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SEC T I O N 4 - 1 R E VIEW
THE HISTORY OF CELL BIOLOGY
VOCABULARY REVIEW Define the following terms.
1. cell
2. cell theory
MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank.
1. One early piece of evidence supporting the cell theory was the observation that
a. only plants are composed of cells.
b. only animals are composed of cells.
c. cells come from other cells.
d. animal cells come from plant cells.
2. The scientist who described cells as “many little boxes” was
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a. Robert Hooke.
b. Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
c. Theodor Schwann.
d. Rudolf Virchow.
3. Living and nonliving things are different in that only
a. nonliving things are made of cells.
b. nonliving things are made of atoms.
c. living things are made of cells.
d. living things are made of atoms.
4. Microscopes were used to study cells beginning in the
a. 16th century.
b. 17th century.
c. 18th century.
d. 19th century.
5. The advantage of van Leeuwenhoek’s microscopes was that
a. they were simple.
b. they had two lenses.
c. the lenses could be moved.
d. the lenses were ground very precisely.
6. Which of the following was a major event in the history of cell biology?
a. cloning animals
b. growing bone tissue for transplant
c. discovery of cell parts
d. All of the above
7. A light microscope uses optical lenses to magnify objects by
a. bending light rays.
b. bending electron beams.
c. reflecting beams of light.
d. reflecting beams of electrons.
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SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided.
1. State the three parts of the cell theory.
2. Why did it take 150 years for the cell theory to be developed after microscopes were invented?
3. Why did Hooke’s cork cells appear to be empty?
4. Critical Thinking If you read that a new organism had been discovered, what would you know
about the organism without examining it in terms of cells?
Timeline—History of Cell Biology
Robert Hooke
observes cork cells.
Rudolf Virchow adds
to the cell theory.
1827
1665
Camillo Golgi discovers the
Golgi apparatus in cells.
1857
1855
Karl Von Baer discovers
the mammalian egg.
Tissue engineering used to grow
new skin and bone for transplant.
1996
1897
Kolliker describes
mitochondria in muscle.
2004
Researchers in Scotland clone a
sheep from an adult sheep cell.
1. Approximately how many years elapsed between the time cells were discovered and the
observation of cell parts in muscle cells?
2. When was the third part of the cell theory added? What was the time interval between this
event and the discovery of cells?
20
Section 4-1 Review
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STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Use the figure to answer the following questions.
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SEC T I O N 4 - 2 R E VIEW
I NTRODUCTION TO C ELLS
VOCABULARY REVIEW Define the following terms.
1. organelle
2. nucleus
3. eukaryote
4. prokaryote
MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank.
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1. Cells are limited in size by the
a. rate at which substances needed by
the cell can enter the cell through
its surface.
b. rate at which the cell can manufacture
genetic information.
c. amount of material the cell can collect
to fill itself.
d. amount of cell membrane the cell
can produce.
2. The diameter of most plant and animal cells is about
a. 0.1 to 0.2 µm.
b. 10 to 50 µm.
c. 1 to 2 mm.
d. 10 to 50 mm.
3. The characteristic of a nerve cell that relates directly to its function in receiving and
transmitting nerve impulses is its
a. long extensions.
b. flat shape.
c. ability to change shape.
d. ability to engulf and destroy bacteria.
4. One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that only
a. prokaryotic cells are surrounded by
a cell membrane.
b. prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.
c. eukaryotic cells have genetic information.
d. eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound
organelles.
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SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided.
1. How is the shape of a skin cell suited to its function?
2. How are the organelles of a single cell like the organs of a multicellular organism?
3. Name two features of eukaryotic cells that prokaryotic cells lack.
4. Critical Thinking When a spherical cell increases in diameter from 2 µm to 20 µm, by what factor
does its surface area change? By what factor does its volume change? (The surface area of a sphere
4π radius2, and the volume of a sphere 4/3π radius3. Remember that diameter 2 × radius.)
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
X
1. These figures represent a eukaryotic
cell and a prokaryotic cell. In the
spaces below the diagrams,
indicate which type of cell each
diagram represents.
b
2. List two features that formed the basis for your identification of these cells.
3. Identify the structures labeled X and Y.
SEC T I O N 4 - 3 R E VIEW
22
Section 4-2 Review
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a
Y
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SEC T I O N 4 - 3 R E VIEW
C ELL O RGANELLES AND F EATURES
VOCABULARY REVIEW Distinguish between the terms in each of the following pairs
of terms.
1. nucleoplasm, nuclear envelope
2. cytoskeleton, microtubule
3. cilia, flagella
MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank.
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1. The plasma membrane
a. allows all substances to pass into and
out of the cell.
b. prevents all substances from passing
into and out of the cell.
c. is composed mainly of a protein bilayer.
d. is composed mainly of a lipid bilayer.
