Geography of Greece
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Greece is a small country in Europe.
Mountains cover most of Greece
(3/4 of Greece)
About 20% of usable, arable land
Greece is a PENINSULA (about the
size of Louisiana)
○ Peninsula: (land surrounded by
water on three sides)
Surrounded by the Aegean Sea,
Ionian Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and
Black Sea
Geography of Greece
● the mountainous terrain made it
difficult to travel by land
● small communities, city-states (polis)
developed as a result
○ POLIS: Greek word for city state
● hard to unify Greece under one
government
● conflict between the city-states most
notably Athens and Sparta
Geography of Greece-Climate
● The climate=Mediterranean.
● The Mediterranean Sea affects the Greek climate,
cooling the air in summer and providing warmth in
winter.
● Warm summers are cooled by a seasonal breezes
from the Mediterranean called the ‘Meltemia’.
● Summer is hot and dry.
● Winter is moderate; rainy on coastal regions and
snowy in the mountains.
Geography of Greece-Terrain
● Parts of Ancient Greece had drier soil and less vegetation,
particularly around the cities.
● Rocky soil in most parts
● Although surrounded by sea water, there was little fresh
water; no large scale irrigation projects
● High mountains also prevented large-scale farming, so the
Greeks were forced to look beyond their own country for
fertile land.
● Farmers grew olives, figs, grain, fruit and grapes in the
fertile valleys.
TERRACE FARMING saved water and soil
Most farmers in Ancient Greece were poor; small farms
Geography of Greece-Impact
Politically: city-states
Economically: TRADE!!
● Depended heavily on trade by
sea
● Greeks were SEAFARING
people
● Trade encouraged CULTURAL
DIFFUSION
Bronze Age Aegean
Minoans and Mycenaeans
1650 BCE-700 BCE
MINOANS
● Minoan civilization developed as early as 3000 BCE
● Island of Crete
● Produced a civilization centered around trade and
government; little evidence of military state
● Efficient government
● Lasted nearly 2,000 years
● Ships sailed over Aegean Sea
● Colonies established on dozens of Aegean islands
Crete
● Climate=comfortable and the soil fertile; as an island, it
was isolated from the mainland of Asia Minor, the Middle
East, and Egypt.
● Resources were limited.
● Population grew=increasingly insufficient resources to
handle the increased population.
● So the Cretans improvised=some migrated, populating
other islands in the Aegean Sea.
● Spread Minoan culture, religion, and government all over the
Aegean Sea.
● For this reason, the Minoan culture is also called the "Aegean
Palace civilization."
● Cretans who remained turned to other economic pursuits to
support the growing population=TRADE
● Crete became the central exporter of wine, oil, jewelry, and
highly crafted works;
● Became importers of raw materials and food. In the process
they built the first major navy in the world; its primary purpose,
however, was mercantile.
Discovery
● Sir Arthur Evans: uncovers Knossos in 1899
● Excavated the main palace site
● Recovered about 3000 ancient Linear A and B
writing tablets.
● Linear B eventually proved to be an early form
of ancient Greek from a later, Mycenaean
occupation of the site.
● Linear A, a script representing the language of
the Minoans, still remains largely
Discovery Continued
● Evans discovered extensive ruins
which confirmed the ancient accounts,
both literary and mythological, of a
sophisticated Cretan culture and
possible site of the legendary labyrinth
and palace of King Minos.
● It was Evans who coined the term
Minoan in reference to this legendary
Bronze Age King.
Minoans: Palace
● Power began to be centered around kings.
● The first large palace centers came into being.
● Excavation has revealed four large palaces at Knossos,
Phaestos, Malia, and Zakros so far.
● The buildings are arranged around a central court and
have facades of closely fitted stone blocks with
monumental entrances.
Minoan: Palaces Continued
● Much of Minoan life revealed by
excavations
● Solidly constructed buildings
● Private rooms
● Basic plumbing
● Brightly colored artwork
● Artwork shows life tied to sea,
women as priests, dangerous
games
Crete: Palace at Knossus
Aerial View of Knossus
Palace of King Minos-North Entrance
Palace Interiors
LINEAR A and B
● First Greek writing systems
Linear A: resembled hieroglyphic script; undecipherable
Linear B:
● A set of syllabic symbols, derived from the writing system of Minoan
Crete
● Used in the Mycenaean palaces of the Late Bronze Age to write an
early form of Greek.
● It was used primarily for palace records, and the surviving Linear B
tablets provide substantial information about the economic organization
of Mycenaean society and clues about political, social, and religious
institutions.
Linear A
Minoan Culture and Artifacts
“Motifs”
Kamaresware Pottery
● Kamaresware pottery dates to this
period and the style is named after the
cave of Kamares where it was first
discovered.
● Pottery associated with Crete-flourished
during the Middle Minoan period
Women in Minoan Civilization
● Crete was a class-based society with little inequality.
● Women played an important role in city public life, serving
as priestesses, functionaries, and administrators.
● They participated in all the sports men did, including bulljumping.
● Participated in every occupation and trade available to
men, including skilled crafts, entrepreneurs, bureaucracy,
priesthood.
Minoan Culture and Religion
Bull Cult
Bull Leaping Frescoe
FRESCOE: a painting
done rapidly in watercolor
on wet plaster on a wall
or ceiling, so that the
colors penetrate the
plaster and become fixed
as it dries.
Decline
● mysterious and sudden end
● central event=massive volcanic eruption that partially sank
Thera (80 miles north of Crete)
● shock wave levelled Crete’s cities; tidal wave destroyed
navy; volcanic ash ruined crops
● weakened state=Mycenaean invasion
● lost city of Atlantis?
