Name: ________________________
FINAL -- 1st 9 Weeks Review CROSSWORD
Pd: ______
Name: ________________________
Pd: ______
Vocabulary Review Crossword
Across
7. The Earth and the Moon each have their own of these; Earth = 0.01 N/g, Moon = 0.0017 N/g.
9. What is used to help reduce friction.
10. The amount of matter that an object is made up of.
14. The basic unit of measurement used when finding liquid volume.
15. Any push or pull.
17. Term used to describe adjusting an instrument so that it can be used to measure something correctly
(we did this to our force scales).
19. The type of friction force that occurs between contact with air(or any gas) or water.
23. The rate at which work is done.
24. The basic unit of measurement used when finding length.
25. The pull of gravity on an object; measured using a force scale.
26. The unit for power.
27. The transfer of thermal energy due to a change in temperature.
29. Term used to describe a situation in which something happens that you do not expect to happen.
30. A possible explanation to a problem or question.
Down
1. The main type of friction that occurs between a golf ball and the green as the ball rolls across the short
grass and into the hole.
2. This type of friction is not as great as static friction, but is less than rolling friction.
3. The natural force of attraction between any two massive bodies.
4. The type of friction that acts on objects that are not moving.
5. Unit for force.
6. The unit for heat.
8. Term used to describe how closely a measured value agrees with the correct value.
11. A guide used to solve problems that involves asking questions, making observations, and trying things
out in an orderly way.
12. A factor that can be changed in an experiment.
13. The basic unit of measurement used when finding mass.
16. The product of force and distance; occurs when an object moves in the same direction that a force was
applied to it.
18. The term used to describe how closely individual measurements agree with each other.
20. The resistance of an object to change its motion.
21. In experiments this can be used as the base measurement and/or a factor for comparison; it does not
change.
22. The rubbing of one surface along another surface, regardless of each surface's texture.
28. Unit for work (can also be used for heat).
Name: ________________________
Pd: ______
FINAL -- 2nd, 3rd, & 4th 9 Weeks Review CrossWords
Name: ________________________
Pd: ______
Vocabulary Review Crossword
Across
3. The form of energy that is stored in chemical bonds.
5. The study of the Earth.
11. Type of igneous rock formed from magma.
13. The middle portion of the mantle; made up of hot, weak rock that can flow like taffy.
16. Positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus.
20. Negatively charged subatomic particle found outside of the nucleus.
21. Type of rock formed from the compacting and cementing of sediments together.
22. Molten rock found on Earth's surface.
23. The form of energy that results from the random motion/vibration of atoms within matter; heat energy.
27. Earth's "sphere" that consists of all life forms.
29. The form of energy that is associated with electric charges.
30. Anything that has mass and takes up space.
31. Type of igneous rock formed from lava.
34. The form of energy that holds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus of an atom.
35. Type of change that occurs when a change is observed, but the composition of the object stays the same.
37. The type of potential energy that depends on an object's height above something.
39. A naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a unique crystal structure and constant chemical composition.
40. The form of energy that travels as waves through space; electromagnetic energy.
42. How easily a mineral can be scratched.
45. The thin, rocky outer layer of the Earth.
46. The color of a mineral's powder is observed when performing this test on a mineral.
48. Energy that is stored as a result of an object's position.
Down
1. The lower layer of the mantle.
2. The water portion of the Earth.
4. The gaseous portion of a planet.
6. The upper portion of the mantle and the Earth's crust.
7. Protons + Neutrons = _________ __________
8. The thick middle layer of the Earth that is made up of hot but solid rock.
9. Type of sedimentary rock that forms from sediment and broken fragments of other rocks.
10. Subatomic particle found in the nucleus that has a neutral charge.
12. Type of rock that forms from the cooling of lava or magma.
14. The form of energy that results from the vibration of air molecules.
15. The law stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change form.
17. Center region of the Earth that is liquid due to great temperature.
18. Type of rock that forms when rocks are exposed to great amounts of heat and pressure.
19. Type of sedimentary rock the forms from the remains of living things.
24. The type of potential energy an object possesses when it is stretched or compressed.
25. The form of energy associated with an object's motion and position; sum of an object's PE and KE.
26. Energy of motion; depends on an object's mass and velocity.
28. The ability to do work.
32. Type of metamorphic rock where mineral crystals have aligned into visible layers.
33. Molten rock found inside of the Earth.
36. Units for energy.
