FundamentalsofInformationSystems,
SeventhEdition
Chapter 3
Database Systems, Data
Centers,
and Business Intelligence
FundamentalsofInformationSystems,
SeventhEdition
1
PrinciplesandLearningObjectives
• Datamanagementandmodelingarekey
aspectsoforganizingdataandinformation
– Definegeneraldatamanagementconceptsand
terms,highlightingtheadvantagesofthe
databaseapproachtodatamanagement
– Describelogicalandphysicaldatabasedesign
considerations,thefunctionofdatacenters,and
therelationaldatabasemodel
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PrinciplesandLearningObjectives
(continued)
• Awell-designedandwell-manageddatabaseis
anextremelyvaluabletoolinsupporting
decisionmaking
– Identifythecommonfunctionsperformedbyall
databasemanagementsystems,andidentify
populardatabasemanagementsystems
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PrinciplesandLearningObjectives
(continued)
• Thenumberandtypesofdatabase
applicationswillcontinuetoevolveandyield
realbusinessbenefits
– Identifyandbrieflydiscussbusinessintelligence,
datamining,andotherdatabaseapplications
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WhyLearnAboutDatabase
SystemsandBusinessIntelligence?
• Database:
– Organizedcollectionofdata
• Databasemanagementsystem(DBMS):
– Groupofprogramsthatmanipulatethedatabase
– Provideaninterfacebetweenthedatabaseandits
usersandotherapplicationprograms
• Databaseadministrator(DBA):
– SkilledISprofessionalwhodirectsallactivities
relatedtoanorganization’sdatabase
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DataManagement
• Withoutdataandtheabilitytoprocessit:
– Anorganizationcouldnotsuccessfullycomplete
mostbusinessactivities
• Dataconsistsofrawfacts
• Totransformdataintousefulinformation:
– Itmustfirstbeorganizedinameaningfulway
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TheHierarchyofData
• Bit(abinarydigit):
– Circuitthatiseitheronoroff
• Byte:
– Typicallymadeupofeightbits
• Character:
– Basicbuildingblockofinformation
• Field:
– Name,number,orcombinationofcharactersthat
describesanaspectofabusinessobjectoractivity
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TheHierarchyofData(continued)
• Record:
– Collectionofrelateddatafields
• File:
– Collectionofrelatedrecords
• Database:
– Collectionofintegratedandrelatedfiles
• Hierarchyofdata:
– Bits,bytes,characters,fields,records,files,and
databases
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TheHierarchyofData(continued)
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DataEntities,Attributes,andKeys
• Entity:
– Aperson,place,orthingforwhichdatais
collected,stored,andmaintained
• Attribute:
– Characteristicofanentity
• Dataitem:
– Specificvalueofanattribute
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DataEntities,Attributes,andKeys
(continued)
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DataEntities,Attributes,andKeys
(continued)
• Key:
– Fieldorsetoffieldsinarecordthatisusedto
identifytherecord
• Primarykey:
– Fieldorsetoffieldsthatuniquelyidentifiesthe
record
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TheDatabaseApproach
• Thedatabaseapproach:
– Traditionalapproachtodatamanagement:
• Eachdistinctoperationalsystemuseddatafiles
dedicatedtothatsystem
– Databaseapproachtodatamanagement:
• Poolofrelateddataissharedbymultipleapplication
programs
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TheDatabaseApproach
(continued)
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DataCenters,DataModelingand
DatabaseCharacteristics
• Whenbuildingadatabase,anorganization
mustconsider:
– Content:Whatdatashouldbecollectedandat
whatcost?
– Access:Whatdatashouldbeprovidedtowhich
usersandwhen?
– Logicalstructure:Howshoulddatabearrangedso
thatitmakessensetoagivenuser?
– Physicalorganization:Whereshoulddatabe
physicallylocated?
