CHPTER IV: ANIMAL KINGDOM
¾Members of this Kingdom are multicellular,
eukaryotes which lack cell wall.
¾Nutrition is Heterotrophic- Holozoic (ingest
and digest food).
¾Majority of them are motile.
¾Higher forms show elaborate sensory and
neuromotor system.
¾Reproduction is mostly sexual and
embryological development is present.
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Basis of Classification:
11. Levels of organization –
a) Cellular level . Eg: Sponges.
b) Tissue
i
level.
l l Eg: Coelenterates.
l
c) Organ system level.
Eg: Platyhelminthes to Chordates.
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2. Body symmetry - Arrangement of body parts around
a centrall point
i or line.
li
a) Asymmetrical. Eg: Sponges.
b) Radial symmetry.
symmetry Eg: Coelenterates,
Coelenterates
Ctenophores, Echinoderms.
c)) Bilateral symmetry.
y
y Eg:
g Annelids,, Arthropods,
p ,
Chordates etc.
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3. Body wall – Made up of two or three embryonic
layers.
a) Diploblastic – Outer ectoderm, inner endoderm
and in between noncellular mesoglea. Eg:
C l
Coelenterates,
Ctenophores.
C
h
b) Triploblastic – Outer ectoderm, middle mesoderm
andd inner
i
endoderm.
d d
E Platyhelminthes
Eg:
Pl t h l i th to
t
Chordates.
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44. Coelom
C l
– Body
B d cavity
i in
i between
b
body
b d wall
ll andd
gut.
a) Acoelomates – Coelom is absent . Eg:
Platylmenthes.
b) Psuedocoelomates – Coelom is not lined by
mesoderm. Eg: Aschelminthes.
c) Eucoelomates – True coelom lined by
mesoderm. Eg: Annelids to Chordates.
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Di l bl i
Diploblastic
T i l bl i
Triploblastic
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T
Types
off Coelom
C l
5. Segmentation
g
– Also called metamerism. Bodyy is
externally and internally divided into repeated linear
series of units called metameres or somites. Eg:
Earthworm.
6. Notochord – Supporting rode derived from
mesoderm.
a) Nonchordates – Notochord is absent. Eg: Porifera
t Hemichordata.
to
H i h d t
b) Chordates – Notochord is present in embryo, larva
or adult.
adult
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Multicellular pore bearing organisms with
cellular grade of organization.
Characterized by unique flagellate cells
called collar cells or choanocytes, spicules,
canal system Intracellular digestion.
Reproduction is by budding.
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Sycon
LS of Sycon
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Diploblastic (mesoglea in between ectoderm &
endoderm). Radially symmetrical organisms with tissue
grade
d off organization.
i i
Th
The epidermis
id
i h
has unique
i
cnidoblasts (Stinging cells), used in capturing food.
They possess gastro vascular cavity (coelenteron)
(coelenteron).
They exhibit polymorphism (Many morphological
features in a single individual) & alternation of
generation.
ti
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Triploblastic, dorsoventrally flattened
bilaterally symmetrical acoelomate animals
with organ grade of body organization.
They are characterized by incomplete
digestive system. flame cells or solenocytes
or protonephredia for excretion
Ladder like nervous system.
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Triploblastic bilaterally symmetrical
psuedocoelomate animals with well developed
digestive (complete) & nervous system.
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Triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical,
metamerically segmented coelomates
coelomates. They
possess parapodia & setae for locomotion,
paired nephridia for excretion & closed
vascular system.
The development may include a larval form
called trochophore.
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Bilaterally symmetrical, segmented &
jointed legged animals.
Body is divided into head, thorax &
abdomen.
They have chitinous exoskeleton,
haemocoel, open vascular system
malpigian body or green gland or antennary
glands for excretion.
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Nereis
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Aphrodite
Perepatus
They are bilaterally symmetrical, un
segmented, soft bodied animals.
The body is covered by fleshy outgrowth
called mantle. They have shell, muscular
foot, radula (rasping organ),
ctenidia for respiration, open vascular
system except cephalopods.
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These are radially symmetrical unsegmented
spiny skinned exclusively marine forms
forms. They
possess a unique system of tubes called the
water vascular system with bulb like structures
called tube feet. The system serves as a organ
for locomotion
locomotion, food capture & respiration
respiration. Some
have the ability of regeneration.
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Star Fish
Seaurchin VIKASANA - BRIDGE - COURSE 2012
y
Phylum
Hemichordata
They are the Worm-like animals with
proboscis, collar and trunk.
Respiration by means of paired gills.
Excretion is through proboscis gland.
Eg : Balanoglossus and Saccoglossus
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The fundamental features that occur in
developmental stages of all chordates are:
a) Notochord,
b) Nerve cord (dorsal tubular) and
c) Gill slits in the pharynx.
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Chondrichthyes:
y
These are characterized by
y
ventral mouth, ventral nostril, 5 to 7 exposed
gills clefts, and placoid scales in skin, cloaca,
i
internal
l ffertilization
ili i & absence
b
off h
hydrostatic
d
i
organs.
Ex: Scoliodon (shark),Trygon
(shark) Trygon (Sting ray)
ray),
Narcine (Electric ray), Sphryna
(Hammerheaded shark)
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Osteichthyes (Bony fishes): These are
characterized by terminal mouth, dorsal nostril,
p
, hydrostatic
y
organ,
g , absence of
operculum,
cloaca, ctenoid scales in the skin.
Ex: Echeneis(sucker fish), Anguilla (eel),
Hippocampus (sea horse), Exocoetus.
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They live on water & land.
They are poikilothermic tetrapods characterized
by glandular skin (For respiration) without scales,
bicondylar skull
skull, 3 chambered heart
heart.
It has 3 orders
1 Anura (Tailless amphibians) - Frogs and toads
1.
2. Apoda (limbless amphibians or caecilians)
Eg Ichthyophis
Eg3. Urodela (tailed amphibians) Eg Salamanders.
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Ichthyophis &
Frog- BRIDGE -Chameleon
& Garden Lizard
Cold blooded terrestrial creeping vertebrates.
p
dry
y scaly
y skin,, monocondylar
y
Theyy possess
skull, lungs for respiration.
p
y3 chambered heart ((Crocodile incompletely
4 chambered heart).
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Warm blooded aerial vertebrates with spindle
shaped body & toothless beak.
They have monocondylar skull
skull, pneumatic
(Light) bones, syrinx or voice box,
4chambered heart
heart. Forelimbs are modified
into wings. Body is covered by exoskeleton
of feathers.
feathers
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Most highly evolved vertebrates.
The important features are Body is covered by
exoskeleton of hair.
Presence of functional mammary glands in
females which secrete milk to nourish the young
ones Presence of muscular diaphragm that
ones.
separates thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity.
Bicondylar skull
skull. 4-chambered
4 chambered heart &
enucleated RBCs.
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THANK YOU
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