SPANISH 2 STUDY GUIDE
1ST SEMESTER
ETAPA PRELIMINAR
*pages 1-25
*adjective agreement
*tener
*ser vs. estar
*interrogatives
*telling time
*present tense verb endings
*ir
*irregular yo forms
*stem-changing verbs
ADJECTIVE AGREEMENT (p.7)
*adjectives must agree in gender and number with the noun(s) they describe
*masculine adjectives end with an O or an E
*feminine adjectives end with an A or an E
*if an adjective ends with a vowel, add an S to make it plural
*if an adjective ends with a consonant, add ES to make it plural
TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING:
1. the tall girls
_______________________________
2. the boring book
_______________________________
3. the white shoes
_______________________________
4. the red skirt
_______________________________
5. the blue pants
_______________________________
MAKE THE FOLLOWING PLURAL:
1. el hombre guapo
________________________________
2. la mujer bonita
________________________________
3. el carro feo
________________________________
4. el maestro paciente
________________________________
5. la chaqueta verde
________________________________
TENER (p.9)
*the verb TENER means TO HAVE
*it can be used to show possession and age
*it can also be used with idiomatic expressions (tener frío, tener cuidado, tener envidia)
*when it precedes the word QUE and an infinitive it means to have to do something
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF TENER IN THE PRESENT TENSE.
1. Los estudiantes ___________________ que estudiar para la prueba.
2. Yo __________________ quince años.
3. Mi familia ____________________ una casa grande.
4. Tú _____________________ miedo de las películas de horror.
5. Nosotros ___________________ un examen mañana.
SER vs. ESTAR (p.10)
*use the CNOTE acronym to decide when to use a form of SER. CNOTE stands for Characteristics,
Nationality, Origin, Time & Equivalence.
*remember the rhyme “How you feel and where you are, always use the verb ESTAR”
*both verbs mean “to be”
COMPLETE THE CHARTS BELOW WITH THE 5 FORMS OF EACH VERB:
SER
ESTAR
___________________________
_______________________________
X
___________________________
X
_______________________________
COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF SER OR ESTAR.
1. Mis padres __________________ de México.
2. Yo _______________ estudiante en PHS.
7. ______________ las diez y media.
3. ¿Cómo __________________ tu hoy?
4. La maestra ________________ en la oficina.
5. Yo ___________________ muy cansada hoy.
6. Nosotros ___________________ estadounidenses.
8. Tú _____________ muy alto.
INTERROGATIVES (p.13)
*remember that all question words have an accent mark
GIVE THE SPANISH OF EACH INTERROGATIVE WORD
to where
____________________
who
_______________________
how
____________________
which (ones)
_______________________
when
____________________
how many
_______________________
how much
____________________
where
_______________________
what
____________________
why
_______________________
TELLING TIME (p.15)
* ¿Que hora es? = What time is it?
* ¿A que hora? = At what time?
WRITE OUT THE TIMES IN DIGITS.
1. Es la una.
_________________________
2. Son las diez y media.
_________________________
3. Son las doce menos cinco.
_________________________
4. Son las dos.
_________________________
5. Es la una menos cuarto.
_________________________
6. Son las ocho y cuarto.
_________________________
PRESENT TENSE VERB ENDINGS (p.17)
*For all regular verbs in the present tense, you drop off the last two letters (AR, ER or IR) and add
the appropriate endings.
FILL IN THE CHARTS BELOW WITH PRESENT TENSE VERB ENDINGS
AR
ER
IR
___________________
_____________________
___________________
X
___________________
X
_____________________
X
___________________
CONJUGATE THE MOST LOGICAL VERB IN THE PRESENT TENSE TO AGREE WITH THE
SUBJECT.
1. Yo _____________________ (cantar/bailar) en el coro.
2. Nosotros ____________________ (vivir/ayudar) en Plainfield.
3. Tú ____________________ (leer/hablar) por teléfono con tus amigos.
4. Ellos ______________________ (correr/escribir) su tarea en la clase.
5. La maestra ___________________ (ensenar/comer) la lección.
6. Yo __________________ (recibir/correr) en la clase de educación física.
7. Mis amigos y yo _____________________ (trabajar/patinar) en el parque.
8. Los chicos ______________________ (comer/trabajar) hamburguesas y papas fritas.
IR (p.19)
*the verb IR means “to go”
*when it precedes “a” and an infinitive it means the subject is going to do something (near future)
COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE WITH A PRESENT TENSE FORM OF THE VERB IR.
