589 622 711 732 756 801 929 1035 1066 1085 1086 1095 1110 1118 1121 1144 1147 1212 1228 1230 1235 1236 1238 1248 1309 1348 1391 1469 1478 1492 1496 1498 1502 1525 1609-­‐1614 Chronology 589-­1614 Visigothic conversion from Arianism to Catholicism at the Third Council of Toledo. Foundation of Islam –flight of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina Muslim armies arrive in the Iberian Peninsula Charles Martel defeats Muslim forces from al-­‐Andalus at the Battle of Poitiers ‘Abd al-­‐Rahman I establishes Umayyad dynasty as Amirs in al-­‐Andalus Carolingians take Barcelona ‘Abd al-­‐Rahman III establishes the Umayyad caliphate in al-­‐Andalus Beginning of Almoravid movement in Africa. Massacre of Jews in Granada Alfonso VI of Leon-­‐Castile captures Toledo. Muslim rulers in al-­‐Andalus seek military assistance from the Almoravids. Almoravids defeat Alfonso VI at the Battle of Zallaqa, and establish their rule in al-­‐
Andalus shortly after. Pope Urban launches First Crusade to the Holy Land. Almoravids take control of the Taifa of Zaragoza. Alfonso I of Aragon captures Zaragoza. Ibn Tumart begins to preach Almohad doctrine in the Maghrib Demise of Almoravid power in al-­‐Andalus. Almohads arrive in al-­‐Andalus from North Africa. Strict Almohad policies lead to an exodus of Jews from al-­‐Andalus, and many seek refuge in the Christian north. Combined forces of Castile, Aragon, and Navarre defeat the Almohads at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa Almohads depart from al-­‐Andalus. Permanent union of Castile and Leon under Fernando III Nasrid dynasty established in Granada. Fernando III of Castile captures Cordoba. Jaime I of Aragon captures Valencia. Fernando III of Castile captures Seville. Ineffectual alliance between Castile and Aragon against Granada. The Black Death arrives in Europe. Jewish Pogroms throughout the Christian Peninsula Wedding of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon (The Catholic Monarchs) Establishment of the Inquisition in Spain Granada surrenders to The Catholic Monarchs; Christopher Columbus sets sail; Jews are expelled from Castile and Aragon Jews expelled from Portugal Jews expelled from Navarre After a period of rebellion, the Muslims of Castile are forced to choose between exile and conversion to Christianity. Muslims in Aragon are forced to choose between exile and conversion. Moriscos expelled from the Iberian Peninsula. Chronology 1936-­2006 1936-­‐39: Spanish Civil War 1939-­‐45: World War II & the Shoah 1945: Yitzak Baer writes A History of the Jews in Christian Spain 1948: Ameríco Castro writes The Structure of Spanish History 1956: Claudio Sánchez-­‐Albornoz writes Spain: A Historical Enigma 1960: Eliyahu Ashtor publishes The Jews of Moslem Spain 1975: End of the Franco regime in Spain 1978: Spain’s democratic constitution guarantees freedom of religion 1982: Law passes granting Spanish nationality to descendants of Jews expelled 1986: Spain enters the EU and recognizes Israel 1990-­‐1991: 1st Persian Gulf War 1992: (500 years later) Arab-­‐Israeli Peace Talks (1991-­‐1993); Universal Expo in Seville; Olympic Games in Barcelona; King attends a Mosque opening in Madrid & reconciles with the Jewish community in a ceremony called “Sefarad 1992” 1993: Samuel Huntington publishes “The Clash of Civilizations?” in Foreign Affairs 1996: David Nirenberg publishes Communities of Violence 2001: September 11 attacks in New York and Washington, DC 2002: Maria Rosa Menocal publishes The Ornament of the World 2003: Iraq war begins; “Santiago Matamoros” (St. James the Moor Killer) crosses issued to Spanish soldiers serving in Iraq 2004: March 11 attacks in Madrid 2005: Spain’s King Carlos visits Morocco; does not apologize to Marisco descendants 2006: Zacarias Moussaoui (20th 9/11 hijacker) issues his 1st demand in US Court – “the return of Spain to the Moors”