COMMUNITY COLLEGE OF PHILADELPHIA
BIOLOGY 241
PRINCIPLES OF MICROBIOLOGY
LECTURE AND LABORATORY OUTLINES
REQUIRED MATERIALS:
Microbiology, An Introduction, 11th Edition by Tortora, Funke and Case
Published by Pearson
Community College of Philadelphia Department of Biology
Bio 241: Principles of Microbiology Laboratory Manual, A Custom Edition for
Community College of Philadelphia.
Dr. Linda W. Powell, Biology Department Head
Main Campus West Building Office: W2-5a
Fall and Spring Semester Office Hours: 9 AM to 5 PM, Monday - Friday
Summer I and II Semester Office Hours: 9 AM to 5 PM, Monday - Thursday
E-mail: l powel l @ccp.edu
Department Information: 215-751-8432
Fax: 215-751-8937
Student: _____________________________________ Course Reference Number: __________
Professor: _____________________________________________________________________
Office: ________
Office Hours: __________________________________________________
Telephone: _________________________
Voice Mail: 215-751-8989 ____________#
E-mail: ______________________@ccp.edu and/or _______________________________
Lecture day(s), time(s) and Room(s): _______________________________________________
Lab day(s), Time(s) and Room: ____________________________________________________
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CATALOG COURSE DESCRIPTION
BIOL 241 PRINCIPLES OF MICROBIOLOGY
3-2-4
Bacteria and viruses are studied. An emphasis is placed on the growth, metabolism, physiology and
genetics of bacteria and viruses in lecture and laboratory experiences. Clinical aspects of selected
microbes are discussed. Prerequisite: BIOL 106 or 107 or 109 or 123.
COURSE PHILOSOPHY
Principles of Microbiology is an upper level introductory science course. This course is often
used to satisfy an applied science requirement for Allied Health students and/or as a transfer course
to other colleges.
The purpose of microbiology is to provide students with an understanding of the classification,
metabolism, and genetics of bacteria and viruses. Students will also experience the scientific process
of investigation as it applies to the study of prokaryotic cells. In addition, the information that
students are given is applied to the various aspects of medicine and biotechnology. Following the
successful completion of this course, students will be prepared for further scientific study.
STUDENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Students will be able to identify the contributions of Leeweenhoek, Jenner, Koch and
Pasteur in the early development of microbiology.
2. Students will be able to list the major biological classification categories.
3. Students will be able to list the different traits when comparing prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells.
4. Students will be able to describe the general characteristics of bacteria.
5. Students will be able to list the different traits when comparing gram positive and gram
negative bacteria.
6. Students will be able to distinguish between chemically defined and complex bacterial media.
7. Students will be able to describe the physical and chemical conditions required for
bacterial growth.
8. Students will be able to describe the four parts of the bacterial growth curve.
9. Students will be able to describe the general characteristics of viruses.
10. Students will be able to explain the steps in viral replication.
11. Students will be able to explain how enzyme participate in chemical reactions
12. Students will be able to list the steps of photosynthesis.
13. Students will be able to list the steps of aerobic respiration.
14. Students will be able to list the steps of fermentation.
15. Students will be able to describe the structure of RNA
16. Students will be able to describe the structure of DNA.
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17. Students will be able to explain the process of DNA synthesis (Replication).
18. Students will be able to identify the major groups of mutagenic agents.
19. Students will be able to explain the process of RNA synthesis (Transcription).
20. Students will be able explain the process of protein synthesis (Translation).
21. Students will be able to explain the steps in bacterial transformation.
22. Students will be able to explain the steps in bacterial conjugation.
23. Students will be able to explain the steps in bacterial transduction.
24. Students will be able to explain the steps in genetic engineering.
25. Students will be able to list physical agents for the control of microorganisms.
26. Students will be able to list chemical agents for the control of microorganisms.
27. Students will be able to list chemotherapeutic agents for the control of
microorganisms.