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DataCenter
• Climate-controlledbuildingorsetofbuildings
thathousedatabaseserversandthesystems
thatdelivermission-criticalinformationand
services
• Traditionaldatacenters:
– Consistofwarehousesfilledwithrowuponrowof
serverracksandpowerfulcoolingsystems
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DataCenter(continued)
• Manyorganizationsnowuselargeshipping
containerspackedwithracksofserversand
cooledtoeasilyconnectandsetup
• Businessesandtechnologyvendorsworkingto
developgreendatacentersthatrunmore
efficientlyandrequirelessenergyfor
processingandcooling
• Backupandsecurityproceduresfordata
centerscanbeaconcern
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DataCenterinaBox
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GreenDataCenters
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DataModeling
• Datamodel:
– Diagramofdataentitiesandtheirrelationships
• Enterprisedatamodeling:
– Startsbyinvestigatingthegeneraldataand
informationneedsoftheorganizationatthe
strategiclevel
• Entity-relationship(ER)diagrams:
– Datamodelsthatusebasicgraphicalsymbolsto
showtheorganizationofandrelationships
betweendata FundamentalsofInformationSystems,
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TheRelationalDatabaseModel
• Relationalmodel:
– Describesdatausingastandardtabularformat
– Eachrowofatablerepresentsadataentity
(record)
– Columnsofthetablerepresentattributes(fields)
– Thedomainistherangeofallowablevaluesfor
dataattributes
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TheRelationalDatabaseModel
(continued)
• Manipulatingdata:
– Selecting:
• Eliminatesrowsaccordingtocertaincriteria
– Projecting:
• Eliminatescolumnsinatable
– Joining:
• Combinestwoormoretables
– Linking:
• Manipulatingtwoormoretablesthatshareatleastone
commondataattribute
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TheRelationalDatabaseModel
(continued)
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TheRelationalDatabaseModel
(continued)
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TheRelationalDatabaseModel
(continued)
• Datacleanup
– Processoflookingforandfixinginconsistencies
toensurethatdataisaccurateandcomplete
– Databasenormalizationisoftenusedtocleanup
problemswithdata
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DatabaseManagementSystems
• Creatingandimplementingtherightdatabase
systemensuresthatthedatabasewillsupport
bothbusinessactivitiesandgoals
• Capabilitiesandtypesofdatabasesystems
varyconsiderably
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OverviewofDatabaseTypes
• Flatfile
– Simpledatabaseprogramwhoserecordshaveno
relationshiptooneanother
• Singleuser
– Onlyonepersoncanusethedatabaseatatime
– Examples:Access,FileMakerPro,andInfoPath
• Multipleusers
– Allowdozensorhundredsofpeopletoaccessthesame
databasesystematthesametime
– Examples:Oracle,Microsoft,Sybase,andIBM
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ProvidingaUserView
• Schema:
– Usedtodescribetheentiredatabase
– Canbepartofthedatabaseoraseparateschema
file
• DBMS:
– Canreferenceaschematofindwheretoaccess
therequesteddatainrelationtoanotherpieceof
data
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CreatingandModifyingthe
Database
• Datadefinitionlanguage(DDL):
– Collectionofinstructionsandcommandsusedto
defineanddescribedataandrelationshipsina
specificdatabase
– Allowsdatabase’screatortodescribedataand
relationshipsthataretobecontainedinthe
schema
• Datadictionary:
– Detaileddescriptionofallthedatausedinthe
database
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CreatingandModifyingtheDatabase
(continued)
FIGURE 3.12
Using a data
definition
language to define a
schema
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CreatingandModifyingthe
Database(continued)
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StoringandRetrievingData
• Whenanapplicationprogramneedsdatait
requeststhedatathroughtheDBMS
• Concurrencycontroldealswiththesituation
inwhichtwoormoreusersorapplications
needtoaccessthesamerecordatthesame
time
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ManipulatingDataandGenerating
Reports
• QuerybyExample(QBE)isavisualapproach
todevelopingdatabasequeriesorrequests
• Datamanipulationlanguage(DML):
– Commandsthatmanipulatethedatainadatabase
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ManipulatingDataandGenerating
Reports(continued)
• Structuredquerylanguage(SQL):
– AdoptedbytheAmericanNationalStandards
Institute(ANSI)asthestandardquerylanguagefor
relationaldatabases
• Onceadatabasehasbeensetupandloaded
withdata,itcanproducereports,documents,
andotheroutputs
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DatabaseAdministration
• DBA:
– Workswithuserstodecidethecontentofthe
database
– Workswithprogrammersastheybuild
applicationstoensurethattheirprogramscomply
withdatabasemanagementsystemstandardsand
conventions
• Dataadministrator:
– Responsiblefordefiningandimplementing
consistentprinciplesforavarietyofdataissues
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PopularDatabaseManagement
Systems
• PopularDBMSsforendusers:
– Microsoft’sAccessandFileMakerPro
– NumberofopensourceDBMSincluding
PostgreSQL,MySQL,andCouchDB
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PopularDatabaseManagement
Systems(continued)
• DatabaseasaService(DaaS):
– Emergingdatabasesystem
– Databaseadministrationisprovidedbytheservice
provider
– Thedatabaseisstoredonaserviceprovider’s
serversandaccessedbytheclientoveranetwork
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DatabaseVirtualization
• Usesvirtualserversandoperatingsystemsto
allowtwoormoredatabasesystems,
includingserversandDBMSstoactlikea
single,unifieddatabasesystem
• Allowsmoreefficientuseofcomputing
resources,reducecosts,andprovidebetter
accesstocriticalinformation
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Special-PurposeDatabaseSystems
• NoSQLDBMSscanhandledatathatdoesnot
fitintotablesrequiredbytraditionalrelational
databases
• Apple’siTunessoftwareusesspecial-purpose
datatoallowuserstofindsongs
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UsingDatabaseswithOther
Software
• DBMSscanactasfront-endorback-end
applications:
– Front-endapplicationsinteractdirectlywith
people
– Back-endapplicationsinteractwithother
programsorapplications
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DatabaseApplications
• Today’sdatabaseapplicationsmanipulatethe
contentofadatabasetoproduceuseful
information
• Commonmanipulations:
– Searching,filtering,synthesizing,andassimilating
datacontainedinadatabaseusinganumberof
databaseapplications
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BigDataApplications
• Dealswithlargeamountsofunstructureddata
fromtheInternet,photos,video,audio,social
networks,andsensors
• Specialbigdatahardwareandsoftwarecanbe
moreeffectivethantraditionalrelational
DBMSs
• Somepeoplehaveconcernsorganizationsare
harvestinghugeamountsofpersonaldata
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LinkingtheCompanyDatabaseto
theInternetandMobileDevices
• Securityalwaysaconcernwhenlinkinga
databasetotheInternet
• SemanticWeb:
– Developingaseamlessintegrationoftraditional
databaseswiththeInternet
– ProvidesmetadatawithallWebcontentusing
technologycalledtheResourceDescription
Framework(RDF)
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LinkingtheCompanyDatabaseto
theInternetandMobileDevices
• Increasinguseofsmartphonesandtablet
computerstoconnecttocorporatedatabases
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DataWarehouses,DataMarts,and
DataMining
• Datawarehouse
– Databasethatholdsbusinessinformationfrom
manysourcesintheenterprise
• Datamart
– Subsetofadatawarehouse
• Datamining
– Information-analysistoolthatinvolvesthe
automateddiscoveryofpatternsandrelationships
inadatawarehouse
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DataWarehouses,DataMarts,and
DataMining(continued)
• Predictiveanalysis:
– Formofdataminingthatcombineshistoricaldata
withassumptionsaboutfutureconditionsto
predictoutcomesofevents
– Usedbyretailerstoupgradeoccasionalcustomers
intofrequentpurchasers
– Usedtopredictfuturesalesuptoayearinthe
future
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BusinessIntelligence