Theseus and the Minotaur Myth
Mycenaeans (1650 BCE-1250 BCE)
● First Greeks; first to speak the Greek language
○ All spoke Greek
● Named civilization after city Mycenae-palace citystate
● City-states included Mycenae, Pylos, Tiryns, and
Athens
● The Indo-Europeans who migrated to Greece =
Mycenaeans
● Seafaring people
● Warrior spirit; fought each other
○ warrior-kings would lead Mycenae
The Mycenaeans
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Conquered the Greek mainland and Crete.
Dominated the Aegean from about 1400-1200 BCE
Traded with Sicily, Italy, Egypt, and Mesopotamia.
Absorbed Egyptian and Mesopotamian influence and passed it on
to later Greeks.
● The Mycenaeans were warrior people, attacking others, especially
by sea, and fighting among themselves
● All spoke Greek and worshipped the same gods
● Fell to an invading tribe of Greeks called the Dorians in 1200 BCE
Mycenaeans Civilization
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Separated into independent city-states, each
with its own king
Made weapons and armor from Bronze=the
Bronze Age
Settled battles between city-states by one-onone combat, with each city-state taxiing their
champion to battle by chariot
Palaces proved the wealth of the kings who
ruled them
Palaces included a large meeting hall, called a
MEGARON, and kings were buried in deep
shaft graves along with their riches
Later tombs, called tholos, or beehive tombs,
were built with massive stones and covered
with earth.
Mycenaean Civilization
● Most of what we know about the culture comes from Homer’s
epics.
● Archaeological sites at Troy indicate strong influence from the
Minoans
● The government=monarchs who ruled over large
administrations
● Mycenaean kings=vast wealth; not shared with the rest of
society
● Kings were warlords=constantly ready for invasion or battle
● Cities had heavy defense
Mycenaean Religion
● Sky-god, who would become Zeus
● Adopted Minoan goddesses
● Offerings and sacrifices were made to
the gods, and may have involved human
sacrifices
Discovery
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Discovered by Heinrich Schliemann-German businessman and
archaeologist
little evidence of the Mycenaeans or the city Troy, but Schliemann was
convinced that the Trojans and Achaeans actually existed (Iliad and
Odyssey written by Homer)
uncovered lost city of Mycenae
Mycenaean city-states include Mycenae,
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home to legendary king Agamemnon from the Iliad
Homeric Ideals Continued
● The Iliad and the Odyssey reveal many of
the values of ancient Greeks. Homer’s
heroes display honor, courage, and
eloquence.
● Epics of Homer inspired writers for almost
3,000 years
● Date of birth unknown
● Blind, Greek poet
● Lived around 850 BCE
● Works influenced Greek heroic tradition
Homeric Ideals
● Trade resumed around 1000 BCE
● Emergence of small class of wealthy citizens
● Believed that “elite status” was because they were the “best
men”
● Aristocracy=rule by the “best”
● Wealth wasn’t the only factor=sing songs, doer of deeds,
winner of battles
● Success in life=favored by the gods
The Iliad
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The story of the Trojan War from the Greek perspective
What is the Heroic Code?
How does Homer portray heroes?
Are heroes always just?
Are heroes merciful?
Are heroes only men?
What is the role of women in the heroic code?
What do all heroes have in common?
Are the gods heroes?
Can the gods be counted upon to help a hero or anybody else?
The Trojan War
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1200s--Mycenaeans fought war against Troy--ten-year war
against Troy
According to legend: Greek army fought against Troy
because Trojan prince, Paris, “kidnapped”* Helen (wife of
Greek (Spartan) king Menelaus)
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*During the absence of Menelaus, Helen fled to Troy with Paris
Legend: Helen=indirect cause of the Trojan War
History: Most likely a trading dispute
Troy is located in modern day Turkey near Dardanelles
Ten years later-Greeks finally won and sacked the city of
Troy
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Trojan horse
Dark Ages
1200-800 BCE
The Greek Dark Ages (1200-800 BCE)
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Between 1200 and 1100 BCE populations in cities fell=no longer support
artisans and craftsmen
After the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization
Settlements shrank and moved inland away from the sea
Little economic contact with the outside world
Writing was abandoned leaving no history to explain it in the 500 years of
mystery
Returned to agricultural or nomadic life in small tribal groups
Greeks took to the sea and migrated to the islands of the Aegeans
Dorians, invaders from the north, followed bringing new weapons and tools
Dark Ages Continued
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Trading declined-few goods imported or exported
Contact declined
850 some limited trade started to reappear
Most people spoke Greek (Hellenes-Greek speaking)
Poverty reduced almost everyone to the same social
class/economic standing
Classical Greece
Athens and Sparta
700-324 BCE
Lecture’s Main Question
Question:
Athens and Sparta were the two main city-states in
Ancient Greece. How were they similar and
different?
Thesis Statement
Athens and Sparta were similar by their __________ but
differed in their views on ___________ and
___________.
City-States-POLIS
● Poor farmland pushed people to colonize land outside of Greece
○ Greeks established colonies on the shores of the Mediterranean
and Black Seas
○ Greek colonies were established to ease overcrowding in mainland
Greece
DEFINITION: a city and the surrounding areas
● fundamental political unit about 750 BCE
○ fewer than 20,000 residents
● center of daily life and culture
● AGORA: open area; marketplace
● ACROPOLIS: a high area--temples
● The average polis was small and consisted of about 5000
male citizens (conducive to democracy)
● Polis was self-governing and reflected the will of free citizens
not the desires of gods, hereditary kings, or priests (opposite
of the Near East)
○ These city-states also began with a religious tone but
citizens began to deemphasize the role of the gods
● Laws become the expression of human intelligence; they don’
t come from the gods or from divine authority
○ This didn’t destroy religion; it changed the way it was
practiced
○ People still worshipped the gods of the city as a civic duty
Athens
● the birthplace of many significant ideas
● thoughtful people who enjoyed the study of subjects such as
science, philosophy, and history etc.
