Green Fluorescent Protein II:
Bacterial Transformation
Objective
To get some experience with recombinant DNA techniques and to genetically alter a bacterial
strain to produce a particular protein.
Background
Note that we have not covered this material in lecture yet, so, for today, you will need to do
some things without completely understanding them. Even if all the details are not clear, the
big picture is based on some pretty simple extensions of the genetics you already know. As the
course continues, what you have done today will be clearer.
Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) is a protein produced by the jellyfish Aequoria victoria. The
protein fluoresces green when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. The goal of today’s lab is to
change the genes of a bacterium so that it now makes GFP and will fluoresce in UV light.
In today’s lab, you will add a small DNA molecule called a plasmid to a bacterium called E.
coli. These bacteria are the workhorse of modern recombinant DNA technology. The bacteria
you are starting with cannot produce GFP (since the gene is normally only found in the
jellyfish) and are killed by (aka “sensitive to”) the antibiotic ampicillin
The plasmid you will be adding is called “pGLO” and it contains two genes:
• Ampicillin Resistance – this is a gene that confers the dominant phenotype of resistance
to the antibiotic ampicillin.
• GFP – this is a gene that produces the GFP protein in bacteria.
You will add the pGLO DNA to bacteria that have been treated to make them “competent” –
that is, ready to take up DNA from the environment. However, only a very small fraction
(fewer than 1 in 1,000,000) of the bacteria will take up the DNA.
The bacteria that do take up the pGLO DNA now have the genes on pGLO added to their
genome. They have been “transformed”. These bacteria are now resistant to ampicillin and
produce GFP.
We next select for the transformed bacteria by growing the cells in the presence of ampicillin.
Un-transformed cells are sensitive to ampicillin and are killed. However, those that were
transformed with pGLO are resistant to ampicillin and will grow.
We will be growing our cells on solid medium, so a single surviving cell will give rise to a
“colony” of 108 cells – a small pile of cells, all descendants of that original transformed cell. All
the cells in the colony will carry pGLO and thus be ampicillin resistant and make GFP.
GFP II: Transformation - 3
The genetic map of pGLO is shown below:
You can see the genes for ampicillin resistance (AmpR) and GFP; each of these genes has a
promoter. We will talk more about plasmids and how they work in lecture.
Procedure I: Transformation
WARNINGS:
1. In general, the lab is unforgiving of mistakes like using the wrong solution or taking the
wrong amount. The construction folks at “This Old House”, say “Measure twice; cut
once.“ We’ll adapt this to “Check twice; pipette once”.
2. Although the E. coli strain we use is non-pathogenic (it is not known to cause disease in
healthy individuals), you should be careful with it. Always wear gloves, don’t eat or drink in
lab, and wash your hands thoroughly when you are all done.
3. Sterile Technique: Contamination is a big problem – it’s a dirty world we live in. You
should assume that all surfaces are crawling with nasty microbes. Never let any of the
sterile picks, pipettes, etc touch anything except the tube, plate, solution, or colony. If you
even think that you’ve touched something you shouldn’t, discard the loop, pipette, etc and
get a clean one.
GFP II: Transformation - 4
Note that while the figures show plastic transfer pipettes, we will be using pipetmen.
Transformation Kit—Quick Guide
-pGLO
+pGLO
1) Label one closed micro test tube +pGLO and another -pGLO.
1. Label one
closed micro test tube
Transformation
Label both tubes with your group’s
name.
Place-pGLO.
them in the Kit—Quick Guide
+pGLO
and another
1. Label one
closed
micro with
test tube
foam tube rack.
Label
both tubes
your
-pGLO
+pGLO
-pGLO
-pGLO
-pGLO
-pGLO
+pGLO
+pGLO
+pGLO
+pGLO
+pGLO
+pGLO
+pGLO
+pGLO
+pGLO
+pGLO
+pGLO
-pGLO
-pGLO
-pGLO
+pGLO
-pGLO
-pGLO
+pGLO
+pGLO
+pGLO
+pGLO
-pGLO
+pGLO
-pGLO
+pGLO
+pGLO
+pGLO
QUICK GUIDE
QUICK GUIDE
GUIDE
QUICK
GUIDE
QUICK
QUICK GUIDE
+pGLO
-pGLO
+pGLO
-pGLO
+pGLO
Transformation
Kit—Quick Guide
+pGLO
and another
-pGLO.
group’s
name.
