Hole’s Human Anatomy
and Physiology
Eleventh Edition
Mrs. Hummer
Hanover Area Jr./Sr. High School
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Anatomy and
Physiology
1
Chapter 1
Introduction to Human Anatomy
and Physiology
Why do we study anatomy
and physiology?
2
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy – study of structure
(Greek – “a cutting up”)
Physiology – study of function
(Greek – “relationship to nature”)
Structure is always related to function
3
Levels of Organization
Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, neutrons
Atom – tiny particles that form everything, hydrogen atom
Molecule – atoms bound together, water molecule
Macromolecule – small molecules combined, protein
molecule, DNA molecule
Organelle – structures in cells, mitochondrion, Golgi
apparatus, nucleus
Cell – basic unit of structure and function, muscle
cell, nerve cell
Tissue – groups of cells, simple squamous epithelium, loose
connective tissue
Organ – groups of tissues working together, skin,
femur, heart, kidney
Organ System – groups of organs working together,
skeletal system, digestive system
4
Organism – interacting organ systems, human
Levels of Organization
5
Clinical Application
Medical Imaging
• Noninvasive procedures
• Provide images of soft internal
structures
Ultrasonography
• Use of high-frequency
sound waves
• Relatively quick and
inexpensive
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Requires injection of dye
• Produces computerized
images from different
angles
• Uses a magnet and a
specialized radio antenna
6
Characteristics of Life
Movement – change in position; motion
Responsiveness – reaction to a change
Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape
Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells
Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing
carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods
7
Characteristics of Life
Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler
forms
Absorption – passage of substances through
membranes and into body fluids
Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into
chemically different forms
Excretion – removal of wastes produced by
metabolic reactions
8
Requirements of Organisms
Metabolism- the physical and chemical events
that obtain, release and utilize energy
Life depends on five environmental factors
•  water
•  food
•  oxygen
•  heat
•  pressure
9
Requirements of Organisms
Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature
Food
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials
10
Requirements of Organisms
Oxygen (Gas)
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
Pressure
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing
11
Homeostasis
Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment
Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the
internal environment and corrects any changes
• Receptors - provide information about stimuli
• Control center - tells what a particular value should be
(includes a set point)
• Effectors - elicit responses that change conditions in the
12
internal environment (muscles, glands)
Homeostatic Mechanisms
13
Homeostatic Mechanisms
14
Notebook #1
Understanding Words pg.1
1.  Why did the study of the human body begin with
attempts to understand illness and injury rather than
attempts to understand the human body?
2.  List the changes in the disease spectrum that came with
the change in life style from hunter gatherer to
agriculture.
3.  Describe the ways in which the rise in science
paralleled human pre-history and history.
4.  Dissection of the human body became an important
activity in the study of the human body in the ______
century.
15
16
Organ Systems
17
18
Organ Systems
19
20
Organ Systems
21
22
Organ Systems
23
24
Organ Systems
25
26
Organ Systems
27
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward,
upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward
Terms of Relative Position
•  Superior versus Inferior -above/below
• Anterior versus Posterior -front/back
• Medial versus Lateral -midline/side
• Proximal versus Distal -close to trunk/farther from trunk
• Superficial versus Deep -surface/internal
28
Body Sections
• Sagittal- divides right and left portions
• Transverse or Horizontal- divides above and
below portions
• Coronal or Frontal- front and back portions
• Cross section, Oblique, Longitudinal
29
Body Sections
30
Body Sections
sagittal
transverse
coronal
31
Body Sections
32
cross
oblique
longitudinal
Notebook #2
Critical Thinking Questions
#1,4,5,6,7
Review Exercises
Part A
#1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,15,17
Part B
#1
33