Engineering:
Instructor:
Elec 3509
Electronics II
Prof. Calvin Plett, email cp@doe.carleton.ca
Objective: To study the principles, design and analysis of analog electronic circuits.
Description: In this course, the student will learn both analysis and design of electronic circuits. Both discrete and integrated circuits will be discussed. This course builds on the concepts
covering analysis of basic circuits and signals (covered in ELEC 2501) and also basic electronic
devices and circuits, such as diodes, BJTS, MOSFETS and Amplifier/Rectifier/Regulator Circuits (covered in ELEC 2507). In this course, single transistor circuits will be extended to multiple transistor circuits made of Bipolar Junction Transistors. Various one and two transistor amplifier circuits will be studied, followed by an exploration of the opamp. Finally some opamp
application such as design of filters and oscillators will be seen.
Grading:
Labs (5)
Midterm Exam
Final Exam
Total
35%
15%
50%
100%
In-Class Quizzes
+5% bonus
• All labs must be completed with an average grade of 50% or better to pass the course. At
least 50% on the final exam is required to pass the course.
• Assignments (and old exams) are on the course web page. Students are highly encouraged to
solve them. Answers to many problems are found at the back of the book. Others will be
provided.
• Academic accommodation for any reason must be sought as soon as possible, preferably early in the term. Verification will be required.
• As per faculty regulations, Lab Exemptions are not allowed
References:
1. Microelectronic Circuits, 4th, 5th, 6th, or 7th Edition, A. Sedra and K. Smith, Oxford University
Press, 1998, 2004.C.L. Alley and K.W. Atwood, Microelectronics, 1986, TK7874.A429.
2. P.R. Belanger et al, Introduction to Circuits with Electronics, 1985, TK7867.B37.
3. R. Boylestad and L. Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, TK7867.B66.
4. P. Gray, Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits, TK7874.G688
5. H. Lam, Analog and Digital Filter Design, TK7872.F5L26.
6. J. Millman, Microelectronics, TK7874.M527.
7. C.J. Savant et al, Electronic Circuit Design, TK7876.S277.
8. R.J. Smith, Circuits, Devices and Systems, TK45.S616.
9. M.H. Rashid, Microelectronic Circuits: Analysis and Design, 1999.
10. M.N. Horenstein, Microelectronic Circuits and Devices, 1996.
TAs: Tentatively: Harel Lichtenstein, Kalid Ali Adem, David Berton, Mingze Li, Pengshuai
Ren, Weicong Na
1
Lecture Outline
Week 1, 2:
Review of Basic Electronic Devices and Circuits: p-n Junction, Diode Equation,
Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT): Concepts, Current Relations, Regions of Operation, Characteristics, Biasing, Small-Signal BJT model, Common Emitter Amplifier: AC analysis, Input and Output Resistance, Voltage/Current Gains, Frequency Response.
Week 3, 4:
Common Base Configuration and Cascode Amplifier, Common Collector Configuration, CC-CB Wideband Amplifier, Current Source/Sink Bias.
Week 5, 6:
Frequency Analysis of Transistor Amplifiers, Bode plots, Differential Amplifier
Stage, CMG, DMG, CMRR, Analysis of 741 IC Op-Amp.
Week 7, 8:
Power Amplifiers: Class A, Class B, Class AB, Class C, Filters: RC filters theory,
Second-order transfer functions.
Week 9, 10:
Filter Design Methodology: Types, Specifications, Approximations and Practical
Circuit Topologies, Applications.
Week 11, 12: Feedback Stability and Linear Oscillator Circuits, Applications, Review.
Notes on Lab Projects and Exercises
Goals: The laboratory portion of the course reinforces this theme through analysis and design of
electronic circuits. As well, through the lab experiments, students will extend their previous experience of circuit design using a few discrete transistors, and will begin to use ICs as the basis
for designs.
Topics: The lab topics form a coherent sequence following the lectures, beginning with BJT
characteristics, followed by BJT amplifiers, op-amp circuitry, and, finally, the op-amp's use in
filters and oscillators.
Organization: The labs are an integrated mixture of 10 multi-week exercises and projects. In
order to complete all of the work, students attend the lab every week; there are no problem analysis sessions in the course. For every lab, students work in groups of two and provide one report
per group of two. Groups of three or more are not allowed. Groups of 1 are allowed, but attempts
will be made to find partners for all.
Exercises: For the lab exercises, students are expected to have completed any required preparation before they come to the lab, and, in the lab, to take notes which must be initialed by a T.A.
before they leave. For most of the exercises, a formal report is written after all the parts of the lab
