THE BEARDLESS WINGED GENIES
FROM THE NORTHWEST PALACE AT NIMRUD*
Pauline Albenda - New York
Over twenty-five chambers, corridors and courtyards of the Northwest Palace at
Nimrod, dated to the reign of the Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II (883-859 B.C.) were
faced with limestone blocks, about 3 meters in height l . Among the many secular and
religious-mythical subjects carved upon those blocks were 200 or more anthropomorphic winged genies of variant types, identified as apkallu2 . From among this large
assemblage three known apkallu are unusual since, unlike all the others, they are
beardless. Two figures appear on the lower portion of a slab originating from Room I
of the palace (Fig. 1). The third figure appears on a large slab originating from Room
L (Fig. 2). At the time of discovery each stone slab was set up in a shallow niche of
the respective chamber3; presently, the two reliefs are on permanent display in the
British Museum. The appearance of the beardless genies on the wall reliefs leads to
questions of their gender and possible identity, which are addressed in the present
study.
*) This is an expanded version of a paper read at the 1995 Annual Meeting of the American Schools of
Oriental Research, held in Philadelphia. Figures 1 and 2 are reproduced through courtesy of the Trustees
of the British Museum; figures 3 and 4 are the author's.
1) See 1. Meuszytiski, Die Rekonstruktion der Reliefdarstellungen und ihrer Anordnung im Nordwestpalast von Kalbu (Nimritd) (Baghdader Forschungen, 2), Mainz am Rhein 1981; S.M. Paley - P.
Sobolewski, The Recontruction ofthe ReliefRepresentations and their Positions in the North- West Palace
at Kalbu (Nimritd) II (Baghdader Forschungen, 10), Mainz am Rhein 1987.
2) See D. Kolbe, Die Reliefprogramme religios-mythologischen Charakters in neuassyrischen Paliisten,
Frankfurt am Main 1981, pp. 14-17; F.A.M. Wiggermann, Mesopotamian Protective Spirits. The Ritual
Texts, Groningen 1992, pp. 73-75.
3) S.M. Paley, King of the World: Ashurnasirpal II ofAssyria 883-859 B.C., Brooklyn 1976, p. 62.
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PAULINE ALBENDA
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Relieffrom Room I (EM 124581)
On the slab from room I, the two beardless genies flank and face a stylized tree
- the so-called sacred tree4. Both genies are two-winged and their divine aspect is
indicated by the two-horned headdress worn by each figure. They are modelled in
shallow relief and meticulous attention is given to the rendering of details. Each genie
wears an identical costume that consists of a short-sleeved, long plain dress bordered
with tassels at the bottom. Over the garment is a flounced skirt kept open at the front.
At the waist, paired daggers are kept in the strap of an exceptionally broad belt. Both
genies are barefooted.
The facial features of the genies are crisply delineated and in the areas of the
cheek and chin there is a softness of modelling. Suspended from the visible ear is an
earring of the pendant-type and around the neck is an elaborate necklace composed of
several elements. They include a chain of oval beads, a narrow pectoral with raised
rim, and two rows of discs which are linked to one another by small rods. The
decoration on the discs consists of an eight-pointed star. Below the homed headdress
the long wavy hair reaches to the shoulders and ends in several rows of tight curls. In
addition, a thick strand of hair falls pendant down the back, and above the curled ends
is a ribbed band from which two tassels extend. The long tress seems to be an
artificial atta~hment to the coiffure and possibly functioned as the counterweight for
the heavy necklace.
The two genies are posed the same. The right arm is raised and the open palm is
directed towards the stylized tree. The left arm is lowered and in the clenched hand is
a large ring composed of alternating round and disc-shaped beads (Figs. 3 and 4). The
bracelet on each wrist shows a wide band and a large rosette mounted in a circle.
Relieffrom Room L (BM 124578)
The third beardless genie, turned to the left, is four-winged and carved across the
body is the standard cuneiform inscription of Ashurnasirpal n5. The nearly flat carving of the figure reveals the workmanship of a different craftsman, but with respect to
costume, jewellery and pose, this apkallu is similar to those from Room 1. In the
present work several differences may be noted, in addition to the two pairs of wings.