28. Students will be able to describe non-specific human defenses against infection.
29. Students will be able to describe specific human defenses against infection.
31. Students will be able to describe the characteristics of food poisoning caused by
Salmonella, Escherichia and Staphylococcus species of bacteria.
32. Students will be able to describe the characteristics of diseases caused by Treponema,
Borrelia and Streptococcus species of bacteria.
33. Students will be able to describe the characteristics of diseases caused by Influenza,
Hepatitis and Human Immunodeficiency viruses.
34. Students will be able to identify the steps needed to focus the microscope on
bacterial specimens.
35. Students will be able to describe the types of media used to culture bacteria in the laboratory.
(Broth, agar slants/stabs, agar plates)
36. Students will be able to explain the steps in the direct staining procedure for bacteria?
37. Students will be able to explain the steps in the Gram staining procedure.
38. Students will be able to describe the types of media used to identify bacteria.
39. Students will be able to describe the steps used to isolate bacterial DNA.
40. Students will be able to describe the steps used in gel electrophoresis.
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RESOURCES
Library, Main Campus Mint Building, M1-12, 215-751-8383:
- Fall and Spring Semesters: Monday through Friday, 8 AM-10 PM, Saturday, 8:30 AM-5 PM
- Summer I and II Semesters: Monday through Thursday, 8 AM-10 PM
West Learning Lab, Main Campus West Building, W3-26, 215-751-8482:
- Call for appointments or schedules for one-to-one and/or group tutoring and workshops.
W3-45 Biology Open Lab, Main Campus West Building, 215-751-8809:
- Semester schedule to be posted and/or announced or call to make alternate arrangements.
POLICY OF ACADEMIC DISHONESTY
All members of the college community are expected to obey public law and abide by college
regulations. Students are expected to be well motivated and constructive in their pursuit of learning.
Attendance of the College is a privilege, not a right. Students, through the act of registration,
concede to the College, the right to dismiss any student at any time when it is deemed necessary in
order to safeguard the College's ideals of scholarship and character, and to secure compliance with its
regulations.
I.
Academic Dishonesty
A. Cheating behaviors include, but are not limited to:
-
examining or copying another student's answers during a test, exam, or practical exam
examining or copying another student's paper or lab report
bringing notes, etc. to class during testing (on a scrap of paper, cuffs, etc.)
using a dictionary or other source during testing
asking someone for the answers to test questions
having another person take the test for you
stealing or having in your possession without permission, any materials, belonging to or
generating from faculty, staff or students
B. Aiding another in committing an act of academic dishonesty includes, but is not limited to:
-
willfully offering answers or information related to tests and examinations
doing another student's assignment (in or outside of the classroom)
taking a test for another student
failing to report knowledge of another student cheating
C. Plagiarism includes, but is not limited to:
II.
copying from any source without quotation marks and appropriate documentation
rewording an idea from a source but omitting documentation
having another write for you or copying another student's work
having another correct mistakes on your paper (suggested revisions are acceptable)
Faculty Rights
Sanctions available to faculty include, but are not limited to:
-
requiring the student retake test or rewrite report
drop the item in the calculation of the final grade or provide a substitute item in grading
give the student a zero on the item
drop the student's final grade by one letter
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- administratively withdraw the student from the course (if before the ninth week)
- give the student a failing grade in the course
III.
Student Rights
Students may appeal decisions regarding final grades as per college policy. A copy of
student
rights and obligations are available in the student handbook that is available from
the Office of Student Life (M2-37). Please note that the Biology department's Committee of
Academic Review of Evaluation will NOT hear cases of alleged academic dishonesty.
ATTENDANCE AND WITHDRAWAL POLICY
Students are expected to fulfill their academic obligation by attending all class and lab
sessions, unless prevented from doing so by illness or other emergency. If a student misses the
equivalent of two (2) weeks' work without an acceptable excuse, the teacher may file an
administrative withdraw to remove the student from class. Individual faculty members have the right
to establish attendance regulations, which may include reduced grades for students who miss class
and/or lab.
