Data on Secondary Cities
Urban Climate Resilience in Southeast Asia
Partnership
Lusha Zhou, University of Toronto
Table of contents
Climate change projections for project cities
Climate change projections for 2050
Climate change projections for 2090
Cambodia
Table
Maps
Myanmar
Table
Maps
Vietnam
Table
Maps
References
Notes
3
4-5
6-7
8
9
10-16
17
18
19-27
28
29-30
31-36
37
46
2
Climate change projections for selected cities
Climate projection: ECHAM4 A2-PRECIS RCM
to 2050
Precipitation change
(millimeters)
Cambodia
Myanmar
Thailand
Vietnam
Battambang
Koh Kong
Bago
Dawei
Khon Kaen
Mukdahan
Lao Cai
Ninh Binh
-50 to 50
-200 to 200
50 to 200
-50 to 500
-50 to 200
50 to 200
-50 to 500
50 to 500
to 2090
Max temperature
change (Celsius)
1 to 3
2 to 3
2 to 3
2 to 3
2 to 3
1 to 2
2 to 3
2 to 3
Precipitation change
(millimeters)
50 to 500
50 to 500
200 to 500
>500
200 to 500
200 to 500
50 to >500
>500
Max temperature
change (Celsius)
3 to 4
3 to 5
4 to 5
3 to 5
3 to 4
3 to 4
4 to 5
3 to 4
Table compiled from following four maps:
Southeast Asia START Regional Center. GMS Climate Change Map. Retrieved from http://gis.gmseoc.org/ClimateChange/start2/index.html
3
4
5
6
7
Cambodia
8
City, Province
Population
(millions)
Province
Battambang
Kampong
Chhnang
Serei
Saophoa,
Banteay
Meanchey
Siem Reap
Sihanoukville
1.025
0.472
0.678
0.896
0.200
Contacts, Projects, Research
Regional Linkages
Economy
Climate
Change
0.141
• Cities Development Initiative
for Asia (CDIA): Urban
Improvements to Mitigate
Climate Change
• Cambodian Education and
Waste Management
Organization composting pilot
• WB climate resilience pilot
• Widening national road
5 between Battambang
and Serei Saophoan
• National road 57 to
Thailand, link to 5
• Agriculture
• Livestock
• Food
processing
• Mining
• Tourism
• Flooding
• Drought
0.043
• ADB climate resilience pilot:
climate-proofing roads
• International airport to
resume operations
• Agriculture
• Livestock
• Clay, pottery
• Marble
• Flooding
• Bank
erosion
• Drought
0.062
• ADB Flood-Resilient
Infrastructure Development;
Integrated Urban
Environmental Management
• Widening national road
5, which connects to
Bangkok and Ho Chi
Minh City
• Agriculture
• Marble
• Iron ore
• Tourism
• Flooding
• Drought
0.169
• ADB Flood-Resilient
Infrastructure Development
• Airport expansion
• Tourism
• Craft products
• Hospitality
• Flooding
• Drought
• UN-Habitat Sustainable
Sihanoukville through Climate
Change Planning and
Adaptation
• 2008 Special Economic
Zone next to only
international deep sea
port, handling 2/3 of sea
traffic
• Port readies IPO
• Tourism
• Luxury gaming
resort planned
• Sea level
rise
• Coastal
erosion
• Flooding
City
0.089
9
City, Province
Population
(millions)
Province
Takhmau,
Kandal
1.265
Contacts, Projects, Research
Regional Linkages
Economy
Climate
Change
• Tourism
• Handicrafts
• Nurseries
• Banking
• Flooding
• Drought
City
0.080
• Asian Development Bank
“Green Cities”
• EU environmental education
• Completed bridge
bypasses Phnom Penh,
making Takhmau a
potential transit point
10
11
Battabang, Kampong Chhnang, Serei Saophoan, Siem Reap, and Takhmau on the yellow southern corridor
Transportation corridors maps (1 original, 1 cropped and zoomed in)
Friend, R., & MacClune, K. (2013). “Regional Integration in the Mekong: Challenges of Urbanization and Climate Change.”