○ heavy emphasis on the arts, architecture, and literature
● built thousands of temples and statues that embodied their
understanding of beauty
● the term "classical" is used to describe their enduring style of
art and architecture.
● democracy
● Located in a good position in Attica with many ports for
foreign trade
● Developed a powerful navy
● Whereas the Spartans thought that trade was below them,
Athenians excelled in it
● Athens allowed a citizen the right to govern the polis
○ only male citizens could vote
● Moved through a series of political developments
–Monarchy–Oligarchy–Tyranny–Democracy
Sparta
Sparta
● Located on the southern part of the Peloponnesus
○ the Taygetos mountains, known as Laconia=Sparta and all
surrounding land including Messinia
● Mainly Agrarian--EFFECT?
● Sparta was a city state that developed into a warrior society
○ led by two kings.
● The devotion of Spartans to developing a military state left little
time for the arts or literature.
● Men spend their lives dedicated to warfare and training.
● All males fight, from ages 20-30, ten years service
Sparta Early History
● Early in their history, a violent and bloody slave revolt by the Messenians
caused the Spartans to change their society=military reforms
● Conquered peoples=HELOTS
○ Helots: enslaved people conquered by Sparta; tied to the land; pay a
portion of food produced to Spartan leader
○ A Spartan, Lycurgus, drafted a harsh set of laws that required total
dedication to the state from its people
The laws' goal = train citizens to become hardened soldiers so that
they could fight off potential enemies or slave revolts.
● result =rigid lifestyle
Spartan Military
● Hoplites- Heavily armed soldiers, bronze and leather
equipment.
● Phalanx- rectangular formation, tight formation, very
effective.
Spartan Culture
● Some women took up household and economic responsibilities because the
men were occupied with war
● From the age of seven boys lived separate from their families
● Slept outside on reed mats and underwent rugged training and Homer’s
works were memorized
● At 24 they join the front lines
● At 30 they became citizens
● At 60 they gained full independence
● Going into battle it is said that a mother would tell her son to either come
back victorious carrying his sword or being carried on his sword
● Spartan women were also tough, independent and patriotic
● They were forbidden to wear jewelry or ornate clothing but enjoyed a more
active public life than other women in Greece
Historical Wife Swap
Athens
Population
Government
Men
Military
Sparta
100,000 People
8% Adult Male Citizen
Oligarchy (ruled by a few)
•2 Kings- ruled military & religious duties
•5 Overseers- day to day operations of gov
•Senate- 28 councilmen (men over 60) & the 2 kings
•Assembly- all Spartan men over 30, support/veto senate decisions
3 classes
1.Spartans- military
2.Outsiders- craftsmen, couldn’t vote or serve in military
3.Slaves
Strong Army, most feared
Athens
Women
Children
Sparta
•Goal was to produce strong Spartan males
•At 18 assigned a husband & home
•Few rights- could control property
Boys
•Taken at age 7 to train for military
•At age 20, given higher military rank
•At 30, they could marry
•Educated in dance, reading & writing
•Athletics & military emphasized
Girls
•educated and could play sports
Values
Military, honor
Legacy
Military tactics, inspired Plato’s “The Republic”
ATHENS
POP.
SPARTA
140,000 people
30% Male Citizens
100,000 People
8% Adult Male Citizen
GOV’T
Direct Democracy (ruled by all)
Elected Officials- army & high government positions
Assembly- all citizens, passed laws and policy
Council of 500- was charged with administering
decisions made by the Assembly
Oligarchy (ruled by a few)
2 Kings- ruled military & religious duties
5 Overseers- day to day operations of gov
Senate- 28 councilmen (men over 60) & the 2
kings
Assembly- all Spartan men over 30,
support/veto senate decisions
MEN
Freemen: all male citizens; divided into numerous
classes: at the top were
● aristocrats=large estates and made up the
cavalry or captained triremes;
● middle/small famers;
● lowest class was the thetes (urban craftsmen
and trireme rowers)
Slaves
No rights, less harshly treated, varied in status
Strong Navy
3 classes
Spartans- military
Outsiders- craftsmen, couldn’t vote or serve in
military
Slaves
MILITARY
Strong Army, most feared
ATHENS
WOMEN
CHILDREN
SPARTA
Kept home with no participation in education, •Goal was to produce strong Spartan males
sports, or government
•At 18 assigned a husband & home
Pride themselves in domestic arts
•Few rights- could control property
No rights=property of their husbands
Some women held high positions in rituals or
religious events
Boys
● educated in reading, writing, math
● (Ages 5-14, wealthy went to 18)
● Age of 20, spent 2 years in military
Girls
● Little to no education unless wealthy
● Taught domestic arts
Boys
•Taken at age 7 to train for military
•At age 20, given higher military rank
•At 30, they could marry
•Educated in dance, reading & writing
•Athletics & military emphasized
Girls
•educated and could play sports
VALUES
•Government, education
•Military, honor
LEGACY
Art, architecture, drama, literature, philosophy, •Military tactics, inspired Plato’s “The Republic”
science, medicine, and government structure; --ideal community; simple lifestyle
trial by jury
Difference Between Athens and
Sparta
• Sparta stressed discipline while
Athens glorified the individual and
extended political rights to more
citizens.