• Involvesgatheringenoughoftheright
information:
– Inatimelymannerandusableformandanalyzing
ittohaveapositiveimpactonbusinessstrategy,
tactics,oroperations
• Competitiveintelligence:
– Limitedtoinformationaboutcompetitorsandthe
waysthatknowledgeaffectsstrategy,tactics,and
operations
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BusinessIntelligence(continued)
• Counterintelligence:
– Stepsorganizationtakestoprotectinformation
soughtby“hostile”intelligencegatherers
• Onlineanalyticalprocessing(OLAP)allows
userstoexploredatafromanumberof
perspectives
– Providestop-down,query-drivendataanalysis
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BusinessIntelligence(continued)
• Datalossprevention(DLP):
– Referstosystemsdesignedtolockdowndata
withinanorganization
– Powerfultoolforcounterintelligence
– Anecessityincomplyingwithgovernment
regulationsthatrequirecompaniestosafeguard
privatecustomerdata
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DistributedDatabases
• Distributeddatabase:
– Databaseinwhichthedatamaybespreadacross
severalsmallerdatabasesconnectedvia
telecommunicationsdevices
– Givescorporationsmoreflexibilityinhow
databasesareorganizedandused
• Replicateddatabase:
– Holdsaduplicatesetoffrequentlyuseddata
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OnlineAnalyticalProcessing(OLAP)
(continued)
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Object-RelationalDatabase
ManagementSystems
• Object-orienteddatabase:
– Storesbothdataanditsprocessinginstructions
– Usesanobject-orienteddatabasemanagement
system(OODBMS)toprovideauserinterfaceand
connectionstootherprograms
• Object-relationaldatabasemanagement
system(ORDBMS)
– Providestheabilityforthirdpartiestoaddnew
datatypesandoperationstothedatabase
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Visual,Audio,andOtherDatabase
Systems
• Visualdatabases:
– Usedtostoreimagesofchargeslips,X-rays,vital
records
– Canbestoredinsomeobject-relationaldatabases
orspecial-purposedatabasesystems
• Spatialdatatechnology:
– Usingdatabasetostoreandaccessdataaccording
tothelocationsitdescribes
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Summary
• Dataisoneofthemostvaluableresources
thatafirmpossesses
• Anentityisanobjectforwhichdatais
collected,stored,andmaintained
• Traditionalfile-orientedapplicationsareoften
characterizedbyprogram-datadependence
• Therelationalmodelplacesdataintwodimensionaltables
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Summary(continued)
• ADBMSisagroupofprogramsusedasan
interfacebetweenadatabaseanditsusers
andotherapplicationprograms
• DBMSbasicfunctionsinclude:
– Providinguserviews
– Creatingandmodifyingthedatabase
– Storingandretrievingdata
– Manipulatingdataandgeneratingreports
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Summary(continued)
• Databasevirtualizationallowsorganizationsto
usecomputingresourcesmoreefficiently,
reducecosts,andprovidebetterdataaccess
• Databaseadministratorplans,designs,
operates,secures,monitors,andmaintains
databases
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Summary(continued)
• Datawarehousesarerelationaldatabase
managementsystemsspecificallydesignedto
supportmanagementdecisionmaking
• Dataminingallowstheautomateddiscovery
ofpatternsandrelationshipsinadata
warehouse
• Predictiveanalysiscombineshistoricaldata
withassumptionsaboutfutureconditionsto
forecastfutureevents
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Summary(continued)
• Businessintelligenceistheprocessofgetting
enoughoftherightinformationinatimely
mannerandusableform
• Competitiveintelligenceinvolvesinformation
aboutcompetitorsandtheirstrategy,tactics,
andoperations
• Counterintelligenceisthestepsan
organizationtakestoprotectinformationfrom
hostileintelligencegathers
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Summary(continued)
• Multidimensionaldatabasesandonline
analyticalprocessingprogramsstoredataand
allowuserstoexploredatafromanumberof
differentperspectives
• Anumberofspecial-purposedatabase
systemsarebeingusedtostorelargeamounts
ofunstructureddatasuchasvisualandaudio
data
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