LEWIS & CLARK COMMUNITY COLLEGE
ECON 151 - PRINCIPLES OF MACROECONOMICS
Internet Class Outline (Syllabus)
Fall 2015
Instructor Information
Name:
Hours:
Phone:
Bob DiPaolo
By Appointment Only
Office - (618) 468-4533
Home - (618) 377-5592
E-mail: bdipaolo@lc.edu (Outside of Blackboard)
Website: http://www2.lc.edu/business/bdipaolo.htm
Materials of Instruction (Same materials used for both ECON 151 and ECON 152.)
Required Text: The Economy Today by Bradley R. Schiller, 14e (Loose-leaf text with Pass Code to the “Connect”
premium resource web content)
Note: The Connect access code must be used from within the Blackboard course.
Therefore, you must log in to Blackboard first and then follow the registration procedures
provided.
Support Materials in LRC
Multimedia on One-Week Reserve: Thinkwell Great Lectures - Macroeconomics CD Videos by Steven Tomlinson
Course Objectives: Upon successful completion of this course, a student should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Demonstrate the understanding of fundamental economic concepts and terminology
Describe economic institutions and practices
Identify and explain the problems facing all economies
Discuss alternative methods of solving economic problems
Relate current events to economic theory
Demonstrate basic techniques of economic analysis and prediction
Analyze the causes and effects of economic change
Explain social and political trends from an economic perspective
Contrast conflicting economic opinions and ideas
Assignments and Course Activities
While working with others in the class is encouraged, the work submitted by each student must be based on his or
her own efforts. Plagiarism must be avoided. Please refer to the section on academic dishonesty in this syllabus.
It provides you with a link to a web site that should clarify any issues related to this matter. It also refers you to the
school catalog which is very specific about the consequences of such behavior.
Orientation Week (Bonus Points): There is a series of four very brief introductory activities planned during the first
week of class. These exercises are aimed at providing us with the opportunity to get acquainted with one another
and to get some exposure to the procedures that will be used in the class. Two of these activities provide students
with the opportunity to earn bonus points for the course. They are the Introductory Quiz and the Introductory
Assignment. Upon successful completion of these two activities, up to five bonus points each will be granted for a
total of ten possible bonus points. The only other opportunities for bonus points or extra credit in this course are
two very brief comprehensive fifteen-point timed bonus quizzes to be taken sometime during the week just before
the midterm and the final exams. During the orientation week each student is asked to complete the following: (1)
send a message within Blackboard to the instructor acknowledging your arrival into the course website and include
your current phone number and e-mail address, (2) post a public message in the Introductory Discussion forum
(always select the correct forum first) that provides a link to a useful website of your choice (by copying and pasting
the URL from the address box of your browser at the very beginning of your message) followed by a brief
description of the chosen site and finally the listing of five facts about yourself for the rest of the class, (3) complete
a five-question introductory quiz on this syllabus and other course content, and (4) submit an introductory net
assignment by following the instructions provided in the assignment section of the course. Again, you will be given
up to five bonus points for successfully completing each of the two latter activities listed.
Course Activity Schedule and Deadlines: A detailed semester schedule of the following course activities and the
related study assignments is provided at end of this document, the instructor web site and within Blackboard. With
the exception of the two exams and the LearnSmart Question Sets, all assignments have a deadline of 11:59 p.m.
on Saturday evenings. Also, with the exception of discussions, the two bonus quizzes, and the two proctored
exams, assignments can be completed as soon as you wish to do so. However, they must be done by the
specified deadlines unless late submission is pre-approved.
It is strongly recommended that the LearnSmart Question Sets be completed prior to the taking of the associated
two-chapter quizzes. If you note, however, while access to the two-chapter quizzes disappears after the due date,
access to the question sets does not. That is because, while not recommended, they can be taken after the quiz
deadline. In fact, they will be accessible throughout the course, but it makes virtually no sense to wait until after the
associated exams are taken. Also, just because there are no LearnSmart Question Set deadlines does not
diminish the fact that they are of equal value per chapter as the two-chapter quizzes, or up to 16% of the final
grade. So these activities must also be taken seriously.