A student may withdraw from class without penalty up to the ninth week of the semester. It is
advised that a student discuss any plans regarding withdraw from class with their teacher before
taking action. Failure to attend classes does not constitute a course al withdraw and will result in the
assignment of a failing grade. Students who withdraw due to illness or some other emergency, should
petition the Vice President of Student Affairs for an Excused Withdraw.
DEPARTMENTAL FINAL EXAMINATION
Your instructor is required to administer a comprehensive final examination during the final
week of the semester. The content has been determined by committee and can be found in the
course outline which follows. This examination must count for at least 15% of your final grade.
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BIOLOGY 241 LECTURE OUTLINE
TOPICS
I.
[TEXT CHAPTERS]
INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY
A. The History of Microbiology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
[1]
The Discovery of Microorganisms
Spontaneous Generation vs. Biogenesis
The Germ Theory of Disease - Koch's Postulates
Birth of Chemotherapy
Later Advances in the Study of Microbes
B. Characterization, Classification and Identification of Microorganisms
[10]
1. Major Characteristics of Microorganisms
a. Criteria for Classification
2. Taxonomy and Nomenclature
3. Methods of Classification and Identification
II.
LABORATORY STUDY OF MICROORGANISMS
A. The Staining of Bacterial Cells
[3]
1. Simple, Differential, and Special Stains
B. The Cultivation of Bacteria
[6]
1. Nutritional Classification (Autotrophic Vs. Heterotrophic)
2. Media Types
a.
b.
c.
d.
Defined
Complex
Selective
Differential
3. Physical and Chemical Conditions Required For Growth
4. Pure Culture Methods
5. Reproduction and Growth of Bacteria
a. Growth Rate and Generation Time
b. Normal Growth Curve
6. Measurement of Bacterial Growth
III.
SURVEY OF BACTERIA AND VIRUSES
A. Bacteria (Prokaryotes)
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[4]
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1. Morphology and Structural Components
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Bacterial Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane and Cell Wall
Molecular Basis of Penicillin Antibacterial Activity
The Glycocalyx
Appendages - Flagella and Pili
Inclusions
Endospores
2. Major Groups of Bacteria
a. Bacteria of Ecological, Industrial, and General Significance
[27 & 28]
b. Bacteria of Medical Importance
[21 – 26]
Representative Species of the Following Genera:
a) Treponema
b) Neisseria
c) Bordetella
d) Salmonella
e) Hemophilus
f) Staphylococcus
g) Streptococcus
h) Others: Optional, at the discretion of the professor, time permitting.
B. Viruses
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Morphology
Cultivation
Replication of Bacteriophages (Lytic Cycle/Lysogenic)
Replication of Animal Viruses
Classification
Viruses of Medical Importance
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
IV.
[13]
[21 – 26]
Influenza
Herpes
Hepatitis
Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) - AIDS
Molecular Basis of Antiviral Chemotherapeutic Agents
Viruses and Cancer
Others: Optional, at the discretion of the professor, time permitting
METABOLISM OF MICROORGANISMS
[5]
A. Enzymes and Their Regulation
1. Mechanisms of Enzyme Action
2. Conditions Affecting Enzyme Activity
3. Enzyme Inhibition as an Antimicrobial Therapy Agent
B. Energy Release (Catabolism)
1. Energy - Characteristics and Measurement
2. Biological Oxidation (Dehydrogenation)
a. An Energetics Oriented Description of Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle
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3. Electron Transfer (Electron Transport
a. Chemiosmotic Theory
4. Respiration (Aerobic) vs. Fermentation (Anaerobic)
a. Relative Phosphorylative Efficiencies
5. Alternate Pathways for Fermentation
C. Energy Utilization (Anabolism)
1. Use of Energy in Non-Biosynthetic Processes - Motility
2. Use of Energy for Biosynthesis of Organic Molecules
a. General Description - Light Dependent vs. Light Independent Photosynthesis
V.