Place them in the
Label both
tubes
with
your
tube rack.
1. group’s
Labelfoam
one
closed
micro
test
name.
Place
them
in tube
the
+pGLO
and
another
-pGLO.
2) Open the tubes and using
P1000
set
to
“0
2
5”,
250 µl
foam tube rack.
Transformation
Kit—Quick
Guide
Label
both
tubes
with
your
transfer 250μl of transformation solution (CaCl2) into
250 µl
group’s name. Place them in the
each tube.
1. Label foam
one closed
micro test tube
tube rack.
+pGLO and
another
Transformation
2. Open
the -pGLO.
tubes and using a Kit—Quick Guide
250 µl
Label both tubes
with
your
sterile
transfer
transfer
1. Label
onename.
closedPlace
microthem
test pipet,
tube
group’s
in
the
2. Open the
and using a solution
250tubes
µl of-pGLO.
transformation
Transformation
+pGLO
and another
foam sterile
tube
rack.
transfer) pipet,
transfer
solution
(CaC1
into
2 youreach tube.
Label both tubes with
250 µl of transformation solution
Transformation
250 µl
group’s
name.the
Place
them
the a
2. (CaC1
Open
tubes
andinusing
solution
2) into each tube.
foam tube
rack.
sterile transfer pipet, transfer
250 µl of transformation solution
Transformation
250 µl
3. Place
the tubes on crushed ice. solution
(CaC1
2) into each tube.
2. Open the tubes
anduse
using
a ice.
Do not
cubed
sterile
transfer
transfer
3. Place
thepipet,
tubes
on crushed ice.
250 µlDo
of not
transformation
solution
Transformation
3) Place the tubes on
ice.use
Docubed
not ice.
use
cubed ice.
2. crushed
Open
the)tubes
and
using
a
solution
(CaC1
into
each
tube.
Ice
2 4. Use a sterile loop to pick up a
sterile3.transfer
transfer
Place pipet,
the tubes
on crushed ice.
single
colony
of
bacteria
from
your
250 µl ofDo
transformation
solution
Transformation
use cubed
ice.
Ice
4. Use not
a sterile
loop
pickup
upthe
a +pGLO
starter
plate.toPick
solution
(CaC12) into each
tube.
single colony
of immerse
bacteria from
yourinto the
tube and
the loop
plate.on
Pick
up the
+pGLO
transformation
solution
3. Placestarter
the tubes
crushed
ice.at the
Ice
4. tube
Use and
a sterile
loop to
pick
upinto
a the
immerse
loopSpin
bottom
of thethe
tube.
the loop
Do not
use
cubed
ice.
single
colony
of
bacteria
from
your
transformation
at the
betweensolution
your index
finger and
starter
plate.
Pick
up
the
+pGLO
3. Place the
tubes
on until
crushed
ice.
bottom
of
the
tube.
Spin
the
loop is
thumb
the
entire
colony
tubecubed
andyour
immerse
the
loopand
into the
notabetween
use
ice.
index
finger
dispersed
in the
transformation
Ice
4.DoUse
sterile
loop
to
pick
up
a
transformation
solution
at theis
thumb
until
the
entire
colony
(withfrom
no floating
chunks).
single bottom
colonysolution
of
bacteria
your
of in
thethe
tube.
Spin
the
loop
dispersed
transformation
tube
back
the tube
4) Use a sterile loop to starter
pickup
a Place
single
colony
ofin
plate.
Pick
up the
+pGLO
between
your
index
finger
and
Ice
4. Use
a
sterile
loop
to
pick
up
a
solution
(with
no
floating
chunks).
rack
in
the
ice.
Using
a
tube plate.
and immerse
the
loop
the new sterile
bacteria from your starter
Pick
up
theinto
thumb
until
the
entire
colony
is
single
colony
of
bacteria
from
your
Place the
tube
back
inthe
the-pGLO
tube tube.
loop,
repeat
for
transformation
solution
atthe
the
+pGLO tube and immerse
the
loop
dispersed
ininto
the
transformation
starter
plate.
up
the
+pGLO
rack
inPick
the
ice.
Using
a
new
sterile DNA
bottom
of5.the
tube.