Video Guide
A New Government:
Democracy in Greece
Essential Question:
How did democracy develop in Ancient
Greece?
Thesis Statement:
Democracy became the dominant government
system in Greece through _____________________.
Monarchy
● form of government in which the monarch is the head;
lawmaking power is given to a single person
○ monos-one archon-leader, ruler, chief
○ Monarkhia-rule of one
Limited Monarchy/Constitutional
Monarchy
○ king or queen acts as head of state; pass or make
legislation lies with Parliament
Republic
● a state in which supreme power is held by the people and
their elected representatives, and which has an elected or
nominated president rather than a monarch
● ruled by law (Constitution)
Democracy
● a system of government by the whole population
or all the eligible members of a state, typically
through elected representatives.
○ a form of government in which people choose
leaders by voting
○ an organization or situation in which everyone
is treated equally and has equal rights
“Demo”-means people, “Crat, kratos”-means ruler
Direct Democracy
○ the people govern themselves by voting
on issues individually as citizens
○ referred to as a true democracy
○ all members of society have an equal say
in how the country is run
○ open to all ELIGIBLE citizens
○ only works for a place with a relatively
small amount of citizens
Representative Democracy
● a government in which people elect
delegates/representatives to make laws and
conduct government
● citizens choose a smaller group to represent
them and make laws and decisions for them
○ Example: the U.S.
Oligarchy
● a system in which a few powerful, wealthy individuals rule
○ oligos-few, arkhein-rule
Tyrant
● rule by a single person who took control by force;
against the wishes of the community
● took power illegally
● someone who uses absolute power brutally
○ tyrranos- “to seize control and hold supreme power”
Government in Greece
● At first, city states were ruled by one person, usually a king. This
is called a MONARCHY (rule by one)--they were often called
TYRANTS.
● OLIGARCHY (rule by few).
● New forms of government – democracy would soon develop,
especially in Athens.
Early Government (600 B.C.E.)
● city-states; functioned liked small kingdoms=relied on wealthy
landowners to support their rule and form armies
○ wealthy could afford expensive horses, chariots, bronze weapons
etc.
● small group of landowners-ARISTOCRATS (best men) made the noble
class-gained land and power
● nobles overthrew their kings and take power for
themselves=ARISTOCRACIES
● controlled nearly every aspect of Greek society ; had monopoly over
the military and econom
○ acted as judges and determined the city-states’ laws and
punishments
Draco (the lawgiver, serpent)
● 600s a group of rebels tries to overthrow the
aristocrats
● wrote first written law in Greece
○ harsh legal code; punished trivial and large
matters with death; death was the consequence
● Draconian=repressive, harsh, severe in many
contexts
○ written in blood (figuratively)
● pitted wealthy against the poor
Athens faced a deepening political crisis
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Population growth=Athenian farmers who supplied the city-state with food could not keep up with
demand
○ Farmers began to trade their land to obtain food=bankruptcy=traded all land
The crisis was solved in 594 B.C.
Athenians gave control over to Solon (c.640-c.559 B.C.), a former high official.
○ In his role as archon, Solon cancelled all agricultural debts and announced that all slaves were
free
○ He also passed constitutional reforms that divided Athenian subjects into four classes based
on their annual agricultural production rather than birth.
Members of the three highest orders could hold public office.
Solon's system excluded all those people who did not own any productive land – women, children,
slaves, resident aliens, artisans and merchants.
Men from newer and less-established families could work their way up economically and achieve
positions of political leadership.
Solon (590s B.C.E.)
● Merchants, soldiers, and farmers began to resent the
power of the nobles.
● To pay off debt→ farmers had to sell their land or go into
slavery
Move to democracy:
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created a set of laws that were less harsh; gave more rights to non-aristocrats;
erased debts of the poor; outlawed slavery for debt
freed people who had become slaves due to debt
attempted to make the constitution more = (ex: right to appeal to a jury)
○ established court of appeals
divided classes (4) based on wealth not birth
○ all free men living in Athens became citizens
“These are the evils loosed upon the people: Of the poor, many,
sold, in shameful chains, Take the road leading to a foreign
land… Thus the public evil reaches each man at home.” -Solon
Eunomy
Peisistratus (546-527 B.C.E.)
● tyrant; ruled with support of lower classes
● divided nobles’ estates among poor farmers
○ clashed with nobles
● gave loans to help provide farmers with farming
tools
● pushed out aristocrats
○ brought peace, stability to Athens
○ increased trade
● hired poor to create new buildings
● created new festivals and temples (festivals for Athena
and athletic events
● ruled 20 years-died of natural causes=son took over
Cleisthenes (508 B.C.E)
Father of Democracy
● member of one of the wealthiest families in Athens
● broke up power of aristocrats
● called for the people to overthrow the aristocracy
ATHENS DEVELOPS A DEMOCRACY (direct democracy)
● Created the Council of 500 (BOULE)
○ chosen from local government units (split Athens’ citizens into 10 tribes;
each tribe choose 50 men men=Council of ______________
○ Council introduces new laws, sets the agenda for the Assembly, controlled
the treasury, and managed the city-states
○ lottery system=to choose council members (ltd. to one year terms, and two
term limits
Cleisthenes continued...