38. Center region of the Earth that is solid due to great amounts of pressure.
41. Earth's "sphere" that is made up of land.
43. The building blocks of matter.
44. The way a mineral's surface reflects light.
47. The amount of protons in the nucleus of an atom = ___________ ___________
Name: ________________________
Across
8. Type of mechanical weathering in which water seeps into cracks, freezes, and expands.
10. Mechanism of tectonic plate movement that occurs at mid-ocean ridges.
15. Type of deformation characterized by faults.
16. Type of body wave that can travel through both solids and liquids; fastest moving seismic wave.
17. The spinning of a planet on its own axis.
20. Transform boundaries that connect areas of mid-ocean ridges.
22. Type of plate boundary in which two plates move away from one another.
Pd: ______
Name: ________________________
Pd: ______
23. Mechanism of tectonic plate movement where a plate is pulled down into the mantle; occurs at convergent boundaries.
26. Type of stress in which an object is squeezed.
32. Type of deformation characterized by folds.
33. A long chain of underwater mountains located at a divergent boundary; a rift valley is located in the center of these.
34. A volcanic mountain range that forms at a continental/continental convergent boundary.
38. When a rock changes its shape due to a great amount of stress.
41. The point at which either the northern or southern hemisphere get the maximum amount of the Sun's rays.
43. The location on the surface directly above the hypocenter of an earthquake where the most damage is done.
48. Hot, smooth, unbroken lava that flows relatively fast.
49. A smaller earthquake that occurs due to not all of the built up stress being released within the Earth.
50. The area where two tectonic plates meet is known as a plate __________________.
51. The process that breaks down and carries away rock and soil.
53. The evaporation of water from plant membranes.
54. Type of seismic waves that travel on the Earth's crust.
57. The major mechanism in tectonic plate movement; hot material rises and cool material sinks.
59. Type of stress in which an object is pulled apart.
60. Type of scale used to measure how much the Earth actually shook.
61. Type of volcanic eruption characterized by high-viscosity lava and an explosion of pyroclastic material.
62. The Theory of ____________________ states that Earth's crust is broken into separate pieces that flow/move on top of
Earth's asthenosphere.
Down
1. Alfred Wegener's theory that Earth's continents were once one supercontinent and had slowly moved away from one another.
2. The process by which new seafloor is created and then destroyed.
3. Zone at a convergent boundary where one tectonic plate moves beneath another plate.
4. Area of the Earth that doesn't experience seismic waves from an earthquake.
5. When the Moon is becoming less full, the phases are _______________.
6. The location beneath surface where earthquake begins.
7. A concentration of magma that is not located at a plate boundary; Hawaiian Islands.
9. A volcanic mountain range that forms at a oceanic/oceanic convergent boundary.
11. Type of body wave that can only travel through solids.
12. The opposite of evaporation.
13. Type of mechanical weathering in which rocks scrape and grind against one another.
14. The time it takes between when the P and S waves are recorded by a seismograph.
18. Area within the crust where rock has broken.
19. Type of scale used to measure the damage done to an area after it experienced an earthquake.
21. The geologic feature that forms at a subduction zone.
24. The geologic feature that forms at the middle of a mid-ocean ridge.
25. Type of seismic waves that travel within the Earth.
27. The point at which the Sun's rays strike the Earth perpendicular to the tilt of Earth's axis.
28. The process in which previously eroded sediment is deposited in a different area.
29. Type of stress that occurs at transform boundaries.
30. Type of plate boundary in which two plates move into/towards one another.
31. A huge sea wave that is caused typically by an underwater earthquake.
35. This occurs when the precipitation rate > the infiltration rate.
36. Area within the crust where rock has been bent.
37. Cooler, slower moving lava that has a rough, broken surface.
39. Shaking of the Earth that occurs at each type of plate boundary.
40. The study of the universe.
42. Type of volcano that is relatively small and is characterized by explosions of pyroclastic material.
44. When the Moon is becoming more full, the phases are _______________.
45. Type of volcano that occurs at hot spots and is characterized by lava flows.
46. The spinning of a planet around another body.
47. A mountain that forms and erupts when magma reaches Earth's surface.
52. Type of volcanic eruption characterized by low-viscosity lava and lava flows.
55. Instrument used to detect and record seismic waves.
56. An object's ability to resist flow.
58. Type of plate boundary in which two plates slide by one another in opposite directions.
62. The name of the supercontinent that once existed on Earth.
63. Occurs when the Sun, Earth, and Moon DIRECTLY line up.
64. Most common type of volcano that is characterized by both quiet and explosive eruptions.
Name: ________________________
Pd: ______
Measurement

