___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ PSYCHOLOGY
___________________________________ (8th Edition, in Modules)
David Myers
___________________________________ PowerPoint Slides
Aneeq Ahmad
Henderson State University
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Worth Publishers, © 2007
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___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Neural and Hormonal Systems
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Module 4
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___________________________________ Neural and Hormonal Systems
___________________________________ Neural Communication
___________________________________ ƒ Neurons
___________________________________ ƒ How Neurons Communicate
ƒ How Neurotransmitters Influence Us
___________________________________ ___________________________________ The Nervous System
ƒ The Peripheral Nervous System
___________________________________ ƒ The Central Nervous System
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 4 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 1
___________________________________ Neural and Hormonal Systems
___________________________________ The Endocrine System
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 4
OBJECTIVE 4‐1| Explain why psychologists History of the Mind are concerned with human biology, and Ancient conceptions about mind
describe the ill‐fated phrenology theory. ___________________________________ Plato correctly located mind in the brain, however his student Aristotle believed that mind was in the heart.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Today we believe mind and brain are faces of the same coin. Everything that is psychological is simultaneously biological.
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___________________________________ History of the Mind
___________________________________ Phrenology
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Bettman/ Corbis
In 1800, Franz Gall suggested, that bumps of the skull represented mental abilities. His theory though incorrect, nevertheless proposed different mental abilities were modular.
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___________________________________ Neural Communication
___________________________________ The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells called neurons.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 7
OBJECTIVE 4‐2| Explain how viewing each Neural Communication
person as a biopsychosocial system helps us understand human behavior, and discuss why We are biopsychosocial systems.
Cellular Level
(Interconnected
Neurons)
Ethnic Level
(Culture)
Organ Level
(Brain)
Group Level
(Family)
researchers study other animals in search of Community Level
(Society)
clues to human neural processes. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ System Level
(Information
Processing)
___________________________________ Individual Level
(Human Being)
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___________________________________ Neural Communication
___________________________________ Neurobiologists and other investigators understand that information processing in humans and animals operate similarly.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Note similarity of brain regions involved with
information processing of similar kind.
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OBJECTIVE 4‐3| Describe parts of a neuron Neuron and explain how its impulses are generated. ___________________________________ A nerve cell or a neuron consists of many different parts.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 10
___________________________________ Parts of a Neuron ___________________________________ Cell Body: Life support center of the neuron.
___________________________________ Dendrites: Branching extensions at the cell body. Receives messages from other neurons.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Axon: Long single extension of a neuron, covered with myelin [MY‐uh‐lin] sheath to insulate and speed up messages through neurons.
___________________________________ Terminal Branches of axon: Branched ending of axons. Transmitting messages to other neurons.
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___________________________________ Action Potential
___________________________________ A neural impulse. A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 12
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___________________________________ Depolarization & Hyperpolarization Depolarization: Depolarization occurs, when positive ions enter the neuron, making it more susceptible to fire an action potential. When negative ions enter the neuron making it less susceptible to fire, hyperpolarization occurs.
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___________________________________ Threshold ___________________________________ Threshold: Each neuron receives depolarizing and hyperpolarizing currents from many neurons. When the depolarizing current (positive ions) minus the hyperpolarizing current (negative ions) exceed minimum intensity (threshold) the neuron fires an action potential.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 14
___________________________________ Refractory Period & Pumps ___________________________________ Refractory Period: After a neuron has fired an action potential it pauses for a short period to recharge itself to fire again.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Sodium‐Potassium Pumps: Sodium‐potassium pumps pump positive ions out from the inside of the neuron, making them ready for another action potential.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 15
Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 4 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 5
___________________________________ Action Potential Properties
___________________________________ All‐or‐None Response: When depolarizing current exceeds the threshold a neuron will fire, and below threshold it will not.