● Assembly (ECCLESIA):
○ met three times a month at a large
amphitheater, Pynx Hill, outside the city
○ All citizens could speak their mind in
meetings
○ after speeches everyone voted; minimum of
6,000 required
○ problems?
○ once a year voted to OSTRACIZE someone
● Courts=more democratic
○ interpreted laws passed by the Assembly
○ jurors from citizens--man could plead case
○ jury voted by secret ballot
Athenian Democracy
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Every citizen gathers at a mass meeting and decides and votes
○ 43,000 male citizens made up the assembly, but usually only 6,000 citizens
showed up for the meetings, which were held every 10 days. They passed laws,
elected officials, and made decisions on war and foreign affairs
Monarchy and Kings
Rise in power of aristocracy & oligarchy
Hoplites c. 675-650 BCE
Age of tyrants
Democratic Reforms by Solon and Cleisthenes
= Three Pillars of Athenians Democracy:
1. Council of 500
2. Assembly 3. Courts
Athens lived under a radically democratic government from 508 until 322 BCE.
The People governed themselves, debating and voting individually on issues great
and small, from matters of war and peace to the proper qualifications for ferry-boat
captains
Juries
● In addition to serving in the
government Athenians also
served on juries.
● Males citizens over thirty
years of age were chosen to
serve as jurors for a year
(paid)
● Unlike today’s juries of 12,
100 to 1,000 men could be
selected for the jury.
● odd number of people
How effective was Athenian
Democracy?
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Cradle of democracy
Democracy flourished during the Golden Age of Athens(4th Century BCE)
under Pericles
Direct Democracy= All the male citizens would gather, discussed the issues, and
then voted on them
Only male citizens were allowed to take part in running the government (made up
approx. 10% of population).
Women, slaves and foreigners were excluded from public affairs. The policy
of ostracism also created some instability as the Assembly could exile a speaker
/leader by vote if they feel they are too powerful
Exit Ticket
1)
2)
Define democracy, monarchy, oligarchy, tyranny.
Explain significance of the following key people: Draco, Solon, Peisistratus,
Cleisthenes to the development of democracy in Greece.
Historical Map-Democracy in
Greece
Conflict in the Greek World
500-400 BCE
Essential Question:
What effect did the two great conflicts of
the fifth century-the Persian Wars and the
Peloponnesian War-have on Greek
civilization?
Herodotus (484-425 BCE)
● “Father of History” and the “Father of Lies”
○ wrote The Histories (divided into books now)
○ historia-means inquiry/investigation
○ recounted the struggle of the Persian Wars
○ wanted to present as much information about the
Persian War as he could
○ included information on the entire Persian Empire, and
simultaneously explains the orgins (aitia) of the
conflict
○ the nature of his Histories – a jumble of fact and fable –
like a parent telling bedtime stories
○ modern historians (in the Victorian period) dubbed
him the “Father of History and Lies”
The Persians
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In 519 B.C. the Persians conquered a group of people who lived in Asia Minor called
the Ionian Greeks.
Persians conquered a huge empire stretching from Asia Minor to the border of India.
○ subjects included the Greek city-states of Ionia in Asia Minor.
○ Though under Persian rule, these Ionian city-states were largely self-governing.
Still, they resented their situation.
○ In 499 B.C. the Ionian Greeks asked the mainland Greeks to help them rebel
against the Persians.
○ Athens sent warships to help them, but they were not strong enough to defeat the
Persian army.
Angered King Darius I--> In 490 B.C. Darius sent 600 ships and thousands of
soldiers to invade Greece.
● wanted to punish the Athenians for helping the
rebels.
○ The Persians soon crushed the rebel cities. However,
Darius I was furious at the role Athens played in the
uprising.
○ In time, Darius sent a huge force across the Aegean to
punish Athens for its interference.
○ The mighty Persian army landed near Marathon, a plain
north of Athens, in 490 B.C.
○ The Athenians asked for help from neighboring Greek
city-states, but received little support
War under Darius and Xerxes
494 B.C.E. Persian ruler-Darius-crushed Greek revolts in Asia
Minor
●
wanted to punish Athens for helping the rebels
● wanted to control the Greek mainland
480 B.C.E., Darius’s son, Xerxes, led another Persian army and
fleet against Greece-Battle of Thermopylae
●
several Greek city-states united against the Persians
Battle of Marathon
● The Persian army landed at Marathon, north of Athens, in 490 B.C.
○ greatly outnumbered the Greeks.
○ small Athenian force; had no horses or archers, only fierce foot
soldiers.
○ After a few days, the Persians decided to attack Athens by sea
○ While they were loading their ships, the Athenians attacked and
defeated them.
○ The Persians retreated-uneasy peace for 10 years
The Greeks sent their fastest runner Pheidippides to carry home news of the victory.
○ He sprinted 26.2 miles from the battle site to the city-state of
Athens.
○ He arrived and said, “Rejoice, we conquer,” and died from
exhaustion
Battle of Thermopylae
● The Greek ruler Themistocles knew this was a
temporary victory. He encouraged the Athenians to
build up their fleet and prepare for battle with the
Persians.
○ In 480 B.C. Darius’ son Xerxes sent a larger force
to conquer Greece.
○ He sent 200,000 soldiers and nearly 1,000 ships.
○ By this time Athens had convinced Sparta to join
them in battle. Twenty Greek city-states joined
together to meet the Persian invaders.
○ Sparta took charge of the army.
Battle of Thermopylae
○ The Persian army had little trouble as it moved through
northern Greece.
○ It came to a narrow mountain pass called Thermopylae, there
7,000 Greeks waited for the Persians.