What are the 2 parts that make up all measurements?

Which system of measurement do all scientists use?

Which unit of the system in your previous answer should be used to measure the following:
o The length of a football field?
o The amount of water in the Gulf of Mexico?
o The mass of a hippo?
o The length of your foot?

A pitcher in baseball throws the ball 10 times to the catcher, but his pitch lands 4 feet in front of
homeplate every time. Were the pitcher’s pitches accurate, precise, both, or neither?

A new pitcher throws the ball 10 times to the catcher. Each pitch he throws is a strike, but all of his
pitches cross the plate at different areas (inside, outside, etc.). Were the pitcher’s pitches accurate,
precise, both, or neither?
k
h
5 km =
hm =
dam =
12 m =
cm =
mm
8.3 hL = 8300 _______ ?
da
B
m=
d
dm =
c
m
cm =
mm
***1 g = _____ mL***
363 cg = 0.363 ______ ?
Scientific Method

Come up with and list at least 2 different anomalies.

List in order the steps of the scientific method.
0.056 L = _______ mL ?
Name: ________________________
Pd: ______

What characteristics make up a “good” hypothesis?

How many variables does a well-designed experiment test for?

Why is it important for scientists to record and communicate the results of their experiments in
something such as a lab report?
Gravitational Force, Mass, & Weight

What happens to an object with no forces acting upon it? (Be specific with your explanation!)

What instrument is used to measure the mass of an object? The weight of an object?

The gravitational force between two objects is affected by what two factors?

If the mass of the Earth were to decrease, what would the effect be on the gravitational force the Earth
exerts on the moon?

What happens to the weight of an object if the gravitational force the object is experiencing increases?

If the _____________________ between two objects increases, the gravitational force between the
two objects _____________________.

Overall, how do mass and weight differ in different gravitational fields?

What is the equation used to calculate for gravitational force (weight)?
Name: ________________________
Pd: ______
Work, Friction, & Power

What must occur for work to be done? (Be specific with your explanation!)

What is the equation used to calculate for work?

List an example of when work has been done and an example of when NO work has been done.

What can you do to increase power?

List the 4 different types of friction forces.

How are Rolling, Static, and Sliding frictions related?
______________ friction > _______________ friction > _______________ friction

Fluid friction occurs in which 2 states of matter?

List at least 2 factors that determine the amount of friction present between 2 surfaces.

List at least 2 examples of lubricants.

How are surface texture and friction related?

How are work and friction related?
Name: ________________________
Pd: ______
Heat

How are friction and heat related?

What does Joule’s Hypothesis state?

How does heat flow? (From what temperature to what temperature?)

If an object has a low specific heat, will its temperature rise faster or slower than an object of the same
mass with a high specific heat when exposed to a given (equal) amount of energy?