Boulder, CO: Institute for Social and Environmental Transition-International.
12
13
Railway maps (2 total)
Toll Royal Railways. Gallery. Retrieved from http://www.tollroyalrailway.com/?page=gallery_list&lg=en
14
15
16
Biomes, climate maps (3 total)
• World Bank Group (2011, April). “Vulnerability Risk Reduction and Adaptation to Climate Change Cambodia.” Retrieved from
http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportalb/doc/GFDRRCountryProfiles/wb_gfdrr_climate_change_country_profile_for_KHM.pdf
Note: I think these help explain why many of the selected cities have similar climate change issues.
17
Myanmar
18
City, Province
Population
(millions)
Province City
Bago
Dawei
Mandalay
Mawlamyine,
Mon
4.863
1.406
6.146
2.050
0.176
Contacts,
projects,
research
Regional linkages
• Korea Forest
• Airport 2017
Service
• Upgrading Yangon-Bago-Nay
restoration of
Pyi Taw highway
degraded
• Irrigation development project
forests
in Western Bago region
Economy
Climate Change
• Forestry
• Rice, agriculture
• Fishing
• Teak
• Petroleum
• Drought
• Precipitation
decrease
• Storm intensity
• Flooding
0.084
Plans (controversial, delay):
• Deep sea port, industrial
park, power plants
• Dawei-Bangkok 8-lane
highway and railway
• Kunming railway
0.897
• Rangoon-Mandalay highway
repair, which connects to
Kunming
• 2015 Japanese operates
airport; expansion plans
Yangon-Mandalay
railway
•
improvement
• Trade with China and
India
• Agriculture (products)
• Heavy machinery
• Tourism
• Drought
• Flooding
• Earthquakes
• Sea port construction
Bago-Mawlamyine
rail section
•
improvement goals
• Agriculture
• Fishing
• Mining
• Sugar, paper, rubber
• 2016 cement factory
• Tourism
• Cyclones
Coastal
flooding
•
• Intense rain
0.208
• ADB: urban
environment
and public
health
• Tourism
• Fisheries
• Future power
generation for Thailand
• 2013 SEZ
• Water pollution
(mining)
• Cyclones
• Coastal flooding
19
20
Bago on the purple west corridor, which connects to the aqua east-west corridor at
Mawlamyine. Dawei on the yellow south corridor
21
Mandalay at the southernmost point of the light blue Northern corridor
Transportation corridors maps (1 original, 2 cropped and zoomed in)
Friend, R., & MacClune, K. (2013). “Regional Integration in the Mekong: Challenges of Urbanization and Climate Change.” Boulder,
CO: Institute for Social and Environmental Transition-International.
22
Retrieved from http://www.seacitymaps.com/myanmar/myanmar_rail_map.jpg
23
MyanmarBurma. Major Ports. MyanmarBurma.com. Retrieved from http://www.myanmarburma.com/article/807/major-ports
24
25
26
27
Physical, climate maps
National Environment Conservation Committee et al. Myanmar’s National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to Climate
Change. Retrieved from http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/mmr01.pdf
28
Vietnam
29
City,
Province
Population
(millions)
Province
Can
Tho
Da
Nang
Hue
Lao Cai
1.222
0.993
1.124
0.657
Contacts, Projects, Research
Regional linkages
Economy
Climate Change
• Airport 2009, largest in
Mekong River Delta
• Ha River bridge 2010
• Cai Cui int’l seaport
• Can Tho City-Chau
Doc-Phnom Penh
highway
• 4th Key Economic
Zone
• Agriculture (rice)
• Aquaculture
Clay,
peat, sand
•
• Tourism (islets)
• Flooding
• Erosion
Sea
level rise,
•
increased runoff,
extreme rainfall
• Airport, seaport
expansion proposed