MICROBIAL GENETICS
[8]
A. Nucleic Acids
1. DNA vs. RNA - A Comparison
2. Nucleic Acid Biosynthesis - General Description
3. Protein Synthesis
a. Antibacterial Inhibition of Bacterial Translation
4. Regulation and Expression of Gene Activity
a. Operon Theory - Lactose Induction
B. Genetics of Bacteria
1.
2.
3.
4.
Variability and Inheritance of Characteristics
Phenotypic vs. Genotypic Changes
Mutational Origin of Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotic Therapy
Bacterial Recombination
a.
b.
c.
d.
Conjugation
Transformation
Transduction
Plasmids and Transposons
VI. Biotechnology and DNA Technology
[9]
1. The Isolation of a Gene
a. The Production of Medically Important Proteins
2. Formation of a Chimera
a. Restriction Endonucleases
b. Ligation
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3. A Choice of Vectors
a. Plasmids
b. Viruses
4. Selection - Engineered Cells
a. Selective Media – LB/Amp/X-gal
VII.
CONTROL OF MICROORGANISMS
[7]
A. Fundamentals of Control
1. Terminology
2. Pattern and Rate of Bacterial Death
3. Mode of Action of Antimicrobial Agents
B. Control by Physical Agents
C. Control by Chemical Agents
VIII.
IX.
Antimicrobial Drugs
[20]
MICROORGANISMS AND DISEASE-HOST RESISTANCE TO INFECTION
A. Host-Microbe Interactions
1.
2.
3.
4.
[15]
Mutualism and Commensalism
Pathogenicity
Microbial Virulence Factors
Factors Influencing Infection and Transmission of Communicable Diseases
B. Host Resistance
1. Natural Resistance and Non - Specific Defense Mechanisms
[16]
2. Specific Defense Mechanisms - Acquired Immunity
[17]
a. Active vs. Passive Immunity
b. Antigens and Antibodies
1) Properties of Antigens
2) Functional Classification of Antibodies
3) Function of T and B Cells
X.
Hypersensitivities (Immediate Type vs. Delayed Type)
XI.
Representative and Relevant Diseases of Various Body Systems
[21-26]
time permitting (selected from the referenced chapters by the professor)
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Biology 241
SPRING 2015
Lab
Session
Date
Topic
Exercise # (pages)
1
Lab Safety, Microscopy Examination of
Stained cell Preparations (optional hand
washing or environmental sampling)
Handouts, 1
2
Living Microorganisms (optional
continue looking at slides or env.
sampling)
Culture Transfer Techniques; Techniques
for isolation of pure cultures
2 (pp. 1-14)
3
3, 4, (pp. 15-23; 37-48;
omit Part B (Isolation of
pure cultures) of lab 4 on
pp. 24-26)
7, 8, 9, (pp. 49-74)
4
Preparation of Bacterial smears Simple
staining; Negative staining
5
Gram stain; Differential staining for
visualization of bacterial cell structures
6
Use of differential, selective and enriched 12-15 (pp. 75-108)
media; Carbohydrate Fermentation; Triple
Sugar-Iron Agar Test; IMViC Test
7
Evaluating results of 12-15 (optional lab
exam)
8
Use of Differential/Selective media to ID
unknown cultures
12-15 (pp. 75-108)
9
Evaluating results of ID of Unknowns;
AB resistance
Bacterial Transformation
12-15 (pp. 75-108)
Isolation of Bacterial Plasmids (or start
transformations). Restriction analysis (or
start plasmid isolation—no gels)
Electrophoretic Separation of DNA (or
combine with restriction analysis)
18-19 (pp. 129-142)
10
11
12
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L
a
b
S
c
h
e
d
ul
e
17 (pp. 121-128)
19 (pp. 142-148)
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