What are the units for specific heat?

What is the equation used to calculate for heat?
Energy
 You lift a book 4 feet into the air. The work energy that you applied to the book was converted into?

What happens to the potential energy of the book if you lift it one foot higher into the air?

You drop the book. The moment the book hits the ground, all of the book’s potential energy has been
converted into?

What is the equation used to calculate potential energy? Kinetic energy?

Explain the Law of Conservation of Energy.

What types of energy conversions are taking place as a car’s engine is running?
Name: ________________________
Pd: ______
Earth’s Structure
 List in order (outermost to innermost) all of the layers of the geosphere.

What happens to temperature and pressure as you move from the crust towards the core?

Differences in the _______________ of rocks and other materials has caused the Earth to develop layers that
over time?
Matter, Atoms, & Physical/Chemical Changes
 What are all objects made up of?

Complete the following part by filling in information for the missing subatomic particles.
Subatomic Particle
Charge
Location

What is the relationship between the amount of protons and electrons in a neutral atom?

Atomic mass is equal to…?

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in each of the following elements that are most commonly
found in the compositional layers of the earth? (Use Pgs. 84-85 in your book for help.)
Oxygen
P = _______ N = _______ E = _______
Fluorine
P = _______ N = _______ E = _______
Lithium
P = _______ N = _______ E = _______
Magnesium
P = _______ N = _______ E = _______
Name: ________________________
Pd: ______

What is the difference between a physical and chemical change? Give an example of each.

What are 4 possible signs that a chemical change may have occurred.
Minerals
 List the five characteristics that all minerals share.

List at least 8 physical properties that are used to identify minerals.

How can you tell if a mineral’s luster can be considered metallic?

Explain the difference between fracture and cleavage of minerals.
Rocks
 What are the three main types of rocks and how does each type form?

What are the 2 types of Igneous rocks?

How are metamorphic rocks classified?

What kinds of rock can become metamorphosed into a type of metamorphic rock?
Name: ________________________
Pd: ______
Plate Tectonics
 What was did Alfred Wegener’s theory of continental drift state?

What process causes sea-floor to be created and destroyed? Where is sea-floor created? Destroyed?

Where is the ocean floor the oldest? Youngest?

Which of Earth’s layers makes up a tectonic plate? Which of Earth’s layers do tectonic plates float/move on top
of?

What are the three different plate boundaries and in what direction do the plates move at these boundaries
(indicate by drawing arrows in appropriate directions).

What major effects/geologic formations can be observed at each type of boundary? Also list at least one
specific example of these.
o Convergent (O/O)
o Convergent (O/C)
o Convergent (C/C)
o Divergent (O/O)
o Divergent (C/C)
o Transform (C & O)

What is going on in a convection current (compare it to a conveyor belt)? This causes plates to do what?

What are the other two mechanisms that are responsible for tectonic plate movement?
Name: ________________________
Pd: ______
Volcanoes
 What MUST be present in an area for volcanism to occur?

What is magma? How is it different from lava?

What three things found within the Earth contribute to the formation of magma?

If the pressure that a rock is exposed to decreases, then the melting point of that rock will
______________________. So as a rock rises within the Earth from the core towards the crust, the pressure
that the rock is exposed to ________________ causing ______________________ to form. Wet rock also has
a _______________ melting point; this explains why oceanic lithosphere is more readily formed into magma
than continental lithosphere.

What are some specific examples of intraplate volcanism (or where they occur)?

Draw and label a diagram of a volcano. Include the terms: crater, pipe, vent, magma chamber.

What builds up over time within a volcano that causes it to erupt?

What are the two types of eruptions that volcanoes experience?

If magma is highly viscous, do you expect it to flow quickly or slowly? Using this, the viscosity of a substance
can be defined as a substance’s ability to __________________ flow.