Late Submissions: If, at the discretion of the instructor, an assignment is approved for late submission due to
justified extenuating circumstances, the assignment grade will be subject to a possible reduction of 20% of the
original points earned. Any request must be made within three days of the initial due date and the late activity must
normally be completed within one week of the original due date. Any late work submitted without prior instructor
approval or after the approved extended deadline will be given a grade of zero. Please note this policy will be
strictly followed and that no late submissions or deadline extensions will be approved for any reason during the last
two weeks of the class.
Discussion Forums in Blackboard: Each of the eight regular class discussions will begin with a general statement
or question from the instructor. Each discussion will last approximately one week, and students must post a
minimum of at least one message on three different days during the calendar week. It is strongly recommended
that students click on the “Expand All” button on the right of the screen each time any discussion is entered.
Although more than the minimum is encouraged, the three required messages must be posted on different calendar
days. Whenever more than one message is posted on any date, they will simply be treated as one combined
message for grading purposes. The minimum word count must be met by one of the messages since the word
count of multiple messages on a date will not be combined to meet the minimum word requirement. Since
discussions end on Saturday, it is important that students enter the discussions early in the specified weeks, and
obviously no later than Thursday of the discussion week in order to meet the separate day message requirement.
The minimum length of an acceptable posting for grading purposes is about 75 words. No partial credit will be
given for any submissions that do not meet the minimum word length. Messages should be specifically related to
the forum topic and should consist of new comments or responses to earlier messages. At least one message
must be in reply to another student’s posting. Replying to an instructor’s posting will not meet this requirement.
This means that for at least one message in each regular discussion, you must be viewing a student’s message
and use the “Reply” button to enter your posting of 75 words or more. Any contributions that do not add
meaningful content to the dialogue will be ignored for grading purposes. If you state an opinion or express
agreement or disagreement with another posting, you must include support for that opinion or position. At least one
of the student’s postings per forum must include information from an identified outside web source. You must cite
any sources used by showing the URL (web address) of the source at the top of your message by copying the
“http://...” from the address box at the top of the browser window and pasting at the top of your posting. This gives
other students and the instructor access to the full article if they wish to get additional information. You should also
provide a short paragraph or two that recaps the content of the source and how it is relevant to the discussion.
Generally, discussions will be graded on the basis of five points for each of the three required postings and an
additional five points for the citation of relevant online content shared with the class in one of the required postings.
However, a unique grading rubric will be made available later for special use with the fourth discussion in this
course.
Student Resources (Connect): Students are encouraged to follow a specific strategy to achieve optimal results in
this course. Connect is used as the source of extensive resources to support the learning experience. Perhaps its
most valuable component is called LearnSmart. In LearnSmart, a student reads a SmartBook online that already
has the most important content of the text highlighted for them, and it integrates a system to verify student learning
as the text is being read. Details concerning the use of these resources are described within Blackboard. After
completing this process for two chapters, students will be adequately prepared to complete a two-chapter quiz as
described below.
LearnSmart (Graded) Practice Chapter Reading Question Sets: Within LearnSmart, students are expected to read
previously highlighted portions of each chapter of the text online. The highlighting identifies the most important
sections of the chapter needed to meet the learning objectives of the course. At various points of a chapter, an
icon will flash on the screen that suggests that it is time to practice what you have just read by answering various
topic-related questions. Once enough questions have been properly answered for an area of the chapter, the
yellow highlighting will turn to green. This is confirmation that you have demonstrated your understanding and will
not have to spend any more time in that section of the chapter. This is a graded activity, and once all yellow
highlighted areas have been converted to green, you will be given the maximum points possible for the chapter.
Partial credit will be given for incomplete question set submitted, but you can work on areas an unlimited number of
times until you have answered all the questions correctly. Although not recommended, students who prefer to read
the printed text can complete this course requirement by accessing LearnSmart through the link on the Resources
(Connect) page, and clicking a chapter listed, and clicking on the Practice link on the menu to the left of the page.
Any warning message that may appear can be disregarded if you wish to proceed.