Spin
the
loop
-pGLO
Examine
the
pGLOchunks).
plasmid
solution
(with
no
floating
transformation solution
at
the
bottom
of
the
tube
and
immerse
the
loop
into
the
loop,
repeat
for
the
-pGLO
tube.
between your
index finger
and
solution
with
the
UV
lamp.
Note
Place
the
tubeat
back
in the tube
transformation
solution
the
tube. Spin the loop between
your
index
finger
thumb
until
the
entire
colony
is Immerse
-pGLO
5. Examine
the
pGLO
plasmid
DNA
your
observations.
rack
in
the
ice.
Using
a new
sterilea new
bottom
of
the
tube.
Spin
the
loop
and thumb until the entire
colony
istransformation
dispersed
dispersed
insterile
the
solution
with
the
UV
lamp.
Note
loop
into-pGLO
the plasmid
DNA
loop,
repeat
for
the
tube.
your
index
finger and
solution
(with
no floating
chunks). a loopful.
in the transformationbetween
solution
(with
no
floating
your
observations.
Immerse
new
stock
tube.
Withdraw
thumb
until
the
entire
colony
is
-pGLO
5.
Examine
the
pGLO
plasmid
DNA
Place
the
tube
back
in
the
tube
sterile
loop
into
the
plasmid
DNA
There
should
be
a
film
of
chunks). Place the tube
backsolution
inthe
the
tube
rack
in Noteplasmid
dispersed
in
transformation
with
the
UV
lamp.
rack instock
the ice.
Using
a newathe
sterile
tube.
Withdraw
loopful.
solution
across
ring.
This is
the ice. Using a new sterile
loop,
repeat
for
the
- a new
solution
(with
no
chunks).
your
observations.
Immerse
loop, repeat
forfloating
the to
-pGLO
tube.
similar
seeing
a soapy
film
There
should
be
a film
of
plasmid
Place the
tube loop
backinto
in the
pGLO tube.
sterile
thetube
plasmid
across
aplasmid
ring
for DNA
blowing
solution
across
the
ring.
ThisDNA
is soap
-pGLO
5.rack
Examine
the
pGLO
in the
ice.tube.
UsingWithdraw
a new sterile
stock
aloopful
loopful.
bubbles.
Mix
the
similar
to
seeing
a soapy
film into the cell
solution
with
the
UV
lamp.
Note
loop, repeat
forshould
the -pGLO
tube.of plasmid
There
beblowing
aoffilm
suspension
the
across
a ring Immerse
for
soap tube.
your observations.
a +pGLO
new
solution
across
the
ring.
This
-pGLO
5. Examine
the
pGLO
plasmid
DNA
Optionally,
pipet
10
µlthe
ofispGLO
Mix
the loopful
into
cell
sterilebubbles.
loop into
the plasmid
DNA
plasmid DNA
similar
toUV
seeing
a+pGLO
soapy
film
solution
with
the
lamp.
Note
plasmid
into
the
+pGLO
tube
and
suspension
of
the
tube.
-pGLO
stock tube. DNA
Withdraw
a loopful.
5) Examine the pGLOyour
plasmid
solution
acrossmix.
a ring
forthe
blowing
soap
observations.
Immerse
a of
new
Close
-pGLO
tube and return
Optionally,
pipet
10
µl
pGLO
There
should
be
a
film
of
plasmid
with the UV lamp. Note
your
observations.
plasmid DNA
bubbles.
Mix
the
loopful
into
cell
sterile
loop
into
plasmid
DNA
itthe
to
the
rack
on
ice.
Dothe
not
add
plasmid
into
the
+pGLO
and
-pGLO
solution
across
the
ring.
This
istube
suspension
of
the
+pGLO
tube.
stock
tube.
Withdraw
a
loopful.
Using a pipettor, put 10μl
of
plasmid
DNA film
to
theand
-pGLO
mix.
Close
the
-pGLO
tube
returntube.
similar
topGLO
seeing
aplasmid
soapy
pipet
10
µl of
should
be
film
of
plasmid
Why
not?
Close
thepGLO
-pGLGO tube plasmid DNA
itOptionally,
to
the
rack
on
ice.
Do
not
add
into the +pGLO tube There
and
mix.
Close
the
+pGLO
across
a ring
fora blowing
soap
plasmid
into
the
+pGLO
tube
andice.
-pGLO
solution
across
the
ring.