have been completed, and must be submitted by 30 minutes after their lab scheduled starting
time seven days after the period in which the lab's last exercise was performed. The report must
include the initialed lab notes as an appendix. The intent is to have labs submitted via cuLearn
with more details to be provided later. Lab 5 on oscillators has an in-lab quiz and no formal report.
Projects: As with the exercises, students are expected to have completed any required preparation before they come to a project lab. During one of the periods for each project, the student will
be required to demonstrate a working circuit. If after the demonstration, the T.A. is satisfied that
the circuit and the demonstration are acceptable, the T.A. will initial the student's design sche2
matic. This initialed schematic must be submitted as an appendix to a formal engineering report
fully analyzing and documenting the designed circuit(s). Sufficient data should be recorded to
show that all the requirements have been satisfied. The final report is due in the stairwell filing
cabinet by 30 minutes after their lab scheduled starting time 7 days after the student's last scheduled lab period for the project.
For the second project, the final demonstration will require some time and so will be made at an
appointed time during the lab period. Thus, it is expected that the student will have his or her circuit functioning to meet the specification before the final period of this project. It is emphasized
that full advantage should be taken of the scheduled laboratories and the advice available from
faculty members and teaching assistants, as well as from laboratory demonstrations, during these
periods.
Lates: Late reports and demonstrations are each penalized 30% if received within one week of
the listed deadline, while later ones will receive a grade of 0. However, in order to pass the
course, students must complete all labs
Laboratory Regulations: Food and drinks are not allowed in the laboratory at any time. Most
importantly, students are expected to display a mature and professional attitude while in the lab.
Lab Equipment: The person responsible for most of the undergraduate electronics labs is Mr.
Nagui Mikhail, and his room number is 5124 ME. Any mal-functioning equipment should be
reported to the T.A.s who in turn will report problems to Nagui.
Health and Safety: students should be familiar with the locations of fire extinguishers, first-aid
kits, the emergency phone number (4444), regulations and the University Health-And-Safety
document. More information is provided on the course web page.
Components and Tools: Boards, component kits and tool sets can be purchased directly from
the lab technician. Wire strippers, a small-tipped screwdriver and a pair of needle-nosed pliers
are essential tools for performing the lab work.
Lab Outline
Lab 1: BJT A.C. and D.C. Operation
-BJT D.C. Characteristics and the current Mirror.
-BJT A. C. Characteristics
Lab 2: Amplifier Project
-Single Transistor and Two-Transistor Amplifiers
-Cascode Amplifier Design Review and Development
-Cascode Demonstration
Lab 3: Bipolar Op-Amp Simulation
-Design, Schematic
-To investigate the effect of various design parameters
Lab 4: Active Band-Pass Filter Project
-Introduction to Active Filters and Filter Simulations and Measurements
-Chebyshev Filter Design Review
-Chebyshev Filter Demonstration
Lab 5: Oscillators
-Wien Bridge and the Active-RC Phase Shift Quadratic Oscillators
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97.359 Electronics II
Introduction to Linear circuits and Systems. {SS4, SS5, SS6, SS7 Ch1}
- a system view point of the circuit {SS4,5,6,7 = Sedra & Smith 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th ed.}
Signal Representation
vA = VA + va .
total = DC + ac
Amplifiers:
a class of 2-port networks giving more voltage, current or
power at their output than at their input.
Symbol
output
input
output
input
(common terminal)
(of course, power supplies not shown)
voltage amplifier
v in  v out
voltage gain
v out
vo
A v = --------- = ----v in
vi
gain
voltage
in dB: 20log A v , note, absolute value required since A v may be negative
current amplifier: i in  i out
i out
current gain -------i in
transconductance Amp v in  i out
power Amp P in  P out
P out
v out i out
A p = ---------- = ----------------- ,
P in
v in i in
in dB, 10 log 10 A p
4
97.359 Electronics II
Frequency Response
A sinewave into a linear amplifier always gives a sinewave out. However, its amplitude
and phase are usually different.
Amplifier Transfer Function is the gain of the amplifier versus frequency:
v o  j 
H  j  = ---------------v i  j 
or using the complex frequency variable s = j :
vo  s 
H  s  = -----------vi  s 
|H(j)|
(dB)
frequency response:
amplitude response H  j  vs. 