Chapter Quizzes: A total of eight regular open-book quizzes are included in this course. The quizzes in this course
are actually the equivalent of homework assignments. Each quiz covers two chapters and consists of twenty
questions, ten for each chapter. The quizzes are not timed, therefore you are encouraged to take your time and
look up each answer as needed. However, you will not have access to any resources for the timed mid-term and
final exams. Therefore, in order to prepare for the later exams, you should be thorough in your determination of
appropriate answers on quizzes. This applies to the optional self-study quizzes in each chapter of Text Resources
and the Quick Quizzes that are available in the Quizzes/Exams section of this course as well. You are strongly
encouraged to view the correct answers on graded quizzes and the optional practice quizzes, and to use both as
important resources for reviewing for later exams. Again, most quizzes are not timed, but you must submit each
quiz within Blackboard on or before the specified deadlines. Blackboard will not accept all or part of them after the
specific date and time. You can access the screens for taking a quiz as many times as you wish. The answer to
each question must be saved separately or you can use the Save All Answers button before closing the window.
After saving the answers, simply close the window by clicking on the “X” in the far upper right corner if you wish to
return to the quiz later. However, you can only submit a quiz once for grading by clicking on the Save and Submit
button and then click on OK for Confirm Assessment Submission. Therefore, a thorough review of your responses
should be completed first. Students whose performance falls below an average grade of 70% may be required to
submit the results of practice quizzes to the instructor prior to the taking of a regular graded quiz. Since each of the
graded quizzes covers two chapters, practice quizzes from both would be included.
Quick Quizzes: Quick quizzes are optional timed practice quizzes. You are given five minutes to complete each
quiz. It is suggested that you take as many quick quizzes as possible without the use of any resources after you
have read an assigned chapter and again just before an exam. This will give you a realistic assessment of your
mastery of course content, and it will simulate the experience you will encounter during the mid-term and final
exams. They have been designed specifically to prepare you for these exams. Each quiz randomly chooses five
questions from an extensive bank of questions for each chapter. The proctored mid-term and final exam questions
are taken from the same question banks. Theoretically, if you took enough quick quizzes, you would probably
address most of the questions on the exams.
Net Assignments: You are to submit one introductory and two regular net assignments in this course, each to be
completed on or before the specified due dates. For each of the regular net assignments, follow all instructions
found in “Net Assignment Options” within Blackboard. Each net assignment consists of completing all specified
tasks for two different we-based activities. Many of the chapters provide specific links with information needed to
address the assignment questions or directives. However, you must find a minimum of one additional web source
for each activity (for a minimum of two per net assignments) that will enable you to add additional related content to
the report. The additional sites must be properly cited at the end of your report. Refer to the section below for
specific information on proper citations. If you encounter any dead links or modified sites that do not provide you
with access to needed information, you are to use a search engine to find alternatives sources. If this is done,
provide a brief explanation of what you did and include the alternatives in your source citations. Make sure that
your name and the chosen chapter number and title are shown at the top of your report. You must show each
numbered question or directive from the site. Place your appropriate responses immediately after each question or
directive. Each completed assignment should contain a minimum of 750 words. To verify adequate length, a word
counter will be used by the instructor. Points will be deducted if your complete report does not include the minimum
of 750 words. The questions you include from the assignment instructions and your responses to these questions
will be included in the word count. Any quoted material should be placed in quotation marks. Total quoted content
should not exceed 10% of the total word count of student responses. Quoted words in excess of the 10% of the
total responses will be ignored for the purpose of establishing the graded report word length. In addition to length,
a grading rubric will be used that also addresses the following: proper heading, question and answer format,
spelling, grammar, proper citations, relevance of additional sources, appropriateness of content, and originality.
The rubric is shown below. Plagiarism will result in a zero grade for the assignment and other possible
consequences that may include failure of the course and further disciplinary action. The net assignments must be
submitted within Blackboard. When saving your document, use only a-z, A-Z, 0-9, - (hyphen) and _ (underscore) in
the file name. Using such characters as “#” and “&” will make it impossible for you or the instructor to open the file
that has been uploaded to Blackboard. To upload your completed assignment, scroll down the page and click
Attach File area and click on Browse for Local File. Once you have found the file on your drive, click on it once,
and then click on the Open button in the dialog box, and then click on Attach File. However, this does not complete
the process. You will see the file listed and ready for submission. At this point you still have the opportunity to
delete the file and upload a corrected or improved version if you wish. Then, if you wish to return to the assignment
later, click on Save as Draft. The last step can only be done once. After you have uploaded your completed
assignment, you must click Submit. Then click on OK to verify your wish to finally submit it for grading. The screen
will refresh and you can scroll down to see the confirmation that the assignment file was submitted. Once
assignment grades are posted, usually within one week after the due date, the comments section will provide an
explanation for any points deducted. Since grading is done in phases, a grade of zero may be temporarily posted.