Past studies on the significance of the Late Assyrian sacred tree have led to various conclusions. For
recent discussions on the subject, see S. Parpola, Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars (State
Archives ofAssyria, X), Helsinki 1993, pp.xv-xvii, xx; id., "The Assyrian tree of Life: Tracing the Origins
of Jewish Monotheism and Greek Philosophy", JNES 52 (1993), pp. 161-169; B.M. Porter, "Sacred Trees,
Date Palms, and the Royal Persona of Ashurnasirpal II", JNES 52 (1993), pp. 129-139; P. Albenda,
"Assyrian Sacred Trees in the Brooklyn Museum", «Iraq» 56 (1994), pp. 123-133.
5) A.K. Grayson, Assyrian Royal Inscriptions. Part 2. From Tiglath-pileser 1 to Ashur-nasir-apli II,
Wiesbaden 1976, no. 648.
4)
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THE BEARDLESS WINGED GENIES FROM THE NORTHWEST PALACE AT NIMRUD
69
Firstly, the genie is adorned with two necklaces. The necklace around the neck
consists of two strands of beads that connect to a flat disc at the front. The second
necklace covers the chest and it is composed of a thin chain to which are linked two
rows of decorated discs. The upper ones show rosettes and the lower ones show
multi-rayed stars. Secondly, a bead-and-fringe counterweight, probably for the
beaded necklace, is suspended below the hair at the back. The counterweight appears
over the' long strand of hair that falls pendant. Thirdly, open sandals are worn on the
feet.
Male Figures and the Beardless Genies
Among the bearded-type apkallu displayed on the wall reliefs from the Northwest Palace, one may be singled out as closely paralleling the beardless version. The
obviously male genie, is two-winged and he wears a homed headdress and the kneelength tunic that is characteristic for bearded human genies6 . The male genie extends
the open palm of the raised right hand and holds a branch of flowers in the lower left
hand. Elsewhere on the wall reliefs from the Northwest Palace, there are beardless
male figures who are all shown to be attendants associated with the king's retinue7 . In
every instance these clean-shaven persons are attired in costumes suitable for the
royal court and the objects they hold, as well as the. gestures they take, pertain to
specific activities and functions.
Some of the clean-shaven officials may be identified with the sa resi, a eunuch.
However, Oppenheim demonstrated from the textual material that not all sa resi were
eunuchs; some may have been young men or clean-shaven men in high positions 8 . A
pictorial example on a Neo-Assyrian cylinder centers on a beardless worshipper
facing two goddesses, and the inscription on the object identifies the person as the
"son of the sceptre-bearer of Adad-nirari,,9. In her study of the rendering on the
cylinder, Porada suggests that the beardlessness of the worshipper may characterize
the youthfulness of the figure.
As for the beardless genies on the wall reliefs, their mature appearance and long
dress, the absence of a beard which all males possess with the above noted exceptions, and the ring held in the lower left hand (see presently), together support the
conclusion that the genies are feminine. Although the inclusion of the female winged
genies on the wall reliefs is unusual, the figure type does recur on the eighth century
Assyrian wall paintings from Til Barsip, where it is featured within a larger decora-
6) R.D. Barnett - A. Lorenzini, Assyrian Sculptures in the British Museum, Toronto 1975, pI. 14.
7)Ibid., pIs. 8, 12, 25, 35.
8) A.L. Oppenheim, "A Note on sa resi", JANES 5 (1973), pp. 333-334.
9) E. Porada - W.W. Ballo, "Random Observations on Works of Assyrian Art", in M. Dietrich - O. Loretz
(Eds.), Beschreiben und Deuten in der Archiiologie des Alten Orients, Munster 1994, pp. 261-262.
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PAULINE ALBENDA
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tive scheme l o. The winged female also appears on several ivory panels used for chair
decoration, which were discovered at Fort Shalmaneser, the outer town of Nimrud.
Carved in Syrian style, the bareheaded female is four-winged and her long dress with
trailing hem is made of a delicate material represented by fme parallel lines 11.
Winged Female Deities
The iconography of the winged female can be traced back to the third millennium in Mesopotamia, and in the course of time variants of the type developed in
several regions of the Near East. Apart from stylistic criteria, the image of the winged
female depended upon how one or more distinctive features and hand-held objects
were combined in a single figure, and they include the paired wings, homed headdress, flounced garment, large hand-held ring, and long tress of hair. In their descriptions of the winged females in the visual arts, modem scholars generally identify the
winged females with specific goddesses~ among whom are Inanna/Istar (Mesopotamia), Anat (Ugarit/Syria), and Sausga (AnatolialLate Hittite sites)12.
