Noteform 2-1: Forces in Earth’s Crust (pages 44 – 50)
Name: ______________________________________________ Section: ________
1. Stress is a ____________________ that acts on rock to change its shape or
volume.
2. Which kind of stress pulls and stretches rock apart:____________________
3. The force above occurs where two ___________________ are moving apart.
4. Which kind of stress squeezes rock together: __________________________
5. The force above occurs where one plate __________________ against another,
which can compress rock until it folds or breaks.
6. Which kind of stress pushes rock in two opposite directions: ________________
7. Most ____________________ occur along plate ____________________, where
the forces of plate motion push or pull the crust so much that the crust breaks.
8. Normal Faults are caused by which kind of stress: _________________________
9. Reverse faults are caused by which kind of stress: _________________________
10. Strike-Slip faults occur by which kind of stress: _________________________
Noteform 2-2: Earthquakes and Seismic Waves (pages 51 – 57)
1. Every day, worldwide, there are ___________________________ earthquakes.
2. The force of _________________________________ cause earthquakes.
3. The _____________________ is the area beneath Earth’s surface where rock that
is under stress breaks, triggering an earthquake.
4. The point on the surface directly above the focus is called the ________________
5. Like a pebble thrown into a pond, an earthquake produces vibrations called
waves. These waves carry energy as they travel outward away from the
__________________________.
6. ___________ waves compress and expand the ground like a slinky or accordion.
7. ____________ waves vibrate from side to side, and shake the ground back and
forth, as well as up and down.
8. ____________________ waves move more slowly than the other seismic waves,
but they cause the ground to roll like ocean waves, causing severe damage. They
can also cause buildings to shake from side to side.
9. Which kind of seismic wave cannot travel through liquids: ________________
10. Earthquake magnitude is measured using the _______________________ scale.
Noteform 2-3: Monitoring Earthquakes (pages 60 – 65)
1. Which Chinese astronomer designed and built the earthquake detection
device (shown in Figure 12) nearly 2,000 years ago?
______________________________
2. Seismic waves cause the “drum” on the seismograph to
__________________, and the suspended pen records the movement.
3. To monitor faults, geologists have developed instruments to measure
changes in ____________________________, _______________________
of the land surface, and ground movements along
__________________________.
4. Knowing the location of hidden ____________________ helps scientists
determine the earthquake risk for the area.
5. How rocks move along a fault depends on how much
_____________________ there is between the sides of the fault.
Noteform 2-4: Earthquake Safety (pages 68 – 75)
1. In eastern United States, the earthquake risk tends to be low because this region
lies far from
___________________________________.
2. When an earthquake jolts the ocean floor, plate movement causes the ocean floor
to rise slightly and push water out of its way. The water displaced by the
earthquake may form a large wave called a:
__________________________
3. When soft, loose soil turns into liquid mud, the soil becomes full of moisture and
the ground gives way, buildings sink and pull apart. This is called:
______________________________.
4. What should you do if an earthquake strikes? The main danger is from falling
objects and flying glass. The best way to protect yourself is to:
____________________, _________________ and __________________!!!
5. If you are indoors when a quake strikes, crouch beneath a sturdy _____________
or _______________ and hold on to it.
6. If you are outdoors, move to an _____________________ area.
7. After a quake, __________________ and ________________________ may fail.