If this is done, an explanation will be provided in the comments as well.
Chapter Options for Net Assignments
First “Economics on the
Net” Assignment
Second “ Economics on
the Net” Assignment
Choose one of the following chapters: 1, 3, 4 or 5
Choose one of the following chapters: 6, 7, 8, 9. 10, 11, 13 or 14
Procedures for Submitting Graphs
There are a few assignment options in this course that may require the submission of one or more graphs. A link to
online drawing utilities with instructions is available in the graphing Tools area of the Net Assignments page in
Blackboard. A good choice is to use the "Grapher" link provided. Fairly simple procedures, which can be found in
the Help section provided, enable you to create a labeled graph and save it as a graphic (.gif) file. To start, simply
click on any tool button and follow the instructions given at the bottom of the graph. Use the Edit command to label
the graph and the axes. Once your graph is saved using the File command, you can then insert it into your
document or you can upload it as a second file to complete your assignment.
Procedures for Citing Additional Resources
The Columbia Guide to Online Style by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor (Columbia UP, 1998) presents a guide to
locating, translating, and using the elements of citation for both a humanities style (i.e., MLA and Chicago) and a
scientific style (APA and CBE) for electronically-accessed sources.
Humanities Style
To cite files available on the WWW, give the author's name,
last name first (if known); the full title of the work, in quotation
marks; the title of the complete work (if applicable), in italics;
any version or file numbers; and the date of the document or
last revision (if available). Next, list the protocol (e.g., "http")
and the full URL, followed by the date of access in
parentheses.
Scientific Style
Give the author's last name and initials (if known) and the date
of publication in parentheses. Next, list the full title of the
work, capitalizing only the first word and any proper nouns;
the title of the complete work or site (if applicable) in italics,
again capitalizing only the first word and any proper nouns;
any version or file numbers, enclosed in parentheses; the
protocol and address, including the path or directories
necessary to access the document; and finally the date
accessed, enclosed in parentheses.
Burka, Lauren P. "A Hypertext History
of Multi-User Dimensions." MUD History.
1993. http://www.utopia.com/talent/
lpb/muddex/essay (2 Aug. 1996).
Burka, L. P. (1993). A hypertext
history of multi-user dimensions.
MUD history. http://www.utopia.com/
talent/ lpb/muddex/essay (2 Aug. 1996).
Grading Rubric
The following rubric will be used to grade the net assignments. Each assignment is worth a total of 60 possible
points.
Category
Mechanics
Quantity of
Effort
Quality of
Results
Characteristics
Proper heading content, Q & A
format used, spelling, grammar,
proper citations, general
preparation and submission
instructions followed
Word length (minimum of 750),
number of additional sources
(minimum of two), all elements
of assignment addressed
Thoroughness of responses,
accuracy of content, relevance
of information used
Very good
Good
Fair
Poor
18-20 Pts
15-17 Pts
12-14 Pts
0-11 Pts
18-20 Pts
15-17 Pts
12-14 Pts
0-11 Pts
18-20 Pts
15-17 Pts
12-14 Pts
0-11 Pts
The following are typical explanations for point deductions:









Failure to meet minimum word length requirement of 750 words: (-1 to 20 points)
Errors in grammar and/or spelling (Use grammar and/or spell checker to identify.): (-1 to 6 points)
Failure to include required number of additional sources and/or properly formatted citations: (Refer to
assignment information.): (-1 to 9 points)
Failure to provide the prescribed content in the report heading (student name, chapter number, and
chapter title): (-1 to 3 points)
Failure to follow instructions to use question and answer format: (-1 to 3 points)
Failure to address some element(s) of the assignment: (-1 to 20 points)
Failure to follow instructions concerning submitted file format which must be Word 6.0/95 or later (.doc
or .docx) or Rich Text Format (.rtf). (-3 to 6 points)
Excessive use of quoted content. (-1 to 20 points).
Failure to follow assignment instructions: (-1 to 20 points)
Note that an additional grading rubric will be made available later for special use with the fourth discussion in this
course.