The earliest known examples of the winged female occur on late third millennium Akkadian style cylinder seal designs. In tWo of these works, the winged female
stands upon a range of mountains and she wears the homed headdress appropriate for
deities and a full-length flounced garment 13 . As goddesses of battle the winged
female is represented on an Akkadian style cylinder seal impression and on a seal
impression from Marl, dated by an inscription to the reign of the eighteenth century
king, Zimri-Lim 14. An unusual adaptation of the image of the winged goddess occurs
See F. Thureau-Dangin - M. Dunand, Til-Barsib (BibliothequeArcheologique et Historique, 23), Paris
1936, pp. 59, 68, pIs. XLIII, 1, XLVI; A. Parrot, The Arts of Assyria, New York 1961, p. XV (color
photograph). The two-winged genies hold a plant in each hand, and they wear a.headband decorated with
discs and a flower at the front. On the exposed ankle is a triple-ringed bracelet, an item of jewellery
sometimes worn by goddesses; see A. Moortgat, The Art ofAncient Mesopotamia, London - New York
1969, pl. 240; C.L. Woolley - R.D. Barnett, Carchemish. Report on the Excavations at Jerablus on Behalf
ofthe British Museum, Part III, London 1952 (reprint 1978), pl. B 36a and b; A. Livingstone, Court Poetry
and Literary Miscellanea (State Archives ofAssyria, llI), Helsinki 1989, fig. 5.
11) M. Mallowan - G. Hermann, Furniture From SW.7 Fort Shalmaneser. Ivoriesfrom Nimrud (19491963), Fasc. III, London 1974, pp. 31-33, 68, 102, pIs. 1,2, 13, 87.
12) For recent discussion of these goddesses, see R.L. Alexander, "Sausga and the Hittite Ivory from
Megiddo", JNES 50 (1991), pp. 166-177; Th. Jacobsen, The Treasures of Darkness. A History of
Mesopotamian Religion, New Haven - London 1976, pp. 135-143; M. Weinfeld, "Semiramis: Her Name
and Her Origin", in M. Cogan -I. Eph'al (Eds.), Ah, Assyria ... Studies in Assyrian History and Ancient
Near Eastern Historiography Presented to Hayim Tadmor(ScriptaHierosolymitana, 33), Jerusalem 1991,
pp.99-103.
13) P. Amiet, "The Mythological Repertory in Cylinder Seals of the Agade Period (c. 2335-2155 B.C.)",
in E. Porada (Ed.), Ancient Art in Seals, Princeton 1980, pp. 42-43, figs. 11-14, II-IS.
10)
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THE BEARDLESS WINGED GENIES FROM THE NORTHWEST PALACE AT NIMRUD
71
on a basalt stele excavated in situ at Tell Mardikh, ancient Ebla. One upper register of
the stone monument, dated to about 1800 B.C., shows the goddess standing atop a
platform in a narrow winged shrine or temple set upon the back of a standing bull l5 .
Equally unusual, a winged feminine figure turned to the right and seated on the back
of a couchant bull turned to the left is represented on a cylinder seal design from
Ras-Shamra, ancient U garit, attributed to the fifteenth century. She is attired in a long
plain dress and on her head is a tall homed headdress, a mark of divinity I 6.
In the art of the Hittite empire of the mid-thirteenth century, the winged goddess
originally appeared twice among the procession of gods and goddesses on the rock
reliefs of the open air sanctuary at Yazilikaya 17. The one extant image of the goddess
is distinguished by a tall peaked cap and a long dress which shows folds in curvilinear pattern. The garment is raised to expose one leg. A late Hittite version of the
winged goddess appears on a stone relief from the Syrian site of cAin Dara, and she is
also depicted on an orthostat relief from Malatya, which once adorned the-face of the
city wall close to the main gate 18 .
Among the corpus of seal designs showing the nude, fertility aspect of a female,
winged types occur infrequently. The design on an eighteenth century cylinder seal
discovered in a Roman grave near Vicenza shows a two-winged Syrian goddess
whose garment is pulled back to reveal a partially exposed lower torso. She is armed
with weapons, thereby disclosing two aspects of her divinity: goddess of fecundity
and battle l9 . Several mid-second millennium seal designs carved in Mitannian style
show a two-winged nude female grasping in each hand an animal held by one
hindleg20 . An exemplary variant of the two-winged nude goddess type appears on a
stone orthostat discovered along the long wall of sculptures at Karkemis (ca. 1000950). She is frontally posed and clutches both breasts in her hands 21 .
14) See lB. Pritchard, The Ancient Near East in Pictures Relating to the Old Testament, Second Editon
with Supplement, Princeton 1969, p. 312, no. 526; Moortgat, cit. (see th. 10, above), pp. 70, 82, pI. N 3,
An unpublished bronze statuette housed in the Oriental Institute Museum (A 33134), probably of the
IsiniLarsa period, shows a two-winged goddess standing with both arms posed in a gesture of supplication.
15) P. Matthiae, "Le temple aile et Ie taureau. Origine et continuite de l'iconographie de la grande deesse
a Ebla", in M. Lebeau - P. Talon (Eds.), Rejlets des deuxjleuves. Volume de melanges offerts a Andre
Finet(Akkadica Supplementum, VI), Leuven 1989, pp. 127-135, figs. 1-3.
16) C.F.A. Schaeffer-Forrer, Corpus des cylindres-sceaux de Ras Shamra-Ugarit et d'Enkomi-Alasia
(Syn th ese, 13), Paris 1983, pp. 16-17.
17) E. Akurgal, The Art of the Hittites, London 1962, pp. 118-119, pIs. 75-79.
18) See Alexander, cit. (see th. 12, above), pp. 172-174, fig. 8; Akurgal, cit., (see th. 17, above), p. 128,
pI. 104.
19) D. Collon, First Impressions. Cylinder Seals ill the Ancient Near East, Chicago 1987, p. 138, no. 581.
20) B. Hrouda, "Zum Problem der Hurriter", M.A.R.I. 4 (1985), pI. 2 (third row).
21) Woolley - Barnett, cit. (see fn. 10, above), pp. 165,241, pI. B 40.
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PAULINE ALBENDA
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A fourteenth century Assyrian version of the frontal goddess type occurs on a
fragmentary alabaster vase found in a tomb at Assur22. The four-winged female, who
wears a conical cap decorated with a rosette, has both arms outstretched in a downward direction and the lower part of her body is naked. The frontal goddess type
recurs on a ninth century Assyrian style ivory plaque discovered at Nimrud. There,
she is clad in a tight-fitting garment that opens at the front to reveal her lower body23.
In the glyptic art of the Late Assyrian period, the frontally posed winged and naked
goddess seems to have enjoyed some popularity, since representations of her occur in
several designs24.
Goddess with Hand-held Ring
An Akkadian style cylinder seal design provides an early example of a goddess
holding a large ring25. Dressed in the flounced garment typical of the period, the
goddess stands passively and flames, rather then wings, emanate from her shoulders.
A large ring is held in her lowered right hand. The significance of the ring as a
symbol of divine authority is demonstrated on a rock relief of slightly later date, at
Sar-i-Pul in the Kurdish mountains26 . In the scene Anubanini, the triumphant king of
the Lullubi tribes, confronts the Sumerian goddess whose warlike aspect is revealed
by the three maces that project from each shoulder. The goddess extends to the ruler a
large ring held in her raised right hand.
A similar compositional arrangement occurs in the central panel of the eighteenth
century wall painting from Mari, which depicts the investure of a Syrian king, probably Zimri-Lim27. Iconographically, the representation of the goddess is similar to the
one at Sar-i-Pul, but in this example the goddess extends to the Syrian king the rod
and the ring described in the ancient texts as the ba!tu and kippatu 28 . The wall
painting reveals that these are separate objects, and that the king touches the ring.
A fine cylinder seal design from Mari, a Syrian style eighteenth century example,
shows a partly nude female without wings whose arms are raised in supplication, and
Moortgat, cit. (see fn. 10, above), p. 113, figs. 81, 82.
M. Mallowan - L.G. Davies, Ivories in Assyrian Style. Ivoriesfrom Nimrud (1949-1963), Fascicule .
II, London 1970, pp. 47-48, pI. 40, no. 170.
24) S. Herbordt, Neuassyrische Glyptik des 8.-7. Jh. v. Chr. unter besonderer Beriicksichtigung der Siegelungen aufTafeln und Tonverschliissen (State Archives ofAssyria Studies J), Helsinki 1992, pp. 206, 226,
pIs. 3: 11, 15: 14.