H(j)
0
phase response H  j  vs. 

-180
NETWORK THEOREMS
Thevenin’s, Norton, {SS4 E1-E3, SS5 C1-C3, SS6 App D (DVD), SS7 App D (website)}
Thevenin and Norton Theorems were studied in an earlier course. Thevenin’s theorem
states that any circuit can be replaced with an equivalent circuit consisting only of an
equivalent voltage source (the Thevenin voltage source) in series with an output
impedance. Norton’s theorem is similar except that the Thevenin voltage source is
replaced with a Norton current source which is parallel to an output admittance.
The purpose of these theorems is to allow us to redraw the circuit
to one which may be easier to analyze or understand.
original circuit
equivalent circuit
Rth
+
3V
+
2V
-
6k
3k
2k
2k
2k
Vth +
1V IN
1mA
4k
RN
1k
vth = open circuit voltage
Rth = equivalent driving
resistance
IN = equivalent short
circuit current
RN = Norton resistance
5
97.359 Electronics II
Source Absorption Theorem {SS4 E3-E5, SS5 C3-C5, SS6 (dvd), SS7 (website)}
When a controlled current is controlled by the voltage across itself, i.e.,
a
Ix= gmvx
vx
a’
1
Then the controlled source can be replaced by an impedance Z x = ------ , i.e.,
gm
a
Ix
zx 
vx
vx
v
1
 x 
I x g m vx g m
a’
Miller’s Theorem {SS4 613-615, SS5 578-581, SS6 727-731, SS7 732-735}
When an admittance bridges two nodes, i.e.,
y
a
a’
v1
v2
then the admittance can be replaced by an admittance to ground from each node, i.e.,
a’
a
v1
where:
y1
y2
v2
v2
y 1 = y  1 – -----

v 1
v1
y 2 = y  1 – -----

v 2
notes: for resistors, y = 1/R, y1 = 1/R1, y2 = 1/R2,
for capacitors, y = sC, y1= sC1, y2 = sC2
6
97.359 Electronics II
v2
note that ----- = K is the gain between a and a’.
v1
Warning, Not valid if v 1 or v 2 are subsequently changed, i.e., by moving test signal to
the output of an amp to determine the output impedance. Also note that if the gain is a
function of frequency, the Miller effect is only valid at the frequency for which it was
originally calculated.
Example
Rf = 1M
Rs
vs
vi
gmvi
vo
0.1A/V
Rin
Determine R in
Use Miller’s Theorem
Rs
vs
R1 vi
R2
gmvi
vo
Rin
From original circuit => v o = v i – g m v i R f =  1 – g m R f v i
vo
5
----- = 1 – g m R f = – 10
vi
Rf
R 1 = ------------------- = 10 
 1 – v----o-

vi 
Rf
R 2 = ------------------- = 1 M
vi 
 1 – ---
v o
7