Earthquakes: Chapter 5
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1.
Aftershock: An earthquake that occurs after a larger earthquake
24.
in the same area happening hours, days or even months later.
2.
3.
25.
26.
deformation: A change in the volume or shape of the earth's
27.
earthquake: The shaking that results from the movement of rock
beneath Earth's surface.
7.
8.
28.
29.
focus: The point beneath Earth's surface where rock that is under
stress breaks, triggering an earthquake.
10.
folds: a bend in rock that forms where part of Earth's crust is
compressed
11.
footwall: the block of rock that lies below in a normal fault
12.
hanging wall: the block of rock that lies above in a normal fault
13.
Liquefaction: Violent shaking turns loose, soft soil into liquid
mud causing buildings to sink and pull apart.
14.
magnitude: Measurement of the earthquake based on seismic
waves and movement along faults.
15.
Mercalli Scale: A location specific scale based ton how the
earthquakes affect people, buildings, and the land surface.
16.
Moment Magnitude Scale: Total energy released by the
earthquake and it works for locations both far and distant.
17.
normal faults: the fault is at an angle, so one block of rock lies
above the other block of rock; caused by tension pulling rocks
apart
18.
P-Waves: Primary Waves are earthquake waves that compress
and expand the ground like an accordion traveling through
solids and liquids.
19.
plateau: a large area of flat land elevated high above sea level
20.
reverse fault: has the same structure as normal faults, but the
blocks move in the opposite direction; caused by compression
pushing the rock together
21.
Richter Scale: Rating the size of the seismic waves using a
seismograph - works well for small nearby earthquakes but not
accurate for large or distant earthquakes.
22.
S-Waves: Secondary Waves are earthquake waves that vibrate
from side to side as well as up and down traveling only through
solids causing buildings to shake violently.
23.
seismic waves: Vibrations that travel through Earth carrying
the energy released during an earthquake.
tension: type of stress that pulls on the crust, stretching rock so
that it becomes thinner in the middle; occurs where two plates
are moving apart
fault-block mountains: A mountain formed by blocks of rock
uplifted from normal faults.
9.
syncline: A downward fold in rock formed by compression in
Earth's crust
fault: A break or crack in the earth's lithosphere along which
rocks move
Surface Waves: When some P and S waves that reach the
surface - they slow down and cause severe rolling ground
movements like ocean waves.
crust
6.
strike-slip fault: type of fault in which the rocks on either side
of the fault slip past each other sideways, with little up or down
motion; caused by shearing when plates move past each other
compression: type of stress that squeezes rock until it folds or
breaks; occurs where rocks push together
5.
stress: a force that acts on an area of rock to change its shape or
volume
Base Isolated Building: A building designed to reduce the
amount of energy that reaches the building.
4.
opposite directions; can cause rock to break and slip apart or to
change its shape
anticline: an upward fold in rock formed by compression of
Earth's crust
shearing: type of stress that pushes a mass of rock in two
30.
Tsunami: Water displaced by the quake forms large waves
spreading out from an earthquake's epicenter.