25) P. Amiet,L'artd'Agade au Musee du Louvre, Paris 1976, pp. 53, 136, no. 101; id., "The Mythological
Repertory ... " cit. (see fn. 13, above), p. 53, fig. 11-19.
26) E. Porada, The Art ofAncient Iran. Pre-Islamic Cultures, New York 1962, pp. 41-42, fig. 15.
27) See Moortgat, cit. (see fn. 10, above), pp. 69-71; B. Muller - Pierre, "Des peintures fragmentaires de
la cour 106 du palais de Mari restaurees pour Ie Musee du Louvre", M.A.R.I. 7 (1993), p. 356, n. 8.
28) CAD K, pp. 397-398.
22)
23)
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THE BEARDLESS WINGED GENIES FROM THE NORTHWEST PALACE AT NIMRUD
73
attached to her left arm is a large ring 29 . Her divine aspect is indicated by the homed
headdress. However, Moortgat gives another interpretation for this female, whom he
describes as a dancing woman carrying a tambourine on her left elbow30 . The tambourine has also been identified with a circular object held in similar manner on a
fragmentary cylinder seal design from Nuzi 3l . Still another seal design shows in the
field between an en face goddess and a female worshipper holding a goat, a large ring
attached to a rope that rests upon a small stand or altar3 2.
In Assyrian art of the first millennium, goddesses of the first rank are generally
depicted without wings and occasionally they possess hand-held rings. This is represented by a poorly preserved bas-relief discovered at Nimrud, dated to the reign of
the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III (745-727). The restored drawing, made at the
time of the relief s discovery, depicts Assyrian soldiers carrying off statues of one god
and three goddesses who grasp a ring in one or both hands 33 . One goddess stands
half-hidden in a shrine and the other two, seated upon high,;,backed chairs, are distinguished by their tall headcovering decorated with a large rosette disc.
Four panels of rock reliefs at Maltaya, in northwestern Iraq, show similar processions of seven deities mounted on animals, and at each end is the figure of the Assyrian
king Sennacherib (704-681), who stands and faces the procession in ampious pose.
Five of the deities are gods who hold the rod and the ring and· the other two are
goddesses, one seated on a decorated throne carried by a lion and the other standing
on a lion, who hold the ring 34. Among the Late Assyrian seals depicting the enthroned goddess and the anned goddess, several include a hand-held ring of the
29) E. Porada, "Introduction", in E. Porada (Ed.), Ancient Art in Seals, Princeton 1980, pp. 17-18, fig.
1-14.
30) Mootgat, cit. (see fn. 10, above), p. 82.
31) E. Porada, "Of Professional Seal Cutters and Nonprofessionally Made Seals", in M. Gibson - R.D.
Biggs (Eds.), Seals and Sea lings in the Ancient Near East (Bibliotheca Mesopotamica, 6), Malibu 1977,
p.ll.
32) M.-T. Barrelet, "Les deesses armees et ailees", «Syria» 32 (1955), fig. 3.
33) R.D. Barnett - M. Falkner, The Sculptures of Assur-nasir-ap/i (883-859 B.C.), Tiglath-Pileser III
(745-727 B. C,), Esarhaddon (681-669 B. c'},from the Central and South- West Palaces at Nimrud, London
1962, pp. 29-30, pIs. 42-43. The captured statues of the gods may come from a Syrian city, possibly the
capital ofUnqi, or Arpad; see H. Tadmor, The Inscriptions ofTiglath-pileser IlL King ofAssyria, Jerusalem
1994, pp. 240-241.
34) See F. Thureau-Dangin, "Les sculptures rupestres de Maltai''', RA 21 (1924), pp. 185-197; W.
Bachmann, Felsreliefs ill Assyriell: Bawian, Maltai und Gundiik(WVDOG 52), Leipzig 1927, pp. 23-27,
pIs. 26-31.
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PAULINE ALBENDA
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beaded type; in one example the armed goddess stands in front of a large spiked
nimbus - a circle of radiant light and astral brilliance35 .
Mention may be made of a Syrian style ivory panel from Fort Shalmaneser, on
which is carved a seated woman who holds a bead-decorated ring aloft, towards a
large winged disc 36 . The woman is adorned with jewellery and her dress is made ofa
fme pleated material, but she lacks the attributes of divinity. She may be a person of
queenly authority or a protective guardian.