This
is
and
return
it
to
the
rack
on
plasmid
DNA
to
the
-pGLO
tube.
bubbles.
Mix the
loopful
into the
cell
tube and return it to the
rack
on
ice.
Do
not
add
mix.
Close
the
-pGLO
tube
and
return
similar
to
seeing
a
soapy
film
Why
not?
Close
the
-pGLGO
tube
6.
Incubate
the
tubes
on
ice
for
suspension
of the
+pGLO
tube.
plasmid DNA to the -pGLO
tube.
Why
not?
itring
to
the
rack
onthe
ice.
Do on
notice.
add
across
aand
for
return
it10
to
rack
10blowing
min.
Make
sure to
push the
Optionally,
pipet
µl
ofsoap
pGLO
plasmid
DNA
tointo
the
-pGLO
tube.
Close the -pGLGO tube
and
return
it
to
the
rack
bubbles.
Mix
the
loopful
the
cell
Rack
Ice
all
thetube
way
down
plasmid
intotubes
thethe
+pGLO
and
6. Incubate
tubes
on ice
for in the plasmid DNA
-pGLO
Why
not?
Close the
-pGLGO tube
suspension
of
the
+pGLO
tube.
on ice.
so the
ofthe
the tubes
mix. Close
therack
-pGLO
tubebottom
and
return
10 min.
Make
sure
to push
andpipet
return
itµltoofthe
rack on ice.
Optionally,
pGLO
Rack
Ice
stick
out
make
with
it to the
rackall
on10
ice.
Doand
not
addin contact
tubes
the
way
down
the
18
plasmid DNA
GFP
II:
Transformation
plasmid
into
the
+pGLO
tube
and
6. rack
Incubate
the
tubes
on
icetubes
for - 5
-pGLO
the
ice.
plasmid
DNA
to
the
-pGLO
tube.
so
the
bottom
of
the
mix.
Close
-pGLO
tube
andcontact
10the
min.
Make
sure
toreturn
push
the
Why
not?
Close
the
-pGLGO
tubewith
stick
out
and
make
18
Rack
Ice
it to
thereturn
rack
on
ice.
Do
noton
add
tubes
all
the
way
down
and
it to
the
rack
ice. in the
the
ice.
plasmid DNA
to
the
-pGLO
tube.
rack so the bottom of the tubes
6.Why
Incubate
the tubes
on ice for
not?
Close
tube with
stick
outthe
and-pGLGO
make contact
18
10
min.
Make
sure
push
and return
to the racktoon
ice.the
theit ice.
+pGLO
across a ring for blowing soap
bubbles. Mix the loopful into the cell
suspension of the +pGLO tube.
Optionally, pipet 10 µl of pGLO
plasmid DNA
plasmid into the +pGLO tube and
mix. Close the -pGLO tube and return
it to the rack on ice. Do not add
6) Incubate the tubes on iceplasmid
for 10DNA
min.
Make
sure
to the
-pGLO
tube.to push
the tubes all the way downWhy
in the
bottom
not? rack
Close so
the the
-pGLGO
tube of
andcontact
return it towith
the rack
ice.
the tubes stick out and make
theonice.
6. Incubate the tubes on ice for
10 min. Make sure to push the
Rack
tubes all the way down in the
rack so the bottom of the tubes
stick out and make contact with
18
the ice.
-pGLO
Ice
7. While the tubes are sitting on
7. While
the label
tubes
are
sitting
on plates
7) While the tubes
are sitting
on
ice,
label
ice,
your
four
agar
ice,
label
your
four
agar
plates
onthe
the bottom
(not
the lid) as
your four agar plates on
bottom
(not
on theshown
bottomon
(not
lid) as
thethe
diagram.
the lid) as shown on
the
diagram.
shown on the diagram.
pGLO
pGLO
LB/amp
LB/amp
pGLO
pGLO
LB/
pGLO
amp/ara pGLO LB/amp
LB/
LB
p
am /ara
p
/am
pGLO
pGLO L B
LB
8. Heat shock. Using the foam rack
Ice
-pGLO
O
O
+pGLO
-pGLO
O
O
O
O
-6
O
GFP
II:plates
Transformation
12. Stack up
your
and tape
together.
