Overview
Chapter
p
1
† Definition
† DNA:
DNA the
th genetic
ti material
t i l
† Genes and proteins
„
Genes, Genomes
Genes
and Genetic Analysis
Definition
Genetics
† The study of trait inheritance at the
„
„
„
„
„
cellular (molecular genetics),
organismal
g
((developmental
p
genetics),
g
),
familial (factorial and quantitative genetics),
population (population genetics) and
species level (evolutionary genetics)
† A very powerful experimental approach
g
p
phenomena.
to dissect biological
Invented by Mendel.
Inborn errors off metabolism (Garrod 1908)
† Genetic analysis
„
†
†
†
†
†
O
One
gene – one enzyme hypothesis
h
th i (Beadle
(B dl & T
Tatum
t
1941)
DNA structure and replication
G
Gene
expression:
i
th
the Central
C t l Dogma
D
Mutation
Genes and Environment
The Molecular Unity of Life
Definition
Genetics
Definition
Genetics
Definition
Genomics
† The study of trait inheritance at the
† New discipline resulting from the
convergence of molecular genetics,
robotics and bio
bio-informatics.
informatics.
† Studies …
„
„
„
„
„
cellular (molecular genetics),
organismal
g
((developmental
p
genetics),
g
),
familial (factorial and quantitative genetics),
population (population genetics) and
species level (evolutionary genetics)
† A very powerful experimental approach
g
p
phenomena.
to dissect biological
Invented by Mendel.
„ Entire genomes (all the DNA at once)
„ Entire transcriptomes (all the RNAs at
once)
„ Entire proteomes (all the proteins at
once)
Overview
DNA: the genetic material
† Definition
† DNA:
DNA the
th genetic
ti material
t i l
† Genes and proteins
† Chromosomes are good candidates
and contain DNA
† Griffith 1928
† Avery, McLeod & McCarty 1944
† Hershey & Chase 1952
„
Inborn errors off metabolism (Garrod 1908)
† Genetic analysis
„
†
†
†
†
†
O
One
gene – one enzyme hypothesis
h
th i (Beadle
(B dl & T
Tatum
t
1941)
DNA structure and replication
G
Gene
expression:
i
th
the Central
C t l Dogma
D
Mutation
Genes and Environment
The Molecular Unity of Life
Griffith 1928
Avery, McLeod & McCarty 1944
Hershey & Chase 1952
Overview
† Definition
† DNA:
DNA the
th genetic
ti material
t i l
† Genes and proteins
„
Inborn errors off metabolism (Garrod 1908)
† Genetic analysis
„
†
†
†
†
†
O
One
gene – one enzyme hypothesis
h
th i (Beadle
(B dl & T
Tatum
t
1941)
DNA structure and replication
G
Gene
expression:
i
th
the Central
C t l Dogma
D
Mutation
Genes and Environment
The Molecular Unity of Life
Inborn errors of metabolism
(Garrod 1908)
Inborn errors of metabolism
(Garrod 1908)
Overview
One gene – one enzyme hypothesis
(Beadle & Tatum 1941)
† Definition
† DNA:
DNA the
th genetic
ti material
t i l
† Genes and proteins
„
Inborn errors off metabolism (Garrod 1908)
† Genetic analysis
„
†
†
†
†
†
O
One
gene – one enzyme hypothesis
h
th i (Beadle
(B dl & T
Tatum
t
1941)
DNA structure and replication
G
Gene
expression:
i
th
the Central
C t l Dogma
D
Mutation
Genes and Environment
The Molecular Unity of Life
One gene – one enzyme hypothesis
(Beadle & Tatum 1941)
One gene – one enzyme hypothesis
(Beadle & Tatum 1941)
One gene – one enzyme hypothesis
(Beadle & Tatum 1941)
One gene – one enzyme hypothesis
(Beadle & Tatum 1941)
Overview
DNA Structure and Replication
† Definition
† DNA:
DNA the
th genetic
ti material
t i l
† Genes and proteins
„
Inborn errors off metabolism (Garrod 1908)
† Genetic analysis
„
†
†
†
†
†
O
One
gene – one enzyme hypothesis
h
th i (Beadle
(B dl & T
Tatum
t
1941)
DNA structure and replication
G
Gene
expression:
i
th
the Central
C t l Dogma
D
Mutation
Genes and Environment
The Molecular Unity of Life
Crick & Watson
DNA Structure and Replication
Overview
† Definition
† DNA:
DNA the
th genetic
ti material
t i l
† Genes and proteins
„
Inborn errors off metabolism (Garrod 1908)
† Genetic analysis
„
†
†
†
†
†
O
One
gene – one enzyme hypothesis
h
th i (Beadle
(B dl & T
Tatum
t
1941)
DNA structure and replication
G
Gene
expression:
i
th
the Central
C t l Dogma
D
Mutation
Genes and Environment
The Molecular Unity of Life
The Central Dogma
The Central Dogma
Transcription
Translation
The Genetic Code
Overview
† Definition
† DNA:
DNA the
th genetic
ti material
t i l
† Genes and proteins
„
Inborn errors off metabolism (Garrod 1908)
† Genetic analysis
„
†
†
†
†
†
Mutation
O
One
gene – one enzyme hypothesis
h
th i (Beadle
(B dl & T
Tatum
t
1941)
DNA structure and replication
G
Gene
expression:
i
th
the Central
C t l Dogma
D
Mutation
Genes and Environment
The Molecular Unity of Life
Mutation
Overview
Genes and environment
† Definition
† DNA:
DNA the
th genetic
ti material
t i l
† Genes and proteins
† One gene can affect more than one
trait (“pleiotropy”)
† Any trait can be affected by more
than one gene
† Msot traits are affected by
environmental factors as well as by
genes (=“complex” traits)
„
Inborn errors off metabolism (Garrod 1908)
† Genetic analysis
„
†
†
†
†
†
O
One
gene – one enzyme hypothesis
h
th i (Beadle
(B dl & T
Tatum
t
1941)
DNA structure and replication
G
Gene
expression:
i
th
the Central
C t l Dogma
D
Mutation
Genes and Environment
The Molecular Unity of Life
Overview
† Definition
† DNA:
DNA the
th genetic
ti material
t i l
† Genes and proteins
„
Inborn errors off metabolism (Garrod 1908)
† Genetic analysis
„
†
†
†
†
†
O
One
gene – one enzyme hypothesis
h
th i (Beadle
(B dl & T
Tatum
t
1941)
DNA structure and replication
G
Gene
expression:
i
th
the Central
C t l Dogma
D
Mutation
Genes and Environment
The Molecular Unity of Life
The Molecular Unity of Life
The Molecular Unity of Life