Comprehensive (Timed) Bonus Quizzes: In addition to the opportunity for bonus points during orientation week,
there will also be two very brief timed comprehensive bonus quizzes. There will be a time limit of thirty (30) minutes
to complete each quiz from the time it is first opened. Each will consist of a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions
that address some of the major concepts of the previous eight chapters covered in the course. Therefore, each
must be taken after all related chapters have been covered and the results of the chapter quizzes have been
reviewed. That is why each is scheduled for sometime during the week just before the four-day period for each
exam. Each of the questions will be worth one point providing an opportunity for earning up to a total of fifteen
bonus points per quiz.
Proctored Exams: Exams are proctored and timed and must be taken at an approved location. The mid-term
exam covers eight chapters (1 and 3-9), and the final exam covers eight chapters (10, 11, 13-16, 35 and 36). Both
must be taken at the Main Campus Assessment Center - Haskell, at the N.O. Nelson Center, or at either of the
Community Education Centers (listed below) sometime during the four-day period specified for each. The Main
Campus Assessment Center in Baldwin Hall is not available for the exams. The Assessment Center – Haskell is
available and is located downstairs in Haskell Hall in room B25 with hours from 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. on Monday
and Thursday and from 11:00 a.m. until 7:30 p.m. on Tuesday and Wednesday. Please be advised that there are
no evening hours at the other locations. All exams must be completed no later than 15 minutes before the
respective location is scheduled to close. Except for the Main Campus Assessment Center - Haskell, students
must contact the chosen location to make the necessary arrangements about a week prior to the taking of the test.
Refer to the contact information provided below. Under extraordinary circumstances, other arrangements may be
possible with pre-approval from the instructor who must be contacted at least one week before the exam period of
four days begins. Students must bring a photo ID with them in order to take the exams. Each exam consists of
100 multiple choice questions. There is a time limit of two-hours, and you will not be able to use the book or any
notes. Therefore, it is important to set aside some time to review. Please refer to the quizzes section above for
information on preparing for the exams. In order to guide you through a review process, a list of suggested review
topics is provided for each exam. Other recommended sources for review are completed chapter quizzes, key
terms, chapter summaries, lecture notes, and the PowerPoint slides. There will be planned review activities
scheduled during the week prior to each exam.
Assessment Center - Haskell on Main Campus - Haskell Hall - Room B25 (No appointment necessary)
N.O. Nelson Campus (Appointment necessary)
Edwardsville – (618) 656-8800 or (618) 468-5851
Community Education Centers (Appointment necessary)
Carlinville – (217) 854-5400 or (618) 468-2275
Jerseyville - (618) 498-6500 or (618) 468-2273
Evaluation of Student Achievement: A standard grading scale (90% or above for an A, etc.) will be used with
adjustments for unusual score distributions. The final grade will be based on (possible points in parentheses):
bonus points from two orientation week activities (5 points each), eight class discussion activities (20 points each –
5 points each for the first three acceptable postings and 5 points for submitting a recap of information from a cited
web source that is related to the discussion topic), sixteen LearnSmart practice chapter reading question sets (10
points each), eight two-chapter quizzes (20 points each), two web-based activities (60 points each), two brief
comprehensive bonus quizzes (15 points), and two examinations (200 points each). All scores will be added
together (1040 possible points total) to determine your final semester total. The basis for the final grade
determination will be 1,000 points. Other than up to 10 bonus points which can be earned during the orientation
week and the 30 bonus points from the brief comprehensive quizzes, no other opportunities for extra credit will be
made available in this course.
PA
DN
LS
QZ
NA
BQ
XM
TP
Preliminary Activities
2
Discussions
8
2 @ 5 = 10 (Bonus)
8 @ 20 = 160
Note: Although 1040
points are possible in this
course, 1000 points will
be used as the basis for
determining the final
percentage and letter
grade.
LearnSmart Practice Question Sets
16
16 @ 10 = 160
Quizzes
8
Net Assignments
2
Bonus Quizzes
2
Exams
2
2 @ 200 = 400
Total Points
---
1000 + 40 (Bonus)
8 @ 20 = 160
2 @ 60 = 120
2 @ 15 = 30 (Bonus)
Accommodations: If you need an accommodation based on the impact of a disability, inform me as soon as
possible, giving us time to discuss the course format, anticipate your needs and explore potential
accommodations. I rely on the staff of Student Development and Counseling for assistance in verifying the need
for accommodation and accommodation strategies. Contact Student Development and Counseling in Caldwell Hall
2320 (618-468-4211).