• Danang-Quang Ngai
highway
Dragon
bridge
•
• City deficits (2013)
• Textiles
• Aquatic products
• High-tech industry
• Tourism
• Locomotives
• Flooding
• Typhoons
• Storm intensity
• Tourism
• Fishery
• Services: legal,
banking, insurance
• Energy
• Mining
• Flooding
• Storm intensity
• Typhoons
Coastal
erosion
•
City
0.731
• ACCCRN
• World Bank Urban
Resilience (CityStrength
Diagnostic)
• See Huong (2011)
0.771
• ACCCRN
• World Bank Infrastructure
Investment Project
0.303
• M-BRACE
• Asian Development Bank
(ADB) “Green Cities”
Asia-Pacific
Network for
•
Global Change Research
• USAID Climate Change
Resilient Development
• Airport expansion to
be international
• Seaport expansion
0.077
• M-BRACE
• World Bank Medium Cities
Development Project
• Haiphong-Yunnan
railway
• Kunming-Hanoi
highway
• Airport 2020
• Mining
• Cross-border trade
• Tourism (Sa Pa
rice terraces)
• Forestry
• Flash flooding
• Landslides
• Droughts
• Freshwater
contamination
30
City,
Province
Population
(millions)
Province
Ninh
Binh
Quy
Nhon,
Binh
Dinh
Vinh
Long
0.927
1.510
1.041
Economy
Climate Change
0.092
• CECR
• Swedish Int’l Development
Cooperation Agency
(SIDCA): resource
management and climate
change
• Inland port expansion
• Trans-Vietnam rail
integrated with transAsia route
• Ninh Binh-Cau GieHanoi highway
• Aqua products
• Agriculture
• Handicrafts
• Limestone
• Clay
• Tourism
• Flooding (local
initiative to
reinforce
physical
infrastructure)
• Agriculture
(waterlogging,
salinization)
0.255
• ACCCRN
• Green urban network
• World Bank Environmental • Seaport services focus
Sanitation Project
for 2030, with multiple
under construction
• UN-Habitat and Cities
Alliance City Development
• Southern corridor to
Strategies
Myanmar port Dawei
• Fishery
• Aquaculture
• Agriculture
Industrial
wharf
•
• Tourism
• Flooding
• Storm intensity
• Typhoons
• Coastal erosion
• Drought (water
pollution, saline)
0.103
• CECR
• SIDCA: farmers’ resilience
to climate change
• Catholic Relief Services:
disaster risk reduction
• Adventist Development
and Relief Agency:
Livelihood Improvement for
Building Resilient
Communities
• ADB climate change
impact and adaptation
• Agriculture
• Aquaculture
• Livestock
• Clay
• Sand
• Inundation
• Riverbank
erosion and
collapse
Tree
diseases
•
• Increased
salinity
Drought
•
Contacts, Projects, Research
Regional linkages
City
• My Thuan and Can
Tho bridges
• 3 more industrial
zones and 13 clusters
planned
31
City,
Province
Population
(millions)
Province
Vinh
Yen,
Vinh
Puhc
1.029
Contacts, Projects, Research
Regional linkages
Economy
Climate Change
• Asian Development Bank
“Green Cities”
• EU environmental
education
Cai Lan port (Quang
Ninh-Noi Bai (Hanoi) Int’l
Airport-Vinh PhucYunnan highway
• Agriculture
• Aquaculture
• Mining
• Manufacturing
• Inundation
• Erosion
City
0.080
32
33
Lao Cai, Ninh Binh, Vinh Yen (northern Vietnam on Eastern Corridor)
34
East West corridor (aqua): Da Nang, Hue; and southern corridor (yellow): Quy Nhon. All on the eastern corridor, Central Vietnam.
35
Can Tho, Vinh Long on the Eastern corridor (Mekong Delta)
Transportation corridors maps (1 original, 3 cropped and zoomed in)
Friend, R., & MacClune, K. (2013). “Regional Integration in the Mekong: Challenges of Urbanization and Climate Change.” Boulder,
CO: Institute for Social and Environmental Transition-International.