1. Mis amigos _______________ al gimnasio para jugar al baloncesto.
2. Yo ________________ a estudiar en la biblioteca.
3. Tú _______________ a la tienda con tu mamá.
4. Nosotros ___________________ a ir de compras.
5. El __________________ a Mexico en avión.
STEM-CHANGING VERBS (p.21)
*some verbs have stem changes in the boot forms (e»ie, o»ue, e»i)
*if it’s a BOOT VERB, it means it does NOT stem change in the nosotros form
*there’s a list of more stem-changing verbs on page 25 of your textbook
GIVE THE MEANINGS AND PRESENT TENSE STEM CHANGES FOR THE FOLLOWING VERBS:
INFINITIVE
cerrar
pedir
contar
perder
pensar
poder
MEANING
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
CHANGE
____to____
____to____
____to____
____to____
____to____
____to____
INFINITIVE
dormir
servir
recordar
volver
querer
almorzar
MEANING
CHANGE
_____________ ____to____
_____________ ____to____
_____________ ____to____
_____________ ____to____
_____________ ____to____
_____________ ____to___
IRREGULAR YO FORMS (p.23)
*Some verbs have YO forms that are irregular in the present tense. All other forms of the verb
“follow the rules” for conjugating except for the YO form
GIVE THE YO FORM AND MEANINGS FOR THE FOLLOWING VERBS:
YO FORM
MEANING
1. hacer
___________________
____________________
2. poner
___________________
____________________
3. salir
___________________
____________________
4. traer
___________________
____________________
5. caer
___________________
____________________
6. dar
___________________
____________________
7. saber
___________________
____________________
8. ver
___________________
____________________
9. conocer
___________________
____________________
UNIDAD 1, ETAPA 1
*pages 32-51
*CAR,GAR,ZAR verbs in the preterite
*regular preterite endings
*5 irregular preterites
PRETERITE (p.38)
*the preterite is used to talk about completed actions in the past
* we most frequently use the preterite in the following circumstances:
1. ACTIONS THAT CAN BE VIEWED AS SINGLE EVENTS
2. ACTIONS THAT WERE REPEATED A SPECIFIC NUMBER OF TIMES
3. ACTIONS THAT OCCURRED DURING A SPECIFIC TIME PERIOD
4. ACTIONS THAT WERE PART OF A CHAIN OF EVENTS
5. STATING THE BEGINNING OR THE END OF AN ACTION
6. WHEN WE HAVE KEY WORDS (anoche, ayer, el año pasado, etc)
GIVE THE REGULAR PRETERITE ENDINGS:
AR
ER
IR
___________________
_____________________
___________________
X
___________________
X
_____________________
X
___________________
CAR, GAR, ZAR IN THE PRETERITE (p.41)
*”AR” verbs that end with CAR, GAR or ZAR have spelling changes in the YO form only
*they will all still end with an accented e.
TELL WHAT CHANGES ARE MADE & GIVE THE PRETERITE YO FORMS:
C » ______
G » _______
Z » _______
sacar
_____________
llegar
______________
empezar _______________
tocar
_____________
jugar
______________
comenzar ______________
buscar _____________
pagar
______________
almorzar ______________
*other “CAR” verbs that aren’t listed above include SACAR, EXPLICAR & PRACTICAR
IRREGULAR PRETERITE (p.42)
*the following 5 verbs do NOT follow the “rules” for preterite endings
*IR and SER have the same forms in the preterite
* DAR and VER are only considered irregular because they do not have the accent marks that the
the regular preterite endings do
*HACER is the 5th irregular preterite verb; it means to do or to make
FILL IN THE CHARTS BELOW WITH THE PRETERITE FORMS OF THESE IRREGULAR VERBS:
IR= to go (went)
SER= to be (was/were)
VER=to see (saw)
___________________
_____________________
___________________
X
___________________
X
_____________________
X
___________________
DAR= to give (gave)
HACER= to do/make (did/made)
___________________
_____________________
X
___________________
X
_____________________
UNIDAD 1, ETAPA 2
*pages 52-73
*more present tense stemchangers
*more irregular preterite
Unidad 1, Etapa 2 provides more examples of verbs that have stem changes in the present tense
(A.K.A. boot verbs). You can refer back to the etapa preliminary or page 73 to see examples.
IRREGULAR PRETERITE (p.63)
*The following 8 verbs have their own “rules” for the preterite. The stem for each verb has to be
memorized. The endings of these 8 verbs are the same regardless of whether they are an AR, ER or
an IR verb.