○ For 3 days they stopped the Persian army from moving
forward
○ Spartan traitor, Ephialtes, led the Persians behind the Greek
army, the Spartan soldiers began to retreat to their ships as
the Persians marched forward.
Battle of Thermopylae
● A Small Spartan force of about 300
men commanded by King Leonidas,
guarded the mountain pass of
Thermopylae.
● held out heroically against the
enormous Persian force for three days.
● They were betrayed when Ephialtes
told the Persians how to get in behind
the army.
● They were defeated, but won valuable
time for the rest of the Greeks.
Battle at Salamis
● naval battle between the Persians and
Greek city-states
● The Persians marched south after their
victory at Thermopylae and destroyed
the city of Athens.
○ The Athenians had already moved
to Salamis, a small nearby island.
● More than 800 Persian ships attacked
the Athenian navy near the island.
● The large Persian ships could not
maneuver in the water.
● The smaller Greek ships destroyed
them.
Results
○ The Greek sense of uniqueness was increased.
○ Athens emerged as the most powerful city-state in Greece.
○ Athens organized the Delian League, an alliance with other
Greek city-states.
○ Athens used the league to assert power and build an Athenian
Empire.
○ They moved the treasury to Athens, and forced people to stay
in the league against their will.
○ The Athenian Empire
○ Even though the Persians retreated, they still
remained a threat.
○ Athens joins with other city-states in 478 B.C. to
form the Delian League to keep the threat of the
Persians under control
● Sparta did not join the league.
○ Headquarters on the island of Delos.
○ Chief officials of the league were from Athens and
little by little Athens took over.
○ Headquarters of the league moved to Athens in 454
B.C.
The Age of Pericles
Pericles “Surrounded by glory” (460429 B.C.E)
● Pericles=leading general in Athenian;
statesman politics after the Persian wars for
nearly 30 years
○ Killed by the plague
● Following the Persian wars Athens=most
powerful city-state in Greece.
● Under Pericles the economy thrived and the
government became more democratic.
● Three goals: strengthen democracy, expand empire, beautify Athens
○ Participating in gov’t. just as important as war
● Assembly would meet every ten days to pass laws, elect public officials, and
make decisions concerning war and foreign policy
● Athenian democracy=equality of opportunity (choose people for gov’t. based
on merit not wealth
○ Pericles believed all male citizens regardless of wealth or social class
needed to take part in government.
○ Created salaries for men who held public office
● Ostracism (kick out)
○ on a pottery fragment members of the assembly could write the name of
the person they found harmful; 6,000=banned from the city for 10 years
He treated other city-states like subjects, demanding loyalty and payments from
them.
The Achievements of Pericles
● Pericles made Athens more democratic.
○ People’s talents were more important than their social
standing.
○ Allowed lower-class male citizens to run for public office
○ Paid officeholders
○ Even poor citizens could be a part of running the
government
● Beautify the city of Athens-Parthenon
○ Athens= “School of Greece”
● Pericles gave this speech to honor
Athenians who had died in the
Peloponnesian War. It was the custom for
the state to provide public burial for the
war dead and to choose a man of "approved
wisdom and eminent reputation" to give
the eulogy. The following is Pericles' speech
as Thucydides reconstructed it in
his History of the Peloponnesian War.
Greeks vs
Greeks
Peloponnesian War
● Many Greeks resented the
Athenian domination.
● The Greek world split into rival
camps.
● To counter the Delian League,
Sparta and other enemies of
Athens formed the
Peloponnesian League.
● Sparta encouraged an Oligarchy
(government run by business) in
the states of the Peloponnesian
League, and Athens supported
democracy.
○ A 27 year war broke out
in 431 B.C. engulfing all
of Greece
Thucydides
• His History is our main source for the war
• Manuscript is incomplete at time of death
• Eyewitness accounts, recreation of speeches, tell the facts, not
myth
• Father of scientific history because of standards for evidence
collecting
• History of the Peloponnesian War
Thucydides
The Peloponnesian War
Power Struggle between Athens and
Sparta.
Fighting dragged on for 27 years
before Spartan’s captured Athens.
Athens survived as a center of culture
but democracy suffered as
corruption/self interest replaced
service to the city-state.
Peloponnesian War
Sparta – weakened by earthquakes and revolt of the helots
Athens – gained more power, tribute paid to them
Corinth and Thebes became allies with Sparta
War broke out, and lasted about 25 years
● Pericles’ Funeral Oration
● Public funeral for those who died in battle
● Pericles gave a speech to the Athenians
● The power of democracy, courage to keep fighting
● The speech’s ideas are still important to democratic nations
today
Peloponnesian War
Athens good navy,
Sparta good army
Athenians hid behind the city walls
● Disease killed more that 1/3 of the crowded city
● Pericles killed by disease
Persians helped Sparta build navy
● Spartans crushed Athenians, broke up empire
Results
1. Winners and loser weakened
2. Farms destroyed
3. Many left jobless
Peloponnesian War
●
●
●
●
●
Spartan empire formed
Spartan empire fell
All city-states grew weaker
Kingdom of Macedonia grew more powerful
Thucydides – Major Greek historian
● Athens faced a serious geographical disadvantage from the start.
● Sparta was located inland, the Athenian navy was no good against
them.
● When Sparta invaded Athens, Pericles allowed people from the
countryside to move inside the city.
● Overcrowding led to a plague that killed a third of the people.
● Internal struggles undermined the Democratic government of
Athens.
● Sparta even allied with Persia, their old enemy, against the Delian
League.