36
Vietnamese Railways System. Schedule 2014: Reunification Express Train. Retrieved from https://vietnamrailway.com/train/SapaTourist/reunification-express-train
37
Rivers and cities
Maps of World. Vietnam. Compare Infobase Ltd. Retrieved from http://www.mapsofworld.com/vietnam/maps/vietnam-map.gif
38
References
39
Cambodia
Population (province)
• National Institute of Statistics and Ministry of Planning (2008). General Population Census of Cambodia. Kingdom of Cambodia.
Retrieved from http://www.stat.go.jp/english/info/meetings/cambodia/pdf/pre_rep1.pdf
Population (city)
• Thomas Brinkhoff (2008). Cambodia. City Population. Retrieved from http://www.citypopulation.de/Cambodia-Cities.html
Battambang
• Cambodian Education and Waste Management Organization. Climate Change Mitigation in Battambang City. Retrieved from
http://comped-cam.org/doneproject_mrvbattabang.php
• Council for the Development of Cambodia et al. Battambang Province. Retrieved from
http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/battambang-province-2.html
• englishnews.cn (2012, March 12). China to continue helping Cambodia with infrastructure: ambassador. Xinhua. Retrieved from
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-03/12/c_131462531.htm
• SMEC. Battambang Urban Improvements to Mitigate Climate Change Project: Cities Development Initiative for Asia. Retrieved from
http://www.smec.com/Default.aspx?aProjId=450
• UNCDF (2014, May 14). LoCAL-Cambodia: Leading the way in local climate adaptation planning process. Retrieved from
http://www.local-uncdf.org/news/local-cambodia-leading-the-way-in-local-climate-adaptation-planning-processes
• The World Bank Group. Summary Climate Resilience Measures. Retrieved from
https://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/cif/sites/climateinvestmentfunds.org/files/Summary%20Climate%20Resilience%20Measur
es%20October%202012.pdf
Kampong Chhnang
• Asian Development Bank. Provincial Roads Improvement Project (RRP CAM 43309). Retrieved from
http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/43309-013-cam-oth-02.pdf
• Council for the Development of Cambodia et al. Kampong Chhnang Province. Retrieved from
http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/content/uploads/2014/03/Kampong-Chhnang-Province_eng.pdf
• Son, Seun (2012, December 6). Kampong Chhnang prices on the rise. The Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved from
http://www.phnompenhpost.com/real-estate/kampong-chhnang-prices-rise
• UNDP in Cambodia. Cambodia Community Based Adaptation Programme. Retrieved from
http://www.kh.undp.org/content/cambodia/en/home/operations/projects/environment_and_energy/cambodia-community-basedadaptation-programme--ccbap-/
40
Serei Saophoan
• Asian Development Bank. 42285-012: Integrated Urban Environmental Management in the Tonle Sap Basin. Retrieved from
http://adb.org/projects/details?page=details&proj_id=42285-012
• Council for the Development of Cambodia et al. Banteay Meanchey Province. Retrieved from
http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/content/uploads/2014/03/Banteay-Meanchey-Province_eng.pdf
• Vannarin, Neou (2013, May 1). Japan Loans Cambodia $90 Million for Road Project. The Cambodia Daily. Retrieved from
https://www.cambodiadaily.com/archives/japan-loans-cambodia-90-million-for-road-project-21127/
• The World Bank Group (2011, June 9). Strategic Program for Climate Resilience Cambodia. Retrieved from
https://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/cifnet/sites/default/files/Cambodia%20PPCR%20Strategic%20Program%20%20Endorsed.pdf
Siem Reap
• Council for the Development of Cambodia et al. Siem Reap Province. Retrieved from http://www.cambodiainvestment.gov.kh/siemreap-province.html
• Manet, Sum (2014, March 6). Siem Reap sees property gains fuelled by tourism, economic integration. The Phnom Penh Post.