12. Stack them
up your
plates Put
and your
tape group
name andPut
class
period
on the
them together.
your
group
of the
stack
and place the
name bottom
and class
period
on the
down
in the
bottomstack
of theupside
stack and
place
the37°C
until the
next
day.
stack incubator
upside down
in the
37°C
O
+pGLO
change
fromand
thethen
ice (0°C)
42°C
back to
to the ice
42°C and
then
the ice tubes
must
be back
rapid.toIncubate
be ice
rapid.
tubes
on
for 2Incubate
min.tubes
9) Remove the rackmust
containing
the
from the ice and place on250
theµl bench top. Open a tube
on ice for 2 min.
250 µl
9. Remove
rack
containing
thenutrient broth to the tube and reclose it. Repeat
and, using a new sterile
pipet,the
add
250μl
of LB
9.
Remove
the
rack
containing
the
tubes
from
the
ice
and
place
on
with a new sterile pipet for the other tube. Incubate
the tubes for 30 min at room temperature.
tubes the
frombench
the ice
and
place
on and,
top.
Open
a tube
the bench
Open
a tube
and,add
usingtop.
a new
sterile
pipet,
using 250
a new
sterile
pipet, add
µl of
LB nutrient
broth to the
250 µltube
of LB
nutrient
broth
to the with
and
reclose
it. Repeat
tube and
reclose
it. Repeat
with
a new
sterile
pipet for
the other
LB-Broth
a newtube.
sterile
pipet for
other
Incubate
thethe
tubes
for
LB-Broth
tube. Incubate
tubes
for
10 min atthe
room
temperature.
10 min at room temperature.
10. Gently flick the closed tubes with
100 µl
10. Gentlyyour
flickfinger
the closed
tubes
with
to mix.
Using
a new
100 µl
sterile
for each
tube,
your finger
topipet
mix. Using
a new
100
fromtube,
each of the
sterilepipet
pipet
forµleach
tubes
theeach
corresponding
pipet 100
µl to
from
of the
as shown on the diagram
tubes plates,
to the corresponding
the appropriate
plates.
plates,onto
as shown
on the diagram
+p
-p
-p
+p
onto the appropriate plates.
GL
GL
GL
GL
+ p L B / a m p + p LB/am
LB/
a- p
p
r
p
LB
a
m
a
/
p
L
G
L
L
G
L
G
G
LB
11. Use a new sterile loop for each
LB/
LB/
/amp/ara
LB
amp
amp
Spreadloop
the suspensions
11. Use aplate.
new sterile
for each
the surface of the
plate. evenly
Spreadaround
the suspensions
by quickly
skating
the flat
evenlyagar
around
the surface
of the
surface
a new sterile
agar by
quicklyofskating
the flatloop
back
across
surface
of aand
newforth
sterile
loopthe plate
surface.
back and
forth across the plate
surface.
QUICK GUIDE
8. Heatthe
shock.
Using
the foam
rack
8) Heat shock. Using
rack
as aboth
holder,
as foam
a holder,
transfer
the (+)
as
a
holder,
transfer
both
the
(+)
pGLOand
and (-)
tubes
into
transfer both the (+) pGLO
(-)pGLO
pGLO
tubes
pGLOthe
andwater
(-) pGLO
tubes
into for
bath,
set
at
42°C,
into the water bath,
at bath,
42°C,
for
exactly
50
theset
water
at 42°C,
for sure
exactly
50set
seconds.
Make
to
seconds. Make sure
to
push
the
tubes
all
the
exactlypush
50 seconds.
Make
sure
to down
the tubes
all the
way
way down in the rack
the
bottom
ofdown
theoftubes
push so
the
tubes
allso
the
way
in the
rack
the
bottom
the
Water bath
the tubes
rack so
the
bottom
of
the contact
stick out and makeincontact
with
the
warm
stick out and make
Water bath
tubes
stick
out
and
make
contact
with
the
warm
water.
When
the
water. When the 50 seconds have passed, place
warm
water.
When
the place
42°C for 50 sec
Ice
50
seconds
have
passed,
both tubes back onwith
ice.the
For
the
best
42°C for 50 sec
Ice
Ice
50 seconds
haveback
passed,
place
both tubes
on ice.
For the
transformation results,
the
change
from
the
ice
both tubes
back
on
ice.