GIVE THE PRETERITE STEM AND THE MEANING OF THE FOLLOWING VERBS:
INFINITIVE
MEANING
STEM
venir
__________________
___________________
tener
__________________
___________________
andar
__________________
___________________
saber
__________________
___________________
auerer
__________________
___________________
poner
__________________
___________________
poder
__________________
___________________
estar
__________________
___________________
FILL IN THE CHART WITH THE
PRETERITE ENDINGS OF THE
8 IRREGULAR VERBS ABOVE
__________________________
X
__________________________
CONJUGATE THE FOLLOWING
VERBS IN THE PRETERITE SO
THEY AGREE WITH THE SUBJECT
estar/tú
________________________
querer/yo
________________________
saber/ella
________________________
querer/nosotros
________________________
venir/ellos
________________________
poner/tú
________________________
poder/él
________________________
andar/Uds.
________________________
“J” VERBS (p.63)
*the following verbs have a J in their preterite stem
*verbs that have the J in their preterite stem use the same preterite endings as the 8 irregulars on
the previous page, however the ellos/ellas/Uds. form does NOT have an I in it
GIVE THE PRETERITE STEM AND THE MEANING OF THE FOLLOWING VERBS:
INFINITIVE
MEANING
STEM
decir
__________________
___________________
traer
__________________
___________________
conducir
__________________
___________________
producir
__________________
___________________
traducir
__________________
___________________
TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING FROM ENGLISH TO SPANISH:
we said
___________________
you translated
___________________
they produced
___________________
he brought
___________________
I drove
___________________
they said
___________________
UNIDAD 1, ETAPA 3
*pages 74-97
*stem-changing verbs in the preterite
*”y” verbs in the preterite
*demonstrative adjectives
*nationalities
*saber vs. conocer
SABER VS. CONOCER (p.83)
*saber and conocer both mean “to know”
*conocer is used for people and places; conocer can also mean “to be familiar with”
*saber is used before infinitives, before “si”, before “que”, question words and with facts/information
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF SABER OR CONOCER
1. Nosotros _____________________ la Ciudad de Mexico.
2. Yo __________________ que manana es su cumpleanos.
3. Tu no ___________________ a la maestra de frances.
4. Ellos no ___________________ si tenemos una prueba hoy.
5. Ella ____________________ bailar.
6. Ella ____________________ a tu hermano.
7. Yo __________________ a Elena.
8. Tu ____________________ patinar sobre hielo.
NATIONALITIES (p.82)
*nationalities are like all other adjectives; they must agree in gender and number with the noun(s) they
describe
TELL THE NATIONALITY OF THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE USING FORMS OF SER. CHANGE
THE ENDING OF THE NATIONALITY SO IT AGREES W/ THE SUBJECT:
1. Maria es de Mexico.
_____________________________________
2. Yo soy de los Estados Unidos.
_____________________________________
3. Tu eres de Costa Rica.
_____________________________________
4. Los chicos son de Peru.
_____________________________________
5. Nosotros somos de Chile.
_____________________________________
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES (p.84)
*demonstrative adjectives refer to someone or something that are NEAR the speaker, FAR FROM the
speaker, or AT A GREAT DISTANCE from the speaker
*demonstrative adjectives must also agree in gender and number with the noun they describe
*demonstrative adjectives, unlike most other adjectives, come BEFORE the noun(s).
*demonstratives (when not accompanied by a noun) serve as a pronoun and mean “this one, those ones,
that one”, etc.)
REPLACE THE UNDERLINED, DEFINITE ARTICLE WITH THE 3 POSSIBLE DEMONSTRATIVE
ADJECTIVES:
1. La reportera escribio un reportaje.
___________
____________
____________
2. Los articulos son aburridos.
___________
____________
____________
3. El fotografo saco muchas fotos.
___________
____________
____________
4. Las tiras comicas son buenas.
___________
____________
____________
“Y” VERBS (p.87)
THE FOLLOWING VERBS HAVE A Y IN THE EL/ELLA/UD. & THE ELLOS/ELLAS/UDS. FORMS IN
THE PRETERITE: leer, creer, oir, caer
CONJUGATE THE VERBS IN THE PRETERITE TO AGREE WITH THE GIVEN SUBJECT:
leer/ella _________________
caer/el _________________ oir/ellas __________________
creer/Ud. _________________ leer/ellos _________________ oir/Uds. _________________
PRETERITE STEM-CHANGERS (p.86)
*verbs that have stem changes in the preterite ONLY change in the el/ella/Ud. form and the
ellos/ellas/Uds. form (we called them “sock verbs” or “bottom feeders”)
*some verbs change E to I and others change O to U
GIVE THE SPANISH OF EACH VERB AND TELL WHAT THE PRETERITE STEM CHANGE IS
AND THEN CONJUGATE THE VERB TO AGREE WITH THE GIVEN SUBJECT.
