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Chapter 17 Study Guide
Formative Influences on the Enlightenment
List the four important influences on the Enlightenment:
1.
2.
3.
4.
List the two most influential men on Enlightenment thought?
5.
6.
7. What Latin phrase means blank page?
8. Who developed this philosophy?
List the two religions that were not tolerated in 18th century England:
9.
10.
11. Which nation was significantly freer than any other European nation at the beginning of the Enlightenment?
12. What culture was developed during the Enlightenment around books, pamphlets, newspapers, etc.?
13. What was the driving force behind the expansion of printed materials?
14. What printed works were considered to, “frequently poison the mind.”?
15. What became centers for discussing writings and ideas?
16. What was the expanding, literate public and the growing influence of secular printed materials that created a new
and increasing influential social force?
The Philosophes
17. What were the primary occupations of philosophes in the Enlightenment?
List six of the most famous philosophes:
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24. Where did they draw the bulk of their readership from?
25. Which of Voltaire’s works praised the virtues of the English, especially their religious liberty?
The Enlightenment and Religion
26. Who was convinced, during his exile in England, that the English government and society had much to admire?
List four things that the philosophes did not like about the Christian church:
27.
28.
29.
30.
31. When referring to the Church, who said, “Crush that Infamous Thing!”?
32. Which belief likened God to a divine watchmaker?
List the two major points of the deist creed:
33.
34.
35. Which Enlightenment thinker doubted the existence of miracles?
36. Which Enlightenment figures came closer to atheism in their religious thinking?
The Enlightenment and Society
37. What work secularized learning and spread Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe?
38. What work did Marquis Cesare Beccaria publish in an effort to make punishments effective and just?
39. What were French economic reformers known as?
40. What did they believe about the primary role of government?
41. Who advocated the ending of England’s mercantile system?
42. What economic policy contends that individuals should be allowed to pursue their own economic interests?
43. According to Adam Smith, what four things should the government provide?
44. Which theory of Adam Smith moved human societies from barbarism to civilization?
Political Thought of the Philosophes
45. Where did the most important thought of the Enlightenment occur?
46. Which government was a model for Enlightenment thinkers?
47. Who contended that the process of civilization and the Enlightenment had corrupted human nature?
48. Whose ideas were used by 18th century thinkers to conclude that human beings pursued personal and selfish goals?
49. Which author envisioned a society in which individuals maintained their personal freedoms while participating as
loyal members of the community at large?
50. What did European thinkers associated with the Enlightenment favor across the world?
51. Who is famous for his views on cultural relativism?
Women in the Though and Practice of the Enlightenment
52. Who on the whole were not strong feminists?
53. Who maintained that women were not naturally inferior to men and that women should have a wider role in
society?
54. Who believed that men and women should inhabit separate spheres?
Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art
55. Which style of art utilizes lavish, often lighthearted decoration with an emphasis on pastel colors and the play of
light?
56. What artistic style represented the Old Regime?
57. What artistic style represented old Republican values?
58. Where did early Rococo architecture and decoration originate?
59. In which century did Rococo architecture and decoration originate?
60. Who did Rococo painting often depict at play?
61. Who succeeded King Louis XV in 1774?
62. Which artistic style increased hostility toward the political and social elites of the Old Regime?
63. Which of the following styles of art embodies a return to figurative and architectural modes drawn from the
Renaissance and the ancient world?
64. What part of Europe became a popular place to travel to due to Neoclassicism?
65. What subject matter did Neoclassical paintings depict?
66. Who was the foremost French Neoclassical painter?
67. What painting illustrates soldiers who took an oath to die for the Roman Republic?
68. Which Neoclassical sculptured produced works of Voltaire, Rousseau, Franklin, and Jefferson?
69. Which church became a national monument for French Heroes?
Enlightened Absolutism
70. Who wrote History of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great?
71. What phrase refers to 18th-century European rulers who embraced the reforms of the philosophes?
72. What incentive prompted monarchs to adopt “enlightened reforms”?
List three monarchs that were closely associated with Enlightened Absolutism:
73.
74.
75.
76. Whose Enlightened Absolutist initiatives were carried on by her son Joseph II?
77. Who forged a state that commanded the loyalty of the military, the junker nobility, the Lutheran clergy, and a
growing bureaucracy?
78. How did Frederick the Great describe himself?
79. What was codified under Frederick the Great?
80. Which 18th-century state was the most diverse in its people and problems?
81. In which war did Maria Theresa guarantee the aristocracy considerable independence?
List four accomplishments of Maria Theresa:
82.
83.
84.
85.
86. Whose autonomy did Joseph II seek to reduce?
87. Since whose reign have the Habsburgs been the most important dynastic champions of Roman Catholicism?
88. Who sought to improve the productivity and social conditions of the peasantry in Austria?
89. Who resisted Joseph’s centralization measures in Hungary?
90. Who succeeded Joseph II as king of Austria?
91. Which of Peter the Great’s children became the ruler of Russia?
92. Who became the Tsar of Russia in 1762?
93. Who did he make peace with?
94. Where was Peter III’s wife from?
95. What did Catherine the Great issue in 1785 to guarantee the rights and privileges of the nobles?
96. Who built a strong alliance with the Russian nobility?
97. Which empire declared war on Russia in 1769?
98. Which state did Catherine the Great annex in 1783?
99. Which Russian rebellion took place between 1773 and 1775?
100. When did the French Revolution break out?