plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts
(horizontal plane)
IX.
Homeostasis (Fig. 1-12, 13) – body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though
the outside world is continuously changing. Dynamic state of equilibrium, or balance internal conditions
change/vary within relatively narrow limits.
X.
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms (p. 21) – nervous and endocrine system (communication vital)
A.
Basic components of control mechanisms (Fig. 1-14)
1.
Afferent (sensory) mechanism – receptor; signal is traveling toward a point of
reference; responds to stimuli by sending info to second component (receptor to control center = afferent pathway)
2.
Integrating or control center – determines the level at which a variable is to be
maintained, analyzes info it receives and determines the correct response
3.
Effector (motor) mechanism – the signal is traveling away from the point of
reference(control center to the effector = efferent pathway) response feeds back
to influence stimulus either depressing it (negative) or enhancing it (positive).
4.
Feedback mechanisms – response to effector
B.
Negative feedback control systems – oppose a change by creating a response that is opposite the
direction to the initial disturbance; most common; ex) a drop in temp gets the production of heat
C.
Positive feedback control systems – amplify or reinforce the change that is occurring; controls
infrequent events that do not have to be maintained continuously; ex) blood clotting, birth of a baby (labor increases)
XI.
Mechanisms of Disease (p. 28)
A.
Some General Considerations
B.
Basic mechanisms of disease – disturbances to homeostasis and the body’s responses are the basic
cause of disease
1.
Genetic mechanisms – altered or mutated genes can cause abnormal proteins to
be made which often do not perform their correct function
2.
3.
Pathogenic organisms (Fig. 1-15) p 29 – pathogens organisms or particles that
damage the body; can interfere with normal body functions of the host causing
disease
a.
Prions
b.
Viruses
c.
Bacteria
d.
Fungi (yeast cells)
e.
Fungi (mold)
f.
Protozoans
g.
Pathogenic animals
Tumors and cancer – abnormal tissue growths
4.
Physical and chemical agents – toxic or destructive chemicals, extreme heat or
cold, mechanical injury, and radiation can affect the normal homeostasis of the body
5.
Malnutrition – insufficient or imbalanced intake of nutrients
6.
Autoimmunity – immune system attacks its own body
7.
Inflammation – speeds recovery from an infection or injury; if inflammation
occurs at the wrong time or for prolonged periods tissue damage may occur
8.
Degeneration – tissues sometimes break apart or degenerate; from disease can
occur at any time
XII.
Disease Terminology (Box 1-4)
A.
Terms
1.
Pathology – study of disease
2.
Diagnosis - identify
3.
Symptoms – subjective abnormalities that are felt only by the patient
4.
Syndrome – a collection of different signs and symptoms that occur together
5.
Acute – symptoms appear for a short time then disappear
6.
Chronic – develop slowly and last for a long time
7.
Idiopathic – diseases with undetermined causes
8.
Communicable – diseases that can be transmitted from one person to another
9.
Pathogenesis – pattern of disease development
10.
Epidemiology – study of occurrence, disturbance, and transmission of diseases
in human populations
Objectives
After students have completed this chapter, they should be able to:
1.
Define the terms anatomy and physiology.
2.
Describe the process of science.
3.
Identify the classic characteristics of life.
4.
List and discuss in order of increasing complexity the levels of organization of the body.
5.
List and briefly discuss the major organ systems of the body and identify the functions of each.
6.
Explain the interaction between structure and function.
7.
Discuss the concept of body type (somatotype).
8.
Define homeostasis.
9.
Explain the importance of homeostatic control mechanisms and the operation of negative and positive
feedback loops.
10.
Describe the anatomical position.
11.
Discuss and contrast the axial and appendicular subdivisions of the body by identifying the specific
anatomical regions in each area.
12.
List the nine abdominal regions and the four abdominal quadrants.
13.
List and define the principle directional terms and body planes used in describing the body and the
relationships of its parts.
14.
Name the cavities of the body and identify the major organs in each.