The Beardless Genies from Nimrud
The narrative and religious-mythical repertoire of the wall reliefs from the N orthwest Palace emphasize a male world which excludes women. Rarely are women
represented, and they are always foreigners distinguished by their costume and wailing gesture. It is hardly surprising that the fully clothed, beardless winged genies do
not exhibit the physical aspects of femininity although Layard, the discoverer of the
palace reliefs, could observe a feminine character in their features, which included the
long tress ofhair37 .
Among the objects associated with the beardless genies, the daggers kept in the
belt are items appropriate to the masculine sphere, while the hand-held beaded ring is
appropriate t? the feminine sphere. As iconographic markers, these objects belonging
to the same figure suggest a duality of gender, male and female. In the divine sphere,
duality of gender has been attributed to IStar, the goddess of battle and fecundity38.
Emblems of the same goddess, the multi-rayed star and the rosette, decorate the
pendant discs on the necklace worn by the respective beardless genies39 , and may
35) See Herbordt, cit. (see fn. 24, above), pp. 214, 243, pI. 2, nos. 3, 9; A. Moortgat, Vorderasiatische
Rollsiegel. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Steinschneidekunst, Berlin 1940 (repr. 1966), pp. 139-140,
nos. 596-598, 605. On another seal impression of about 800 B.C., in a scene showing the double image
of a worshipper between two statues of deities, the fully armed goddess stands with her right hand raised
and in her lowered left hand is a beaded ring; see R. Mayer-Opificius, "Zwiesprache zwischen Gott und
Mensch", <<Mitteilungen flir Anthropologieund Religiongeschichte» 10 (1995), p. 105, figs. 24a, b. The
pictorial evidence suggests that in the 9th and 8th centuries the beaded ring, as distinct from the solid
type, was the attribute of a particular goddess. One possible identification is Istar ofKalbu (Belet Kidmuri),
whose temples in Nimrud and Nineveh were renovated by Ashurnasirpal II; see Grayson, cit. (see fn. 5,
above), nos. 698, 718. On the other hand, IStar of Arbela (Belet Arba:)il) is represented on a stele from Til
Barsip holding a rein attached to the lion upon which she stands; see Thureau-Dangin - Dunand, cit. (see
fn. 10, above), pp. 156-157, pI. XIv, 1.
36) Mallowan - Hermann, cit. (see fn. 11, above), pp. 15,34-35,89, pIs. 52, 54.
37) A.H. Layard, Nineveh and Its Remains, Vol. 1, New York 1849, p. 280.
38) See the thought-provoking analysis of R. Harris, "Inanna-Ishtar as Paradox and Coincidence of
Opposites", <<History of Religions» 30 (1991), pp. 261-278.
39) K.R. Maxwell-Hyslop, Western Asiatic Jewellery c. 3000-612 B.C., London 1971 (paperback 1974),
pp. 141-144.
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THE BEARDLESS WINGED GENIES FROM THE NORTHWEST PALACE AT NIMRUD
75
indicate an association with the cult of IStar. The pictorial evidence has led Kolbe to
label the genies "Istar-genies,,40.
However, there seems to be no mention of an Istar-genie type in texts describing
the making of prophylactic figures of clay or wood. The sole female figurine described is N arudda, who is crowned in a red headgear and clad in a red uniform with
a yellow sash around her waist. She holds a timbutu, an unknown object tentatively
translated as a harp41. Since Narudda is described without wings, her identification
with the beardless winged genies ("winged goddesses", according to Wiggermann)
seems improbable; however, Wiggermann does note that lesser gods of Late Assyrian
art can occur with or without wings42. Although the art and the texts do not agree on
the matter of description -artistic creations executed at different times and destined
for different clientele (royal vs. common) may appear dissimilar- the possibility
remains that the texts furnish an identity for the beardless winged genies.
40)
41)
42)
Kolbe, cit. (see fn. 2, above), pp. 55ff.
Wiggermann, cit. (see fn. 2, above), pp. 47-48, 62, 78-79.
Ibid., p. 79.
Fig. 1. Wall relief from the Northwest Palace (BM 124581).
Fig. 2. Wall relief from the Northwest Palace (BM 124578).
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Fig. 3. Detail ofBM 124581.
Fig. 4. Detail ofBM 124581.