Retrieved from http://www.phnompenhpost.com/real-estate/siem-reap-sees-property-gains-fuelled-tourism-economic-integration
• Muyhong, Chan (2014, December 20). Siem Reap to Host UN’s world tourism conference. The Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved from
http://www.phnompenhpost.com/post-weekend/siem-reap-host-uns-world-tourism-conference
• Ngamsangchaikit, Wanwisa (2015, January 9). Siem Reap airport expands. TTR Weekly. Retrieved from
http://www.ttrweekly.com/site/2015/01/siem-reap-airport-expands/
Sihanoukville
• Bishop, Adrian (2015, January 14). Exclusive island hotel and gaming project in Cambodia seeks investors. OPP Today, OPP
Ventures. Retrieved from http://www.opp.today/exclusive-island-hotel-and-gaming-project-in-cambodia-seeks-investors/
• Climate Change Department. Sustainable Sihanoukville through Climate Change Planning and Adaptation. Ministry of Environment.
Retrieved from http://www.camclimate.org.kh/en/trust-fund/first-call-projects/43-sustainable-sihanoukville-through-climate-changeplanning-adaptation-ss-ccpa.html
• Henderson, Simon and Sony, Ouch (2014, August 11). Sihanoukville Struggles to Shake Its Seedy Image. The Cambodia Daily.
Retrieved from https://www.cambodiadaily.com/news/sihanoukville-struggles-to-shake-its-seedy-image-66108/
• Japan International Cooperation Agency (2008, March 31). Signing Japanese ODA Loan Agreement with the Royal Government of
Cambodia. Retrieved from http://www.jica.go.jp/english/news/jbic_archive/autocontents/english/news/2008/000023/index.html
• Seashipnews (2015, January 21). Sihanoukville port readies IPO. Asia Shipping Media Pte Ltd. Retrieved from
http://www.seashipnews.com/News/Sihanoukville-port-readies-IPO-/3w3c3147.html
• UN-Habitat (2012). Sihanoukville, Cambodia: Cliate Change Vulnerability Assessment. Retrieved from
http://www.urbangateway.org/sites/default/ugfiles/City%20flyer%20draft%20-%20CCCI%20Sihanoukville_small.pdf
41
Takhmau
• Takhmau. Invest in Takhmau - Connect to the World. Retrieved from http://www.takhmaumunicipality.com/business-investmentattraction/overview/
• Meng, Siv (2014, May 8). Bridge project equals prospects for Phnom Penh satellite city. The Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved from
http://www.phnompenhpost.com/real-estate/bridge-project-equals-prospects-phnom-penh-satellite-city
Myanmar
Population (province)
• Department of Population, Ministry of Immigration and Population (2014, August). The Population and Housing Census of
Myanmar, 2014 Summary of the Provisional Results. Retrieved from
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_phc/Myanmar/MMR-2014-08-28-provres.pdf
Population (city)
• Thomas Brinkhoff (2011). Myanmar. City Population. Retrieved from http://www.citypopulation.de/Myanmar-Cities.html
Bago
• eTN global Travel Industry News (2015, January 5) Myanmar tourism set for unabated growth in 2015. eTurboNews Inc. Retrieved
from http://www.eturbonews.com/54192/myanmar-tourism-set-unabated-growth-2015
• Japan International Cooperation Agency (2014, September 5). Signing of Japanese ODA Loan Agreement with the Republic of the
Union of Myanmar. Retrieved from http://www.jica.go.jp/english/news/press/2014/140905_01.html
• Song, Sophie (2013, August 19). Land Prices in Myanmar’s Bog City Skyrocket Following Announcement of Hanthawaddy
international Airport. IBT Media Inc. Retrieved from http://www.ibtimes.com/land-prices-myanmars-bago-city-skyrocket-followingannouncement-hanthawaddy-international-airport
• UNICEF. Bago Region. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/myanmar/Bago_Region_Profile_Final.pdf
Dawei
• Chachavalpongpun, Pavin (2012, February 24). Thailand set to profit from Burma’s new Dawei port project. East Asia Forum,
Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2012/02/24/thailand-set-to-profit-from-burma-s-newdawei-port-project/
• MyanmarBurma. Major Ports. MyanmarBurma.com. Retrieved from http://www.myanmarburma.com/article/807/major-ports
• MyanmarBurma (2013, February 26) Special Economic Zones Will have Global Impact. MyanmarBurma.com. Retrieved from
http://www.myanmarburma.com/blog/354/special-economic-zones-on-seaboard-a-special-opportunity
42
• Paul, Binny Mary (2014, October 22) The reality on the ground: Dawei SEZ. DVB Multimedia Group. Retrieved from
https://www.dvb.no/news/the-other-side-of-ground-reality-dawei-sez-burma-myanmar/45298
• Snaing, Yen (2014, December 24). Women’s Livelihoods Undermined by Dawei SEZ: Report. Irrawaddy Publishing Group.
