Exam 2 Study Guide
What is a tissue?
What are the 4 main types of tissues, give the functions, structure of each.
Cell Junctions. Define each, give function
Tight Junctions
Adherens Junctions
Desmosomes
Hemidesmosomes
Gap Junctions
What is the basic structure of epithelial tissue? (Slide 7 and 8)
What is the function of epithelial system?
What are the two main types of epithelial tissue and where might you find them?
What are the 3 main shapes of epithelial tissue?
What are the 3 arrangements of epithelial tissue?
Give some examples of each of the above and where you might find them.
What are the 2 main types of glands?
Give examples of each.
Endocrine
Exocrine
What is the difference between merocrine, apocrine, holocrine glands?
What are the 2 main shapes of exocrine glands?
What are the different arrangement of exocrine glands?
What is the basic structure of connective tissue?
What are the functions of connective tissue?
What are the cells of connective tissue, what are their functions, and give an example of where you might find them.
Fibroblasts
Macrophage
Plasma Cells
Mast Cells
Adipocytes
White blood cells
What are the components of the extracellular matrix of connective tissue, define and tell me where you might find them
Ground Substance
Fibers
Collagen
Elastic
Reticular
What is mesenchyme?
What are the different types of mature connective tissue, give structure, where I might find them?
Loose Connective
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
Dense Connective
Regular
Irregular
Elastic
Cartilage
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic
What is the difference between appositional growth and interstitial growth?
Bone
Compact
Spongy
Blood
What is a mucous membrane? (Function, structure, location)
What is a serous membrane? (Function, structure, location)
What is a cutaneous membrane? (Function, structure, location)
What is a synovial membrane? (Function, structure, location)
What is the function of muscular tissue?
What is the structure of muscle tissue?
Skeletal/striated
Smooth
Cardiac
Where would I find each of these types of muscle, and tell me whether it is under conscience or unconscious control
What is the function of nervous tissue?
What is the structure of nervous tissue?
Where would I find nervous tissue?
What are the two main layers of the integumentary system?
What are the accessory structures found in your integumentary system?
What are the functions of your integumentary system?
What is the study of the integumentary system called?
What type of epithelial cells make up the epidermis?
What are the four main types of cells found in the epidermis, give function of each, which are the most numerous?
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans Cells
Merkel Cells
What is thin skin, what sets it apart from thick skin, and where would you find it?
What is thick skin, what sets it apart from thin skin, and where would you find it?
Name the layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial, give me the structure of each and whether it is dead or alive
Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Corneum
Know the diagram on slide 13
Describe to me how the epidermis grows.
What are some epidermal conditions?
What type of connective tissue makes up the dermis?
What are the cells of the dermis?
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Adipocytes
What other structures are found in the dermis?
What are the layers of the dermis from superficial to deep, describe the structure of each.
Papillary
Reticular
What layer of your dermis is responsible for making fingerprints?
What are your skin pigments?
Which pigment is responsible for protection from UV light?
What is the precursor molecule to melanin?
What are some abnormal conditions in skin color, and what are they caused by?
Freckles
Liver Spots
Mole
Albinism
Vitiligo
Where is hair present and NOT present?
What is the cellular structure of hair?
Where does the growth of hair begin?
Is your hair mainly alive or dead?
Know the diagram on slide 22
What are the other accessory structures associated with hair?
Know the diagram on slide 24
What are the three stages of hair growth, describe each, and approximately how long each takes.
Growth Phase
Regression Phase
Resting Phase
What are the three types of hair, and where would you find each?
What types of cells are the basis of the structure for glands?
What types of glands are located in your skin, endocrine or exocrine?
What are the 3 types of glands in your skin, give the structure, what the secretion is called, function, location.
Sebaceous
Sudoriferous
Eccrine
Apocrine
Ceruminous
What is the cellular structure of nails?
What are the parts of a nail?
What are the functions of nails?
Explain two ways the skin can provide a thermoregulatory function.
List five ways the skin serves in protecting the body.
What are cutaneous sensations?
What is the skins role in excretion? What substances can be excreted?
What substances can be absorbed by the skin? Why?
How does the skin serve to synthesize Vitamin D?