● Finally, in 404 B.C., with the help of the Persian navy, the Spartans
captured Athens and stripped it of its fleet and empire.
Results
● The Peloponnesian War ended Athenian greatness.
● In Athens, democratic government suffered: corruption and
selfish interests replaced order.
○ Fighting continued to disrupt the Greek world.
● Sparta itself suffered defeat at the hands of Thebes, another Greek
city-state.
● Greece was left vulnerable to invasion.
● Cultural development was arrested.
Changes in Warfare
• Around 500 B.C. iron
weapons replaced bronze.
• Iron was cheaper allowing
ordinary citizens to buy
shields, helmets, and
swords.
• New warfare gave citizens
more power
Debate
Team Roles
•
Speakers (2)
Debate
•
Opening Statement
•
•
Recorders (3)
•
Argument Crushers (3)
•
Prep
•
•
Time keeper (1)
•
On task (1)
•
Supporters (everyone
•
2 minutes
Rebuttal
•
•
5 minutes/2 minutes for
questions
3 minutes
Prep
Lecture’s Main Question
Question:
Philosophers use observation and reason to determine
why things happened, what did the three great
philosophers observe and determine?
Thesis Statement:
•
•
•
•
Greek Philosophers
Philosophers use
observation & reason to
determine why things
happened.
Philosopher = lover of
wisdom
Plato
Socrates
•
Athenian philosopher
•
Did not write books to record
his thoughts.
•
Ideas were passed on by his
student Plato.
•
Roamed about the market
place questioning fellow
citizens about their beliefs.
“What is the Greatest
Good?”
• Socratic method:
pose a series of
questions &
challenged people to
examine their
answers
• Helped others seek
truth and self
Socratic
Method
“The unexamined life is not worth
living.”
• Many Athenians found
Socrates to be annoying
• Thought his
questioning was
threatening traditions.
• At age 70 he was put on
trial for corrupting the
cities youth & failing to
On Trial
• Socrates was found
guilty by a jury of 501
citizens & condemned
to death.
• He refused to attempt
escape defending the
democratic system
• the duties of the
Drank a cup of hemlock
• Socrates student
• The death of Socrates led
Plato to distrust
democracy\
• Left Athens for 10
years.
• On his returned he formed
a school called the
academy
Plato
Plato’s Republic
• Reason not experience
leads to genuine
knowledge.
• Rejected democracy,
arguing instead for
dictatorship
• All are born equal, but
they can only rise as
The Acdamey
Plato’s Society
Divided into 3 classes
Philosopher
Kings
1.Workers→ to produce
the necessities of life.
2.Soldiers→ to defend
the state.
3.Philosophers→ to rule,
ensure order and
Plato and
Aristotle
• Plato’s most famous
student.
• Analyzed all forms of
government.
• Preferred a government
by the many not by the
few
• thought democracy
Polity
• Favored a constitutional
government ruled by members of
the middle class.
• The goals was to establish a just
and stable rule.
Politics “Rule of Law”
• Wrote Politics: about government
and the rule of law.
• Rule of law→ Even rulers must be
subject to law.
• Despised tyranny.
Lecture’s Main Question
Question:
Philosophers use observation and reason to determine
why things happened, what did the three great
philosophers observe and determine?
Thesis Statement:
Class Work- Homework
• Philosopher Worksheet (12 points)
Warm Up 9/2/14
Write a paragraph summary of the including ALL of the
following:
- Athens
- Sparta
- Socrates
- Plato
- Aristotle
Lecture’s Main Question
Question:
How does Ancient Greece differ from the Early Roman
Empire?
Thesis Statement:
Roman Republic and
Empire
“Thing of the People”
*Republic: System of government
in which officials are chosen
(elected) by the people to
represent them or make
decision for them.
-(Representative Democracy)
Like the United States
Senate
• Senate: the most
powerful governing
body in the Roman
Republic
-300 members all
Patricians
(landholding upper
class)
Consuls
•
Consuls: officials in charge of supervising the
government and commanding armies
-selected by the senate
-served only one term
-consulted senate on major issues
Possibility of a Dictator
•
*Dictator: Ruler who has
complete control of the
government.
•
The senate was allowed
to choose a Dictator in
time of war
•
The dictator would only
have power for six months
•
Cincinnatus was dictator
Cincinnatus
Dictators
Common people want Equality
•
Plebeians: common
people.
•
Plebeians gained the
right to elect their own
officials called tribunes.
•
Tribunes could *veto
(block) laws harmful to
plebeians.
Plebeians
*Ideas the U.S. adopted from
the* Romans
•
Republic
•
Senate
•
Veto
•
Checks on
power
Rise of the Empire
• As Rome spread its empire
around the Mediterranean
civil wars began.
• Fighting occurred over who
should have power the
senate or other political
leaders.
• In the end Julius Caesar
would take power with his
loyal military.
Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar
• Forced the senate to
make him dictator
• He kept some
features of the
Republic, but ruled
with absolute power.
• In March of 44 B.C.
Caesar was
Lecture’s Main Question
Question:
How does Ancient Greece differ from the Early Roman
Empire?
Thesis Statement:
Warm Up 9/3/14
1. What is a republic, where did this type of
government begin?
2. Describe Rome’s senate, be detailed.
Assassination of Julius
Caesar
Augustus Caesar
• Following Caesar’s
death his grandnephew Octavian
took power.
• Augustus = Exalted
One
• Senate declared him
First Citizen of Rome
Emperor Augustus Caesar
• Augustus followed Julius
• He declared himself first citizen and not king or
emperor.