Retrieved from http://www.irrawaddy.org/burma/womens-livelihoods-undermined-dawei-sez-report.html
Mandalay
• Airport World Magazine (2014, November 18). Japanese firms win concession to operate Mandalay. Retrieved from
http://www.airport-world.com/news/general-news/4624-japanese-firms-win-concession-to-operate-mandalay-in-myanmar.html
• Japan International Cooperation Agency (2014, September 5). Signing of Japanese ODA Loan Agreement with the Republic of the
Union of Myanmar. Retrieved from http://www.jica.go.jp/english/news/press/2014/140905_01.html
• PM Group (2014). ADB Mandalay Urban Environment Project Win in the news. Retrieved from http://www.pmgroupglobal.com/news/News-Archive/2014/ADB-Environment-Project-Mandalay.aspx
• Pompa, Claudia and Bissinger, Jared (2014, April). The Mandalay Region Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Overseas
Development Institute. Retrieved from http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8955.pdf
• Thant, Lin (2013, May 23). US to Upgrade Burma’s Transportation Infrastructure. Irrawaddy Publishing Group. Retrieved from
http://www.irrawaddy.org/burma/us-to-upgrade-burmas-transportation-infrastructure.html
Mawlamyine
• KPMG (2013). Infrastructure in Myanmar. KPMG Advisory (Myanmar) Limited. Retrieved from
http://www.kpmg.com/MM/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/Infrastructure-in-Myanmar.pdf
• MODINS. Mon State. Myanmar Online Data Information Network Solutions. Retrieved from
http://modins.net/MyanmarInfo/state_division/mon.htm
• Thein, Cherry (2013, October 28). Discovering Mawlamyine, a city of many secrets. The Myanmar Times. Retrieved from
http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/special-features/172-travel-n-tour-myanmar/8625-discovering-mawlamyine-a-city-of-manysecrets.html
• Trautwien, Catherine (2014, December 1). The legends of dreamy Mawlamyine. The Myanmar Times. Retrieved from
http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/lifestyle/12434-the-legends-of-dreamy-mawlamyine.html
• Trautwien, Catherine and Htun, Tin Yadanar (2014, November 24). Thai cement giant starts work on Mon State plant. The
Myanmar Times. Retrieved from http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/business/property-news/12358-thai-cement-giant-starts-workon-mon-state-plant.html
Myanmar
• National Environment Conservation Committee et al. Myanmar’s National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to Climate
Change. Retrieved from http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/mmr01.pdf
43
• Phyu, Aye Sapay (2013, March 25) Final climate change report to be submitted soon. Myanmar Times. Retrieved from
http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/5699-final-climate-change-report-to-be-submitted-soon.html
Vietnam
Population (province)
• General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Area, population and population density in 2013 by province. Retrieved from
http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=467&idmid=3&ItemID=15751
Population (city)
• Thomas Brinkhoff (2009). Vietnam. City Population. Retrieved from http://www.citypopulation.de/Vietnam.html
Can Tho
• Can Tho Investment - Trade - Promotion Center. Socio - Economic directions up to 2020. Can Tho Investment Handbook.
Retrieved from http://canthopromotion.vn/handbook/english/chapter1/ecosocialorientation2020_1.htm
• Huong, H. T. L., & Pathirana, A. (2011). Urbanization and climate change impacts on future urban flood risk in Can Tho city,
Vietnam. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, 8(6), 10781-10824.