INFINITIVE
STEM CHANGE
CONJUGATION
__________________ = to ask for, to order
______ to ______
ella _________________
__________________ = to sleep
______ to ______
ellos ________________
__________________ = to serve
______ to ______
el __________________
__________________ = to die
______ to ______
Uds. _________________
__________________ = to compete
______ to ______
ellas _________________
__________________ = to repeat
______ to ______
Ud. __________________
__________________ = to prefer
______ to ______
ellos __________________
UNIDAD 2, ETAPA 2
*pages 104-125
*reflexive verbs
MEANING
*imperfect
*long form possessive adjectives
IMPERFECT (p.116)
*the imperfect is another form of the past tense
*we use the acronym DR. LEWAIT to indicate when to use the imperfect (as opposed to the preterite)
*we also have many key words/phrases that indicate when to use the imperfect (siempre, mientras, etc
*there are only 3 irregular verbs in the preterite: IR, VER & SER
regular AR endings
regular ER& IR endings
5 forms of IR _____, _____, ____
________, _____
________________
X
_________________
_________________
X
_________________
5 forms of SER _____, _____, ___
_______, _____
5 forms of VER ______, _____, _
______, _____
FILL IN THE MEANINGS FOR EACH LETTER
IN THE DR. LEWAIT ACRONYM
CONJUGATE THE FOLLOWING VERBS
IN THE IMPERFECT
D______________________
ver/Uds.
______________________
R______________________
hablar/ellos
______________________
L______________________
comer/tu
______________________
E______________________
vivir/yo
______________________
W_____________________
ser/ella
______________________
A______________________
trabajar/yo
______________________
I______________________
ir/nosotros
______________________
T______________________
correr/ellas
______________________
REFLEXIVE VERBS (p.114)
*preceded by a reflexive pronoun (me, te, se, nos, se)
*a reflexive pronoun indicates that subject of the verb is involved in the action
*the reflexive pronoun is the same person, place or thing as the subject
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES THE CORRECT FORM OF THE VERB IN PARENTHESIS.
CONJUGATE THE VERB IN THE PRESENT TENSE. DON’T FORGET TO INCLUDE THE
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.
1. Mis amigos y yo _______ _________________ cuando no hay nada para hacer. (aburrirse)
2. Yo ______ __________________ enfermo despues de comer muchos dulces. (sentirse) e»ie
3. Mi hermanastra _______ _________________ con mis hermanos y yo. (pelearse)
4. Tú _______ _________________ detrás de un árbol. (esconderse)
5. Los chicos ______ _________________ en la fiesta. (divertirse) e»ie
LONG FORM POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES (p.112)
*are placed AFTER nouns, rather than before them like the short form adjectives
*translate to “of mine,” “of ours” etc.
*must agree in gender and number with the noun they describe
GIVE THE FOUR WAYS TO SAY EACH OF THE FOLLOWING POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES:
OF
OF
OF
OF
MINE
_________, _________, _________, __________
YOURS _________, _________, _________, __________
HIS/HERS/THEIRS _________, _________, _________, __________
OURS
_________, _________, _________, __________
UNIDAD 2, ETAPA 2
*pages 128-147
*preterite vs. imperfect
*past progressive
*ordinal numbers
PAST PROGRESSIVE (p.135)
*similar to the imperfect (in meaning)
*uses a form of ESTAR in the imperfect followed by the –NDO form of the verb
COMPLETE THE CHART WITH THE
IMPERFECT FORMS OF “ESTAR”
WHAT ENDINGS TO YOU PUT ON
THE STEM TO FORM THE PAST
PROGRESSIVE?
_______________________________
X
_______________________________
for AR verbs:
_______________
for ER & IR verbs:
_______________
for stems that end
with a vowel:
_______________
TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING TO SPANISH:
She was eating
____________________
I was reading
They were talking
____________________
We were writing
You were hearing
____________________
He was singing
_____________________
___________________
______________________
ORDINAL NUMBERS (p.140)
*change masculine/feminine depending on the noun they accompany
*for “primero” & “tercero”… they lose the “o” when the precede a singular, masculine noun (it’ll keep
the “o” if it is by itself—no noun after it)
DESCRIBE THE LINE
DDd
1. Sonia es la _________________.
Q
2. Ernesto es el _________________.
3. Emilia es la ___________________.
4. Juana es la ___________________.
5. Julio es el ____________________.
6. Roberta es la _________________.
7. Carmen es la __________________.
8. Raúl es el ____________________.
9. Pablo es el ___________________.
10. Felipe es el ___________________.