Bibliographical essay 9. The Sovietization of Eastern Europe, 1944-1953 New documentary collections continue to shed light on Soviet policy in Eastern Europe. Two vital sets of documents on the Soviets' deep involvement in the establishment of Communist regimes are G. P. Murashko et aL (eds.), Vostochnaia Evropa v dokumentakh rossiiskikh arkhivov, 1944-1953 [Eastern Europe in Documents from the Russian Archives, 1944-1953J, 2 vols. (Moscow and Novosibirsk: Sibirskii khronograf, 1997); and T. V. Volokitina et aL (eds.), Sovetskii faktor v vostochnoi Evrope, 1944-1953 [The Soviet Factor in Eastern EuropeJ, 2 vols. (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1999, 2002). An Italian-sponsored publication contains the transcripts of the first three Cominform meetings and very useful articles on aspects of Cominform history: The Cominfonn: Minutes of the Three Conferences 19471194811949 (Milan: Feltrinelli, 1994). Country-specific collections include an updated edition of essential documents on the Soviet Zone of Occupation in Germany, Gennadii Bordiugov et aL (eds.), Sovetskaia voennaia administratsiia v Gennanii (SVAG): upravlenie propagandy (informatsii) i S. I. Tiul'panov 1945-1949 [The Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SVAG): The Propaganda (Information) Administration and S. 1. Tiul'panov, 1945-1949J (Moscow: AIRO-XX, 2006). For the establishment of Communist hegemony in Poland, see Gennadii Bordiugov et aL (eds.), SSSR-Pol'sha: mekhanizmy podchineniia 1944-1949 gg. [The USSR-Poland: Mechanisms of Subordination 1944-1949J (Moscow: AIRO-XX, 1995). For the Soviet takeover of Romania, see T. A. Pokivailova et aL (eds.), Tri vizita A. Ia. Vyshinskogo v Bukharest 1944-1946 gg. [Three Visits by A. Ia. Vyshinskii to Bucharest 1944-1946J (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1998). Two highly influential early monographs are Hugh Seton-Watson, The East European Revolution (New York: F. A. Praeger, 1965), which sets the framework for three generations of writing about the Sovietization of Eastern Europe, and Zbigniew K. Brzezinski, The Soviet Bloc: Unity and Conflict (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964), a founda­ tional political science treatment of the subject. One of the best-documented and most reliable accounts ofthe origins ofthe Cold War in Eastern Europe from the pre-1989 period is Vojtech Mastny, Russia's Road to the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979). See 2.lso Mastny's study of Stalin's policies abroad, The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity: The Stalin Years (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996). Important recent studies of Stalin's foreign policy include DonalO'Sullivan, Stalins "Cordon Sanitaire": die sowjetische Osteuropapolitik und die Reaktionen des Westens 1939-1949 (Paderborn: Schbningh, 2003); T. V. Volokitina et aI., Moskva i vostochnaia Evropa: stanovlenie politicheskikh rezhimov sovetskogo tipa, 1949-1953 [Moscow and Eastern Europe: The Emergence of Political Regimes of the Soviet Type, 1949-1953J (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2002), an archive-based study of the Stalinization of Eastern Europe by leading Russian specialists; and Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin's Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996). There are also several vital new collections of articles, including A. O. Chubar'ian et aL (eds.), Stalinskoe desiatiletie kholodnoi voiny: fakty i gipotezy [The Stalin Decade of the Cold War: Facts and HypothesesJ (Moscow: Nauka, 1999), including leading Russian specialists on the Stalin period; Stefan Creuzberger and Manfred Gortemaker (eds.), Gleichschaltung unter Stalin? Die Entwicklung der Parteien im ostlichen Europa, 1944-1949 (Paderborn: 524 Bibliographical essay Schbningh, 2002), which comprises recent articles on Sovietization by German and East European scholars; N. I. Egorova et aL (eds.), Kholodnaia voina, 1945-1963: fakty, sobytiia [The Cold War, 1953-1963: Facts, EventsJ (Moscow: OLMA-PRESS, 2003), a reevaluation of the Cold War by Russian archival scholars. See also papers based on new research presented at a Moscow Academy of Sciences conference, collected in Norman Naimark and Leonid Gibianskii (eds.), The Establishment of Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe, 1944-1949 (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1997). Interesting new interpretations are offered by John Connelly, Captive University: The Sovietization ofEast Gennan, Czech, and Polish Higher Education, 1945-1956 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), on the ways in which East Europeans were able to preserve their own traditions and institutional cultures during the process of Sovietization; and T. V. Volokitina et aI., Narodnaia demokratiia: mif ili real'nost' [People's Democracy: Myth or RealityJ (Moscow: Nauka, 1993), an argument by leading archival scholars of Eastern Europe that "people's democracy" had serious democratic content and intent in the immediate postwar period. Studies on specific countries include Krystyna Kersten, The Establishment of Communist Rule in Poland, 1943-1948, trans. and annotated by John Micgiel and Michael H. Bernhard (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991), the English translation of the first archive-based Polish study of the period of Communist takeover; Ivo Banac's pioneering analysis of Yugoslav politics during the Tito-Stalin split, With Stalin against Tito: Cominfonnist Splits in Yugoslav Communism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988); and Norman M. Naimark, The Russians in Germany: A History ofthe Soviet Zone ofOccupation, 1945-1949 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), an archive-based examination of Soviet policy in Germany and the origins of the German Democratic Republic. Robert Levy's Ana Pauker: The Rise and Fall of a Jewish Communist (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2001) is an important reevaluation of the Romanian Stalinist based on extensive interviews and archives. The premier Czech historian of Communism in that country, Karel Kaplan, studies the origins and course of the 1948 coup in The Short March: The Communist Takeover in Czechoslovakia (New York: St. Martin's, 1987). See also his Report on the Murder ofthe General Secretary (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1990), which, in addition to an account of the Slansky trial, includes a general history of the East European purges. On Hungary, see Charles Gati's excellent series ofextended essays, Hungary and the Soviet Bloc (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1986), and George H. Hodos, Show Trials: Stalinist Purges in Eastern Europe (New York: Praeger, 1987), the best available work on the East European purges by a former victim of Hungarian Stalinists. Finally, there are several key published memoirs and diaries. The memoirs of the Yugoslav Communist Milovan Djilas remain one of the fundamental sources for under­ standing Stalin's wartime and postwar thinkii1g, Conversations with Stalin, trans. Michael B. Petrovich (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1962). Likewise, many insights can be gleaned from the splendidly edited notes of the famous Bulgarian Communist Georgii Dimitrov, Stalin's most trusted East European deputy during the war and after, The Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 1933-1949, ed. Ivo Banac (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003). Essential insights into the Sovietization of East European intellectuals are found in Czeslaw Milosz, The Captive Mind, 3rd ed. (New York: Random House, 1981). Lastly, Teresa Toranska, "Them": Stalin's Polish Puppets, trans. Agnieszka Kolakowska (New York: 52 5 essay Rihliouravhical essay interviews 'With Polish Stalinists bv an Harper and Row, I987), contains aP"l;!reSSi~le journalist. See also sections 5. 7, and 1O in this bibliographical essay. 10. BaUkans, I945-1956 Cold War in The body of literature on the Balkans far from in of the explosion in the availability ot documentary sources archives after I989. By far the most comprehensive survey of the Crampton, The Balkaru since the Second World War (New York: Longman, 2002). Although mainly focused on the first half of the century and the Second World War, an overview by Barbara JcIavich, History of the Balkans, vol. II Cambridge University Press, I983), is a valuable contribution. A more elaborate review of the literature on the Soviet policies toward Eastern Europe in is already given in the entries in this bibliographical essay, sections 5 and 9· However, works such as The Diary o{'Gcorgi Dimitrov, 1933-1949, ed. Ivo Banae (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003), Milovan Djilas, Conversations with Stalin (Harn10ndsworth: Penguin Books, 1963), and the most recent book by Vesselin Dimitrov, Stalin's Cold War: Soviet Foreign Policy, Democracy, and Communism in Bulgaria, 1941-1948 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), provide invaluable insight into Stalin's attitudes toward the Balkans. See also Artiom Ulunian, Balkany: gorlachii mir kholodnoi voiny. Gretsiia i Turtsiia mezhdu 7,apadom i Vostokom, 1945-1960 gg, [The Balkans: Hot Peace, Cold War. Greece and Turkey between West and East, 1945-1960J (Moscow: Rossiiskie vesti, 2001), Among the country-specific literature, Dimitrov, as well as R.j. Crampton's Bulgaru/ (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), offer exceptional insight into developments in Bulgaria, For US policy, Michael M, Boll. Cold War in the Balkaru: American Foreign Policy ana the Emergence of Communist Bulgaria, 19431947 (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1984), is still