• Viet Nam News (2013). Infrastructure boosts Can Tho real estate. Retrieved from http://vietnamnews.vn/print/208230/infrastructureboosts-can-tho-real-estate.htm
• VietnamNet Bridge (2015, January 9). Can Tho to move thousands of households from erosion-prone areas. Retrieved from
http://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/environment/120703/can-tho-to-move-thousands-of-households-from-erosion-prone-areas.html
• VietnamPlus (2011, November 20). Can Tho port needs more infrastructure investment. Vietnam News Agency. Retrieved from
http://en.vietnamplus.vn/Home/Can-Tho-port-needs-more-infrastructure-investment/201411/58221.vnplus
• VietnamPlus (2014, December 23). Can Tho plans big for aquaculture. Vietnam News Agency. Retrieved from
http://en.vietnamplus.vn/Home/Can-Tho-plans-big-for-aquaculture/201412/59575.vnplus
• Vietnam Trade Promotion Agency (2011). Infrastructure system in Can Tho City. Retrieved from
http://www.vietrade.gov.vn/en/index.php?option=com_content&id=1161:infrastructure-system-in-can-tho-city&Itemid=296
• Vietnam Trade Promotion Agency (2011). Overview of Can Tho City. Retrieved from
http://www.vietrade.gov.vn/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1149:overview-of-can-tho-city&catid=303:overviewof-provinces-cities&Itemid=296
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Notes
49
In the tables I created, I chose to provide information more than evaluation. The goal was to help the partners evaluate a
secondary city’s suitability as a site for the UCRSEA Partnership. I chose the more general approach because sometimes
partners expressed potential conflicting criteria:
!
A history of engagement, with local support and interest
!
Developing new sites that have not been the focus of past projects
For this reason, I grouped what information I obtained for contacts, projects and research under one category. That
particular category offers information on past and current projects, whether affiliated with the current network or
otherwise. I did not evaluate governance or local support and interest because such data was not comparable between all
three countries, and experience would provide better evaluation on this measure.
While the tables were designed to be informative rather than evaluative, there was a process of inclusion and exclusion in
creating the tables. In the case of Vietnam, I included cities based on partners’ suggestions, whether directly or as part of
past projects. This process produced eight cities to choose two from, and I did not add more since there was already
investment in these cities. For Cambodia and Myanmar, I also included partners’ suggestions, but added other important
secondary cities, which I evaluated based on their population, regional linkages, and economy. These criteria parallel the
categorization of secondary cities based roughly on their size, role in the country’s urban hierarchy, and economic
integration and diversification.
All cities that made it onto the tables were experiencing climate change and urbanization. In the tables, I tried to focus on
what was different or unique about each city. For climate change, where cities were experiencing very similar issues, in
the case of Cambodia, I tried to provide maps that illustrate the geographical reasons. For urbanization, I focused on
regional linkages and the economy, because these are the main drivers of urbanization, and sometimes the main
distinctions between cities. For regional linkages, I primarily provided recent or ongoing projects. For economy, I included
the main components, as well as sectors that were smaller but more unique or the focus of economic plans. I also listed
both the province and city’s population data, partly due to the unreliability of statistics, partly to suggest potential for further
urbanization.
I see three themes that have not been mentioned directly on the tables:
!
Availability of background information. This may be indirectly determined from the quality of information
provided on the tables and the references. I read any available academic literature, news articles, press releases,
50
and other Internet resources I could find for each city. I originally also included print literature, but found that due to
the rapid pace of change, they were often outdated.
!
Location. I did not include a city’s proximity to universities or the travel considerations, mostly because I was
uncertain about its comparative usefulness given limited space. As a pragmatic concern, it may already be
covered as regional linkage was a reason to include cities in the first place.
!
Sampling theory and “typical” secondary cities. While I chose the general, comparable categories for the
three countries, the information I provided illustrates those cities based on their differences in these measures
rather than their similarities.
51