___________________________________ Intensity of an action potential remains the same, throughout the length of the axon.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 16
OBJECTIVE 4‐4| Describe how nerve cells Synapse communicate. Synapse was coined by Lord Sherrington (1857‐1952) who inferred it through Synapse [SIN‐aps] a junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. This tiny gap is called the synaptic gap or cleft.
behavioral experiments. Cajal (1852‐1934) described the synapse based on his anatomical studies of the brain. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 17
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Neurotransmitters
___________________________________ Neurotransmitters (chemicals) released from the sending neuron, travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing it to generate an action potential. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 18
Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 4 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 6
___________________________________ Reuptake
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Neurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbed into the sending neurons through the process of reuptake. This process applies brakes on neurotransmitter action.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 19
OBJECTIVE 4‐5| Describe how How Neurotransmitters Influence Us
neurotransmitters affect behavior and outline the effects of acetylcholine and endorphins. ___________________________________ Serotonin pathways are involved with mood regulation. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989
University of California Press
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___________________________________ Dopamine Pathways
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Dopamine pathways are involved with diseases like schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989
University of California Press
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 4 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 7
___________________________________ Neurotransmitters
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 22
OBJECTIVE 4‐6| Explain how drugs and other Lock & Key Mechanism
chemicals affect neurotransmission, and describe the contrasting effects of agonists and Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the receiving neuron in a key‐lock mechanism.
antagonists. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 23
___________________________________ Agonists
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 24
Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 4 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 8
___________________________________ Antagonists
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 25
OBJECTIVE 4‐7| Describe the nervous Nervous System
system’s two major divisions, and identify the tree types of neurons that transmit information through the system. Central
Nervous
System
(CNS)
Peripheral
Nervous
System
(PNS)
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 26
___________________________________ The Nervous System
___________________________________ Nervous System: Consists of all the nerve cells. It is the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Central Nervous System (CNS): the brain and spinal cord.
___________________________________ Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ 27
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___________________________________ The Nervous System
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 28
___________________________________ Kinds of Neurons
___________________________________ Sensory Neurons carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the CNS. Motor Neurons carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands. Interneurons connect the two neurons.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Interneuron Neuron (Unipolar) Sensory Neuron
(Bipolar) ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Motor Neuron
(Multipolar) 29
___________________________________ Kinds of Glia Cells
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Astrocytes provide nutrition to neurons. Oligodendrocytes
and Schwann cells insulate neurons as myelin. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Astrocytes
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OBJECTIVE 4‐8| Identify the subdivisions of Peripheral Nervous System
the peripheral nervous system, and describe Somatic Nervous System: The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles.
their functions. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Autonomic Nervous System: Part of the PNS that controls the glands and other muscles.
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___________________________________ The Nerves
___________________________________ Nerves consist of neural “cables” containing many axons. They are part of the peripheral nervous system, and connect muscles, glands, and sense organs to the central nervous system.
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___________________________________ Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
___________________________________ Sympathetic Nervous System: division of the ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.
___________________________________ Parasympathetic Nervous System: division of the ANS that calms the body, conserving its energy.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 33
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___________________________________ Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Sympathetic NS “Arouses”
(fight‐or‐flight)
___________________________________ ___________________________________ Parasympathetic NS “Calms”
(rest and digest)
___________________________________ ___________________________________ 34
OBJECTIVE 4‐9| Contrast the simplicity of the Central Nervous System
reflex pathways with the complexity of neural networks. The Spinal Cord and Reflexes
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Simple Reflex
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___________________________________ Central Nervous System
___________________________________ The Brain and Neural Networks
Interconnected neurons form networks in the brain. Theses networks are complex and modify with growth and experience.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Complex Neural Network
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OBJECTIVE 4‐10| Describe the nature and The Endocrine System
functions of the endocrine system and its interaction with the nervous system. Endocrine System is the body’s “slow”
chemical communication system. Communication is carried out by hormones synthesized by a set of glands.
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___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Hormones
___________________________________ Hormones are chemicals synthesized by the endocrine glands and secreted in the bloodstream. Hormones affect the brain many other tissues of the body.
___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ For example, epinephrine (adrenaline) increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar and feelings of excitement during emergency situations.
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___________________________________ Pituitary Gland
___________________________________ Is called the “master gland.” Anterior pituitary lobe releases hormones that regulate other glands. Posterior lobe regulates water and salt balance.
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___________________________________ Thyroid & Parathyroid Glands
___________________________________ Regulate metabolic and calcium rate. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 40
___________________________________ Adrenal Glands
___________________________________ Adrenal glands consists of adrenal medulla and cortex. Medulla secretes hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) during stress and emotions, and adrenal cortex regulates salt and carbohydrate metabolism.
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___________________________________ Gonads
___________________________________ Sex glands are differentially placed in men and women. Regulate bodily development and maintain reproductive organs in adults.
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