useful. For an overview of the history of Turkey during this period, one should consult Erik J. Zurcher, Turkey: A Modern History, 3rd cd, (London and New York: L B, Tauris, 2005), and William Hale, Turkish Foreign Policy, 1774 2000 (London: Frank Cass, 2000). For relations between London and Ankara, see Mustafa Bilgin, Britain and Turkey in the Middle East: Politics and Influence in the Early Cold War Era (London: Tauris Academic, 2008), and between Moscow and Ankara, Bulent Gokay, Soviet F,astern Policy and Turkey, 1920-1991: Soviet Foreign Policy, Turkey and Communism (London: Routledge, 2006), A useful overview of domestic politics in is John M, VanderLippe, The Politics of Turkish Democracy: Ismet Inonu and the Formation of the Multi-Party System, 1938-1950 (Albanv. NY: State University of New York Press, 2005). From a relatively body of literature on the Greek Civil War, two edited volumes deserve special mention, as prOvide a comprehensive general overview of the conflict John O. Iatrides (cd.), Greece in the 1940s: A Nation in Crisis with its many (Hanover, NH: Press of New England, I981), and John O. Iatrides and Linda Wrigley (eds.), Greece at the Crossroads: The Civil War and Its Legacy (University Park:, PA: Penn State University Press, 1995), On the American role in the conflict, one should consult Lawrence S. Winner, American Intervention in Greece, 1943-1949 (New York: Columbia 526 Unive:rsiltv Press, 1982). On the subject of the Greek Communists' goals and tactics in the Greek Civil War and Soviet policies, a very good overview can be found in Peter J. Stavrakis, Moscow and Greek Communism, 1944-1949 (Ithaca. NY: Comell University Press, 1989), Additional can be gleaned from more recent articles that have benefited from the of the Soviet archives, such as John O. Iatrides, "Revolution or Self-Defense? Conununist Goals, Strategy, and Tactics in the Greek Civil War," Jou.rnal of Cold War Studies, 7, 3 (Summer 2005), Y33, and Thanasis D, Sfikas, "War and Peace in the Strategy of the Communist Party of Greece, 1945-1949," Journal ofCold War Studies, 3, 3 (Fall 2001). 5-30, A rare and thus valuable comparative analysis of Soviet and British attitudes in the conflict is provided in the article by Thanasis D, Sfikas, "Toward a Regional Study of the Origins of the Cold War in Southeastem Europe: British and Soviet Policies in the Balkans, 1945--1949," Journal o{'Modern Greek Studies, 17 (1999), 209-27, For Greece after the civil war, see Euanthes Chatzevasileiou, Greece and the Cold War: Frontline State, 1952-1967 (London: Routledge, 2006), The scarcity ofpublished Greek documents on the Greek Civil War is somewhat compensated for by the inclusion of relevant documents in series from the US and British governments, Among English-language books on Yugoslavia during this period that focus on the Tito--Stalin split and its aftermath, see the excellent analysiS of Western polides and the dilemmas of policymaking in Lorraine M. Lees, Keeping Tito Afloat: The United States, Yugoslavia, and the Cold War (University Park, PA: Penn State University Press, 1997), and Beatrice Heuser. Western "Containment" Polides in the Cold War: The Yugoslav Case, 1948-1953 (London and New York: Routledge, 1989), A still unsurpassed insight into the YUlloslav side of the conflict and an accurate reading of Stalin's mindset is provided The Battle Stalin Lost: Memoirs ofYugoslavia 1948-1953 (NottinghaII1: Spokesman, 1978), and in the documentary collections he edited in Serbo-Croatian, the three-volume Dokumenti 1948 [Documents on 1948J, (Belgrade: Rad, 1979). Interesting aspects of the Tito Stalin split and its ramifications are discussed in Ivo Banae, With Stalin agairut Tito: Cominformist Svlits in Communism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988). Several memoirs and biographies are O'Mh"_"",,iPl' conflict and the process ofnormalization afrer Stalin's death, most notably biography of Tito, Novi prilozi za bwgrafiju Josipa Broza Broz TitoJ, vol. III (Belgrade: Izdavacka UlgaIll"<l.UJ" Rad, I984), as well as Nikita Khrushchev, Vremia, liudi, vtast' [Times, PowerJ, vols. III and IV (Moscow: Moskovskie novosti, 1999), Veljko Micunovic, Moskovske 195&1958 [Moscow Years, I956--I958J (Zagreb: SveuCilisna naklada Liber, I977), and Sveto7.ar Vukmanovic-Tempo, Revoludja koja teee: memoari [The Continuous Revolution: Memoirs] (Belgrade: Komunist, I97I), For the process of Soviet Yugoslav reconciliation, see Svetozar Rajak, Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union in the Early Cold War, 1953-1957 (London: Routledge, 20ro). See also entries in section 9 of this bibliographical essay, II. The birth of the People's Republic of China and the road to the Korean War The documents pertaining to the Guomindang government's policies were published after the I9705, such as Qin Xiaoyi (cd,), Zhonghua minguo zhongyao shiliao chubian duiI{i 527