Describe what a deep wound is, and the steps in deep wound healing.
Inflammatory Phase
Migratory Phase
Proliferative Phase
Maturation Phase
What type of tissue is bone?
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
What are the parts of a long bone, be able to label diagram on slide 4
What is the matrix of bone tissue?
What are the cells of bone tissue, what is the function of each?
Osteogenic Cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Describe compact bone and spongey bone, what are the main differences between the two?
What is the function unit of compact bone?
What is the functional unit of spongey bone?
What are the arteries/veins that supply blood/nutrition to the bones, carry away wastes, where are each located?
Periosteal Artery
Nutrient Artery
Metaphyseal Artery
Epiphyseal Arteries
What is bone formation called?
What are the four types of bone formation, when and why does each occur?
Initial bone formation
Intramembranous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Growth
Length (include information about the growth plate)
Width
What is the difference between interstitial growth and appositional growth?
What are some hormonally induced growth problems? Describe each.
Remodeling (function?)
Bone Resorption
Bone Deposition
What are some conditions that can occur when remodeling bone?
What are some hormones that can affect growth/remodeling of bone?
Repair
What is a fracture?
What is the difference between a stress fracture and a compound fracture?
What are the steps in repairing bone?
What is bones role in calcium homeostasis?
What hormones control calcium homeostasis?
What cells are responsible to fix if there is too much calcium in the blood?
What cells are responsible to fix if there is not enough calcium in the blood?
At what times during life do the following events occur?
Deposition > Resorption
Deposition = Resorption
Deposition < Resorption
What are the different types of bones, describe each, and give some examples where you would find them.
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid
Sutural
Given some bone names, please tell me if they are in the axial or appendicular skeleton.
What is a joint? What is the structure based on?
What are the types of joints, give type of movement, structures, examples of each?
Fibrous
Suture
Syndesmoses
Interosseus Membranes
Cartilaginous
Synchondroses
Symphyses
Synovial
Please describe the structure of the synovial joint
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid
Saddle
Ball-and-Socket
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue, give basic structure and example of each
Striated
Smooth
Cardiac
What are the functions of muscles?
What are the properties of muscles?
What is the structure of skeletal muscle?
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
Tendon
Aponeurosis
Be able to label the diagram on slide 7 with the above terms
What is the microscopic structure of skeletal muscle, give description/function of each?
How many nuclei?
Sarcolemma
Transverse (T) tubules
Sarcoplasm
Myofibrils
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)
Terminal Cisterns
Myofilaments
Thin Filament
Thick Filament
Sarcomere
Be able to label the diagram on slide 9 with the above terms
What are:
Z-Discs
A Band
I Band
H Zone
M Line
What are your muscle proteins. Be able to give me the function of the following:
Actin
Myosin
Troponin
Tropmyosin
What is the basic tenet of muscle contraction?
What are the detailed steps of muscle contraction from motor neuron impulse to passive relaxation? Slides 14-19
What variables does the force of a contraction depend on?
What is a twitch contraction?
What is wave summation?
What is unfused tetanus?
What is fused tetanus?
What is motor neuron recruitment?
What is muscle tone?
What is the difference between and isotonic and isometric contraction?
What are the three ways muscles make ATP? Which is the fastest? Which yields the most ATP?
How do you classify muscle fibers?
What are the 3 types of muscle fibers? Compare and contrast in terms of speed of contraction, means of ATP
generation, amount of myoglobin, amount of mitochondria, and what types of contractions are possible.
Slow Oxidative Fibers
Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibers
Fast Glycolytic Fibers
Compare the amount of SO/FO fibers in a natural athlete.
What is the structure of cardiac muscle?
Does cardiac muscle have a longer or shorter contraction that skeletal muscle? Why?
What is smooth muscle, describe the structure?
What are the two types of smooth muscle, and where would you find them?
Visceral
Multiunit
Do the contractions of smooth muscle last longer or shorter than skeletal muscle, why?
Can mature cardiac or skeletal muscles divide?
How do cardiac/skeletal muscle cells repair themselves?
Can smooth muscles regenerate? How?
What type of tissue is muscle derived from?
What are some selected disorders of tissues, skeletal system, muscular system and skin?