Counseling: Counseling is by appointment and on an emergency walk-in basis. Visits are confidential, free of
charge, and include counseling for crisis intervention, brief therapy, academic issues, text anxiety, community
resources, and referrals. Contact Student Development and Counseling in Caldwell Hall 2320 (618-468-4211).
Veteran Services: We support our veteran and service member students and their families by providing a Veteran
Services Department and a Veterans Resource Center. This department supplements the assistance provided by
Enrollment, Advising and Financial Aid. You can confidentially discuss academic or personal issues. Referrals will
be made as needed to campus and/or community assistance. Contact Veteran Services in Baldwin Hall 2418 (618468-5500).
Academic Dishonesty: Assignments that have been copied from another student or another source will not be
scored. As stated in the L&C catalog, “Academic dishonesty including, but not limited to, cheating, plagiarism, and
forgery, violates the STUDENT CONDUCT CODE and will lead to disciplinary action up to and including expulsion.”
The following website will give you in-depth information on the definition of plagiarism and more. Please visit
http://www.turnitin.com/research_site/e_what_is_plagiarism.html if you need clarification.
As is the case with all of the activities in this course, if you are having difficulties, you are encouraged to simply
contact the instructor or the technical staff for help. You are encouraged to visit the instructor website and the text
companion website listed above for additional information. Very thorough assignment details including a schedule
of activities and assignment deadlines are available within the Blackboard course. The procedures for accessing
and using Blackboard are available from the web site at http://blackboard.lc.edu. While every effort will be made to
adhere to the details of this syllabus, they are subject to change in the event of extenuating circumstances.
ECON 151- Activity Schedule - Fall 2015
Wk
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Dates
Week of
08/24 thru
08/29
Week of
08/30 thru
09/05
Week of
09/06 thru
09/12
Week of
09/13 thru
09/19
Week of
09/20 thru
09/26
Week of
09/27 thru
10/03
Week of
10/04 thru
10/10
Four-day
Period
10/1210/15
Week of
10/18 thru
10/24
Week of
10/25 thru
10/31
Week of
11/01 thru
11/07
Week of
11/08 thru
11/14
Week of
11/15 thru
11/21
Week of
11/22 thru
11/28
Week of
11/29 thru
12/05
Four-day
Period
12/0712/10
Readings
Chapter Titles
Activities
Orientation Activities
Chapters 1 & 3
Chapters 4 & 5
1. Economics: The Core Issues
3. Supply and Demand
4. The Role of Government
5. National Income Accounting
Discussion 1, LS Questions &
Quiz 1 (Chs 1 & 3)
Discussion 2, LS Questions &
Quiz 2 (Chs 4 & 5)
Net Assignment 1 &
Optional CAT Survey 1
Chapters 6 & 7
Chapters 8 & 9
6. Unemployment
Discussion 3, LS Questions &
Quiz 3 (Ch 6 & 7)
7. Inflation
8. The Business Cycle
9. Aggregate Demand
Discussion 4, LS Questions &
Quiz 4 (Chs 8 & 9)
Bonus Quiz 1 &
Review for Midterm
Midterm Exam &
Optional CAT Survey 2
Chapters 10 & 11
Chapters 13 & 14
10. Self-Adjustment or Instability?
11. Fiscal Policy
13. Money and Banks
14. The Federal Reserve System
Discussion 5, LS Questions &
Quiz 5 (Chs 10 & 11)
Discussion 6, LS Questions &
Quiz 6 (Chs 13 & 14)
Net Assignment 2 &
Optional CAT Survey 3
Chapters 15 & 16
Chapters 35 & 36
15. Monetary Policy
16. Supply-Side Policy: Short-Run Options
35. International Trade
36. International Finance
Discussion 7, LS Questions &
Quiz 7 (Chs 15 & 16)
Discussion 8, LS Questions &
Quiz 8 (Chs 35 & 36)
Thanksgiving Break
Bonus Quiz 2 &
Review for Final Exam
Final Exam