For
the
best transformation results, the
(0°C) to 42°C and then
back to
thethe
ice
best transformation
results,
the tobe rapid. Incubate tubes on ice for 2 min.
change
from
icemust
(0°C)
42°C for 50 sec
Ice
QUICK GUIDE
QUICK GUIDE
Ice
Water bath
42°C for 50 sec
250 µl
+pGLO
250 µl
Ice
-pGLO
Ice
+pGLO
-pGLO
LB-Broth
100 µl
LB-Broth
O
19
19
GFP II: Transformation - 7
-p
GL
+p
O
them together. Put your group
name and class period on the
bottom of the stack and place the
stack upside down in the 37°C
incubator until the next day.
amp
+p
LB
/amp/ara
GL
LB
/amp/ara
-p
GL
LB/
-p
GL
LB/
amp
O
GL
LB/
amp
amp
GL
LB
-p
O
+p
O
GL
LB/
O
+p
O
100 µl
O
with the warm water. When the
the water bath, set at 42°C, for
50 seconds have passed, place
exactly 50 seconds. Make sure to
both tubes back on ice. For the
push the tubes all the way down
best transformation results, the
in the rack so the bottom of the
change from the ice (0°C) to
tubes stick out and make contact
42°C and then back to the ice
10) Gently flick
thewarm
closed
tubes
with the
water.
Whenwith
the
must be rapid. Incubate tubes
50
seconds
have
passed,
place
your finger to mix.
Using
a
new
sterile
on ice for 2 min.
bothtube,
tubes back
on100ul
ice. Forfrom
the
pipet for each
pipet
best
transformation
results,
the
9. Remove
thecorresponding
rack containing the
each of the tubes
to
the
change
from
the
iceice
(0°C)
tubes
from
the
andtoplace on
plates, as shown
on
thetop.
diagram
onto
42°C
and
then
back
to thea ice
the
bench
Open
tube and,
the appropriate
plates.
Be
sure
to
must
be
rapid.
Incubate
tubes
using a new sterile pipet,put
add
on ice
forµl2ofmin.
the cells on the
jello-like
agar medium,
250
LB nutrient
broth to the
tube and reclose it. Repeat with
not the plastic
lid!
9. Remove
the rack containing the
a new sterile pipet for the other
tubes from the ice and place on
tube. Incubate the tubes for
the bench top. Open a tube and,
10 min at room temperature.
using a new sterile pipet, add
250 µl of LB nutrient broth to the
10. Gently flick the closed tubes with
tube and reclose it. Repeat with
your finger to mix. Using a new
a new sterile pipet for the other
sterile pipet for each tube,
tube. Incubate the tubes for
pipet 100 µl from each of the
10 min at room temperature.
tubes to the corresponding
plates, as shown on the diagram
10. Gently flick the closed tubes with
onto the appropriate plates.
your finger to mix. Using a new
sterile pipet for each tube,
pipet
100
µl from
eachloop
of thefor each
11.
Use
a new
sterile
tubes to the corresponding
plate. Spread the suspensions
plates, as shown on the diagram
evenly around the surface of the
onto the appropriate plates.
agar by quickly skating the flat
surface of a new sterile loop
back andloop
forth across
the plate
11) Use a11.
new
for each
plate.
Usesterile
a new sterile loop
for each
surface.
plate.
Spread
the
suspensions
Spread the suspensions evenly around the
evenly
around
the surface
of the the
surface of the
agar
by quickly
skating
agar
by quickly
skating
flat
12.
Stack
up your
platesthe
and
tape
flat surface of
athem
new
loop
back
surface
oftogether.
asterile
new sterile
loop
Put
your
groupand
forth across back
thename
plate
surface.
and and
forth
across
the on
plate
class
period
the
surface.
bottom of the stack and place the
stack upside down in the 37°C
incubator
theand
nexttape
day.
12. Stack up youruntil
plates
GL
LB
agar by quickly skating the flat
surface of a new sterile loop
back and forth across the plate
surface.
12) Stack up your plates and12.tape
them
together.
Put
your group name and
Stack
up your
plates and
tape
class period on the bottom of the
stack
andPut
place
stack upside down in the
them
together.
yourthe
group
name and class period on the
37°C incubator until the next day.
bottom of the stack and place the
stack upside down in the 37°C
incubator until the next day.
Once your cells have grown, your TA will put them in the refrigerator so you
can look at them during the last week of lab.
19
Lab Report
There is no lab report for this session.
GFP II: Transformation - 8