• Why?
• The Senate and the people would have removed him from
power if he would have called himself a dictator.
• Nonetheless, he still acted like a dictator (31 BC to 14 AD)
• The Empire was born
• This period of time was known as Pax Romana
• Pax Romana = Time of peace, order, and unity.
•
Who was the major figure born while Augustus was in
Roman Law
•
Developed written law
•
Law of nations: collection of laws that applied to all
of the empire
•
Accused presumed innocent until proven guilty
•
Right to offer a defense against the charge
•
Guilt had to be established with evidence
•
Many influenced American law.
Fall of the Roman
Empire
Britain
Gaul
Fell to Germanic Invaders
Spain
Ro
e
m
Numidia
Macedonia
Black
Sea
Asia
Minor
Syria
Byzantine Empire
Mediterranean
Sea
Arabia
Se
ed
R a
*The empire became to large to
control and
Egypt
Roman Empire
protect,
the west
fell to Germanic Invaders
N. Africa
Water
andBodies
the ofEast
became the Byzantine Empire.
Byzantine Empire
• The East continued to thrive as the
Byzantine Empire under Justinian
*Justinian’s Code*
• Massive collection of Laws
Dasnoit’s
Empire
AD 2007
Alexander’s Empire
323 BC
Roman Empire
Ancient Greece
265 BC-476 AD
500 BC
Warm Up 9/8/14
1.
What does Monotheistic mean?
2.
List three monotheistic religions?
3.
What is Polytheism?
4.
What is the main difference between JudeoChristian beliefs and Greco-Roman religious
beliefs?
Class Work- Homework
• Judaism and Christianity Worksheet (20 points)
• DUE!
• Friday 9/12/14
• 5 extra credit points will be given if you finish
• by the end of the period
REMINDER: Unit 1 test is FRIDAY 9/12/14, if you have
ALL assignments turned in you get to use a 3x5
Warm Up 9/9/14
•
Open your book’s to page 47
•
Read The English Bill of Rights
•
Answer in complete sentences the THINKING
CRITICALLY question at the bottom of the page
Monarchs, Nobles and the
Church
•
Feudalism: a system in which power and land is divided
and passed down to less powerful lords in exchange for
loyalty and knights to do the higher lords bidding
KING
Land
Taxes &
Knights
NOBLES
Land
Protection &
Military
KNIGHTS
Land &
Food &
Protection
Service
PEASENTS
Monarchs, Nobles and the
Church
•
In a feudal society, monarchs:
•
Rarely succeeded in gaining larger territories
• Because they relied on lower level lords for military support
•
In a feudal society, churches and nobles:
•
•
•
•
Had their own courts
Collected their own taxes
Supplied and supported their own armies
Results:
•
Strong Monarchs in
England
1066, King Edward died
without an heir
•
Competitors for the
Crown:
•
•
•
Harold (Edward’s
brother-in-law)
William (French)
Battle of Hastings:
•
William beat Harold
Strong Monarchs in
England
•
William’s Changes to Feudalism:
•
•
•
•
Combined Norman-French and Anglo-Saxon traditions
Exerted firm control over his lands
Every lord (all levels) had to pledge allegiance to him and
no other lord
1086 conducted a census
• Developed a tax system
Triumph of Parliament
•
King James (Stuart) claimed absolute power or absolute
monarchy
•
•
Dissolved Parliament twice over disagreement over money
and foreign policy
King Charles (Stuart), son of King James
•
•
Also claimed absolute power, imprisoning those who spoke
against him without a trial and squeezed the country for
money
In order to get the raise in taxes, he reformed Parliament,
but was forced to sign PETITION OF RIGHT
Triumph of Parliament
•
Long Parliament
•
•
•
Greatest political revolution in English history
Parliament tried to execute the king’s chief
ministers
Established the Parliament couldn’t be dissolved
unless they voted to do so
Triumph of Parliament
•
English Civil War
•
•
•
1642 to 1649
Charles: supported by
wealthy nobles
Parliament: rural
landowners, town
dwellings, Puritan
Church
• Forces led by Oliver
Cormwell
Triumph of Parliament
•
Although the King won the war, Parliament set up a court
and tried the king for treason
•
•
•
Calling him “a tyrant, traitor, murder, and public enemy”
First time a King was tried and executed by his own people
Parliament set up a Republic with Cormwell
•
•
•
Exiled Catholics to Ireland
Puritans gain power and imposed strict religious rules
Upon Cormwell’s death, so did the Republic
Triumph of Parliament
•
King Charles II, King Charles’ son, gain power once
again re-establishing the monarchy
•
•
King James II, then took the thrown after Charles II
death
•
•
He accepted the Petition of Right and worked with
Parliament
Was more like his Dad- carless laws, no parliament
Glorious Revolution
•
Parliament invited James” II daughter (Protestant) and
Bill of Rights
•
Parliament became superior power to the Monarchy
•
•
•
•
•
Parliament had to meet regularly
House of Commons dealt with treasury
King or queen could not be involved in Parliament and could
not suspend laws
Roman Catholic couldn’t be king or queen
Restated traditional rights
• Trial by jury
• Outlawed excessive fines
• Habeas Corpus- had to be charged with a crime before put in
Warm Up 9/9/14
Grab your textbooks and turn to Chapter 1, Section
5.
Class Work- Homework
• English Rise to Democracy Worksheet (15
points)
• DUE!
• Friday 9/12/14
• 5 extra credit points will be given if you finish
• by the end of the period
REMINDER: Unit 1 test is FRIDAY 9/12/14, if you have