TM-01: The Essence of
Programming & Problem Solving
TMB208 – Pemrograman Teknik
Kredit: 3 (2-3)
PROBLEM SOLVING
• Engineers must analyze and solve a wide
range of technical problems.
• Some will be reasonably simple singlesolution problems.
• Others will be open-ended and will likely
require a team of engineers from several
disciplines. Some problems may have no
clear solution.
PROBLEM SOLVING
PROBLEM SOLVING INVOLVES:
•EXPERIENCE
•KNOWLEDGE
•PROCESS
•ART
FOCUS: Computer Assisted Problem Solving
Computers are good tools for solving rulebased problems using decision rules
PROBLEM SOLVING
SOME SAY ENGINEERING PROBLEM SOLVING
REQUIRES A COMBINATION OF SCIENCE AND ART:
SCIENCE
ART
• Math
• Judgment
• Physics
• Experience
• Chemistry
• Common-Sense
• Mechanics
• Know-How
• Etc.
• Etc.
STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING
• IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM
– YOU CAN’T FIX IT IF YOU DON’T KNOW WHAT
IS BROKEN.
• DETERMINE WHAT IS REQUIRED FOR THE
SOLUTION
– WHAT IS KNOWN?
– WHAT IS UNKNOWN?
– ANY RESTRICTIONS OR LIMITATIONS?
– ANY SPECIAL CASES?
STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING (CONT’D)
• DEVELOP A STEP-BY-STEP PLAN
(ALGORITHM).
– HOW ARE YOU GOING TO FIX IT?
• OUTLINE THE SOLUTION IN A LOGIC
DIAGRAM
• EXECUTE THE PLAN.
– KEEP TRACK OF WHAT WORKS AND WHAT
DOESN’T.
PROBLEM SOLVING EXAMPLE
Problem: Fill a bottle with stones
Instructions:
• Document any assumptions that may be required
• Write a step-by-step procedure for solving the
problem
• Do this in pairs first then have a solution for your
table
PROBLEM SOLVING EXAMPLE
Assumptions:
• Bottle is present
• Stones are present
• There are enough stones to fill bottle
• Bottle is empty (or at least not full)
• Some (or all) stones fit through opening
PROBLEM SOLVING EXAMPLE
Algorithm:
1. Set bottle upright near stones
2. Check to see if bottle is full. If so, then go to Step
#6
3. Pick up a stone and try to put it in bottle
4. If stone too large to fit, discard stone, and go to
Step #3
5. Otherwise, the stone fits, go to Step #2
6. Stop
PROBLEM SOLVING EXAMPLE
Problem: Solving quadratic equation in the form of
AX2+BX+C=0, where A, B,C are constants.
Instructions:
• Document any assumptions that may be required
• Write a step-by-step procedure for solving the
problem
• Do this in pairs first then have a solution for your
table
PROBLEM SOLVING EXAMPLE
Assumptions (Versi 1):
• A ≠ 0, krn persamaan kuadrat
• Solusi dari persamaan tersebut adalah bilangan riil
PROBLEM SOLVING EXAMPLE
Algorithm (versi 1):
1. Read the values of A, B & C
2. Compute D = B2 – 4AC .
3. Compute X1 = (-B + √D) / (2A)
4. Compute X2 = (-B - √D) / (2A)
5. Stop
PROBLEM SOLVING EXAMPLE
Assumptions (Versi 2):
• None (no assumptions)
PROBLEM SOLVING EXAMPLE
Algorithm (versi 2):
1. Read the values of A, B & C
2. If A = 0 then go to Step #7
3. Compute D = B2 – 4AC .
4. If D < 0 then go to Step #7
5. Compute X1 = (-B + √D) / (2A)
6. Compute X2 = (-B - √D) / (2A)
7. Stop
REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
• Based on the functions
that must performed by
the program.
• Question: “What tasks the
system must be able to
performed?”
NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
• Based on program
performance: accuracy, speed,
reliability, ease of use, reliability
• Generally independent o the
functional requirements
• Question: “How good the
system can perform the
required functions?”
EXAMPLE OF REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS:
A case of problem of filling bottle with stones
Functional requirements
• Fill a bottle with stones
Non-functional requirements
• Fill a bottle with stones as
fast possible
• Sucessfully filling stones
into the the bottle without
breaking up the bottle
EXAMPLE OF REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS:
A case of solving a quadratic equation
Functional requirements
• Finding the value(s) of X
that satisfies the equation
AX2+BX+C=0
Non-Functional requirements
• How fast the program can
do the function?
• How reliable the program
can perform the functions?
• How friendly the program
can perform the functions?
EXAMPLE OF REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS:
ATM Banking Program
Functional requirements
• Manjamin validitas kartu ATM
• Menjamin validitas nasabah
• Memberikan layanan:
a. Melihat saldo
b. Mengambil uang tunai
c. Transfer uang
d. Membayar telepon & listrik
e. Mencatat semua transaksi
Non-Functional requirements
• Seberapa cepat sistem ATM
dapat melayani fungsinya?
• Seberapa mudah (friendly)
sistem ATM dapat digunakan?
• Seberapa jauh keamanan
yang dapat diberikan?
• Seberapa handal (reliable)
sistem ATM menjalankan
fungsinya?
Understanding the Mainline Logical
Flow Through a Program (continued)
Programming Logic and Design, Introductory, Fourth Edition
19
Understanding the Mainline Logical
Flow Through a Program (continued)
• Modularization of the program:
– Keeps the job manageable
– Allows multiple programmers to work simultaneously
– Keeps the program structured
Programming Logic and Design, Introductory, Fourth Edition
20
Housekeeping Tasks
• Housekeeping tasks: include all steps that occur
at the beginning of the program
– Declare variables
– Open files
– Perform one-time-only tasks such as printing
headings
– Read the first input record
Programming Logic and Design, Introductory, Fourth Edition
21
Declaring Variables
•
•
•
•
•
Assign identifiers to memory locations
Specify the name and data type
Use meaningful names and follow standards
Prefixes may be used to group related variables
Declare a variable for each field in a data file
Programming Logic and Design, Introductory, Fourth Edition
22
What is “Algorithm”?
• A formula or set of steps for solving a
particular problem.
• It can be expressed in natural languages (e.g.
English, Indonesia, Japanese, ...) or in
programming languages (Visual Basic,
FORTRAN, PHP, Pascal, PHP, C++)
• It has a set of inputs that must be transformed
into a set of ouputs.