The hotter a substance such as magma (or syrup) are, the _____________ the viscosity of that substance.
Name: ________________________

Pd: ______
___________ viscosity magma flows easily/quickly, therefore allowing gases to readily escape resulting in
____________________ eruptions. However, ____________ viscosity magma flows _________________.
therefore gases cannot easily escape and are trapped resulting in _____________________ eruptions.

What is the difference between Pahoehoe and Aa lava?

What is pyroclastic material?

Fill out the following table:
Type of Volcano

Quiet vs. Explosive
Lava vs. Pyroclastic
Shape & Misc.
What are the indicators that can help predict if a volcano will erupt in the near future?
Earthquakes
 Why do earthquakes occur (explain the elastic rebound theory)?

When an earthquake occurs, typically not all of the energy is released. After the original earthquake, the release
of this “leftover” energy is known as an ______________________.

Earthquakes usually occur along _______________________ which can be found on
________________________. The region surrounding the Pacific Ocean where earthquakes and volcanoes are
extremely prevalent is known as ______________________________.

What is the difference between the focus and the epicenter of an earthquake?

Energy is released after an earthquake occurs in ______________ waves. The two main types of these waves
are __________________ and ___________________ waves.
Name: ________________________

Pd: ______
How are the two types of body waves similar and different? (originate from? speed of travel? how they
move/mode of travel? types of materials/substances they can/cannot move through? how much damage they
cause?)

Describe characteristics of surface waves.

What is a seismograph used for?

What is an S-P time interval?

What is the main difference between the richter and mercalli scales?

Can we predict when earthquakes can occur? What information can we use to get a general idea of where/when
an earthquake may occur?

What is a tsunami?
Building Up & Tearing Down of Earth’s Surface
 What is deformation? What factors affect the deformation of rock?

As the Earth’s tectonic plates move, different types of stress result. List the three types of stress, where each
occurs, and include arrows in the appropriate directions.

What is the difference between brittle vs. ductile deformation? Where does each take place?

What geologic feature of deformation results from brittle deformation of the lithosphere? Ductile?
Name: ________________________
Pd: ______

Explain (draw) the difference between Anticlines, Synclines, and Monoclines.

What are the types of faults and what type of stress typically occurs in the formation of each?

What is the difference between the Hanging Wall vs. Foot Wall of a fault?

What is the primary force behind the erosion of an object (i.e. a mountain)? **Think: without this, erosion
would not occur…

What are the two types of weathering and what types of “changes” take place during each?

List and explain the three types of mechanical weathering.

What three things determine the rate of chemical weathering?

Fill out the following table:
Type of Stream
Landscape
Speed of Flow
Misc.
Young
Mature
Old

As a river curves, where does erosion occur (inside or outside of the curve)? Deposition? This results in the
formation of _________________ lakes.
Name: ________________________

Pd: ______
Draw a diagram explain the main flow of the water cycle. Include the terms: evaporation, condensation,
transpiration, precipitation, infiltration, run-off
Geologic Time
 The law of superposition states that if left undisturbed, younger rock will lie ______________ older rock.

What is the difference between determining relative age and absolute age?

List the layers below in order from youngest to oldest:
Astronomy

What is the difference between the Geocentric and Heliocentric models of our universe/solar system?

What is the difference a planet’s rotation and revolution?

What is unique about all of the planets in our solar systems’ orbits?

The more eccentric an orbit is the _______________ it is shaped like a perfect circle.

The further away a planet in our solar system is from the Sun, the ____________________ its period of
revolution.
Name: ________________________
Pd: ______

An astronomical unit is equal to the distance between…….?

What is responsible for night and day on a planet?

Why do we experience seasons?

What is the difference between a solstice and an equinox?

Where in our sky does the sun rise and set?

What causes the Sun to be higher or lower in our sky depending upon the season?

What is unique about the Moon’s period of rotation and revolution?

What is the alignment of the Earth, Sun, and Moon during a Full Moon? New Moon? Lunar Eclipse? Solar
Eclipse?

Moon’s phases diagram: