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Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation
I. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
1. Anatomy and subdivisions defined
A. Gross anatomy:
1.macroscopic2.regional3.systemic4.surfaceB. Microscopic anatomy:
1.cytology2.histologyC. Developmental anatomy:
1.embryologyD. Specialized anatomy:
1.pathological2.radiographic
3.molecular biology
2. Tools for the study of Anatomy
A. ObservationB. ManipulationC. Anatomical terminology3. Physiology and subdivision defined
A. Specific organ systems:(see fig. 1.2 p.6-7) know systems, organs and functions.
1.renal physiology2.neurophysiology3.cardiovascular4.pulmonary5.endocrine4. Complementarity of Structure and Function
A. Bones:
B. Blood flow in heart:
C. Gas exchange:
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2
II.
Hierarchy of Structural Organization (see fig. 1.1 p.5 for summary)
A. Chemical level:
1.atoms2.moleculesB. Cellular level:
1.organells2.specialized-
C. Tissue level:
1.epithelium2.muscle3.connective4.nervousD. Organ level:
1.minimum2.common3.specializedE. System level:
1. integumentary2. skeletal3. muscular4. nervous5. endocrine6. cardiovascular7. lymphatic/immune8. respiratory9. digestive10. urinary11. reproductiveIII. Maintaining Life (functional characteristics)
A. Interdependence:
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3
B. Functional characteristics:
1.Maintaining boundaries
a. membranesb. integumentary2.Movement
a. contractility3.Responsiveness (irritability)
a. stimulib. reflex arcc. internal controld. cellular response4.Digestion
a. breakdown1.physical2.chemicalb. absorption5. Metabolism (State of Change)
a. chemical reactionsb. synthesizingc. chemical energyd. control6. Excretion
a. indigestibleb. nitrogenic wastec. Co27. Reproduction
a. end results:
1. cells2. organism
8. Growth
a. anabolicb. catabolicC. Survival Needs: (factors that maintain life)
1. Nutrients
a. plant-derivedb. animal-derivedc. minerals, vitamins2. Oxygen
a. chemical reactionsb. brain cells3
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3. Water
a. proper environment
1. chemical reactions2. secretion & excretions4. Body temperature
a. lowb. high5. Atmospheric pressure
a. lowb. highSummary:
- mere presence of these factors is not sufficient to ensure life.
- Excesses and deficits are harmful to life.
IV. Homeostasis:
A. defined:
1. internal/external2. stable/static3. not unchanging4. balanceExamples: oxygen and Co2 levelsblood flow and heart ratebody temp. and related factorsB. General Characteristics of Control Mechanisms (see fig.1.4 p.11)
1. Communicationa. nervous systemb. endocrine system2. Variable3. Independent components of control:
a. receptors(1)
1.
2.
4
5
3.
b. control center(2)
1.
2.
3.
c. effector(3)
1.
2.
4.Results of control (feedback)
a. depress itb. enhance itC. Negative Feedback Mechanisms:
1. majority2. net effect3. goal4. negativeExample:
A) Non-biological
“Home heating/cooling system”
1. Variable:
1.
2. Set point:
2.
3. Receptor:
3.
4. Control center:
4.
5. Effector:
5.
6. Effect:
6.
7. Feedback Response: 7.
Biological “Blood Sugar”
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
D. Positive Feedback Mechanisms
1. control2. net effect3. goal
E. Examples of positive feedback:
1. Blood Clotting:
a.
b.
c.
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6
Thromboplastin
Initiate cascade
d.
e.
f.
2. Labor Contractions:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
E. Homeostatic Imbalance
1. Diseasea. negative feedbackb. positive feedbackc. agingV. The Language of Anatomy
A. Anatomical Position
1. Bodya. feet together
b. palms upward
c. thumbs away from body
d. right and left references are cadavers not the observer
2. Directional terms: (see Table 1.1 p.16) term and definitions.
3. Regional terms: (see fig.1.7 p.14…know all 53)
a. Axialb. Appendicular B. Body Planes and Sections
1. Sagittal planea. median planeb. missagittalc. parasagittal6
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2. Frontal planea. coronal plane3. Transverse planea. horizontal planeb. cross section
4. Oblique sectionsSummary:
C. Body Cavities and Membranes1. Dorsal body cavity:
a. cranial cavityb. vertebral cavity-
2. Ventral body cavitya. Thoracic cavity
1.
2.
3.
a. superior mediastinumb. (2) plural c. pericardial cavityb. Abdominopelvic cavity
1. seperationa. diaphragm2. made up of two cavitiesa. abdominal cavityb. pelvic cavityD. Membranes in the Ventral Body Cavity
1. Serous membranesa. very thin
b. double membrane2. Visceral Serosa3. Parietal Serosa4. Serous fluid5. Specific membranes7
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Ex. Cardiuma. parietal pericardiumb. pericardial fluidc. visceral pericardium6. Inflamationa. pleurisyb. peritonitisE. Other Body Cavities
1. oral2. digestive3. orbital4. middle ear5. synovialF. Abdominopelvic Regions/Quadrents: (see 1.11 p.22 and fig.1.12 p.23)
Know regions (9) and quadrents (4)
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