2. Substances produced in a cell and exported outside of the cell would pass through the
a. endoplasmic reticulum and
Golgi apparatus.
b. mitochondria and Golgi apparatus.
c. nucleus and lysosomes.
d. vacuoles and lysosomes.
3. Cells that have a high energy requirement generally have many
a. nuclei.
b. flagella.
c. mitochondria.
d. microfilaments.
4. Viruses, bacteria, and old organelles that a cell ingests are broken down in
a. ribosomes.
b. lysosomes.
c. the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
d. the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
5. Organelles that are surrounded by two membranes and contain DNA are the
a.
b.
c.
d.
nucleus, the endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes.
nucleus, the endoplasmic reticulum, and chloroplasts.
nucleus and mitochondria.
endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus.
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SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided.
1. What roles do membrane proteins play in transporting only certain substances into a cell?
2. What are ribosomes made of?
What cellular function are they involved in?
3. What is the cytoskeleton, and what are three of its major components?
4. Describe the structural organization shared by cilia and flagella.
5. Critical Thinking When lipid is added to a solution of a detergent in water, the detergent breaks
up large globules of the lipid into much smaller globules. What effect do you think a detergent would
have on the integrity of cells? Explain your answer.
a.
a
e
b.
b
c.
c
d.
d
f
e.
f.
24
Section 4-3 Review
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STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS This diagram represents a typical animal cell. Label each
part of the figure in the spaces provided.
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SEC T I O N 4 - 4 R E VIEW
U NIQUE F EATURES OF P LANT C ELLS
VOCABULARY REVIEW Define the following terms.
1. cell wall
2. plastid
3. thylakoids
4. chlorophyll
5. central vacuole
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MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank.
1. Which of the following organelles is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
a. nucleus
b. chloroplast
c. mitochondrion
d. Golgi apparatus
2. The end products of photosynthesis include
a. carbon dioxide and water.
b. sugars.
c. carbon dioxide and oxygen.
d. oxygen and water.
3. A cell that contains a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a central vacuole is a
a. plant cell.
b. animal cell.
c. prokaryotic cell.
d. bacterial cell.
4. A central vacuole forms from
a. chloroplasts.
b. fusion of amyloplasts.
c. the fusion of smaller vacuoles.
d. the products of photosynthesis.
5. Thylakoids are located
a.
b.
c.
d.
between the two membranes of a chloroplast.
outside the outer membrane of a chloroplast.
inside the inner membrane of a chloroplast.
in chromoplasts.
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SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided.
1. How are secondary cell walls different from primary cell walls?
2. What are plant cell walls made of?
What is the function of cell walls?
3. What is the appearance of a plant cell when water is plentiful?
4. Critical Thinking Bacteria have a region called a nucleoid, in which their genetic material is
located. Why, then, are bacteria classified as prokaryotes?
This diagram represents a typical plant cell.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
26
Section 4-4 Review
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Label each part of the figure in the spaces provided.
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6. By neutralizing small amounts of acid or base that
may be added to a solution, buffers keep pH
values at normal and safe levels. The control of
pH is essential for the function of enzymes.
7. Since a tenfold increase in H3O ion concentration
reflects a decrease of one pH unit, a 100-fold
increase in concentration reflects a decrease of
two pH units. Therefore, the new pH would be 5.5.
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
Drawings should show two water molecules below
and one above the central water molecule. The molecules below should have their H atoms facing away
from the central molecule, and the molecule above
should have one of its H atoms pointing toward the
central molecule. Dashed lines should be drawn
between each H atom in the central molecule and the
O atom in each of the lower water molecules, and
between the O atom in the central molecule and the
nearer H atom in the upper water molecule.
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Section 3-1
VOCABULARY REVIEW
1. An organic compound is a compound containing
carbon atoms covalently bonded to other carbon
atoms and to other elements. Examples: any
carbon-containing compound, such as benzene,
ethanol, glycerol, glucose, fructose, sucrose, ATP,
and ADP.
2. A functional group is a cluster of atoms in a
compound that influences the properties of
that compound. Examples: hydroxyl group,
phosphate group.
3. An alcohol is an organic compound with a
hydroxyl group attached to one of its carbon
atoms. Examples: ethanol, methanol, glycerol.
4. A monomer is a simple molecule that can bond to
others of its kind to form more complex molecules. Examples: glucose, fructose.
5. A polymer is a complex molecule that consists of
repeated, linked units. Example: DNA, proteins.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. a
2. c
3. b
4. a
5. d
SHORT ANSWER
1. The hydroxyl group on alcohols is polar, and this
makes alcohols polar compounds. Alcohols can
therefore form hydrogen bonds.
2. carbon atom, monomer, polymer, macromolecule
3. The glucose molecule releases a hydroxide ion,
OH, and the fructose molecule releases a
hydrogen ion, H. These two ions combine to
produce water, H2O.
4. The hydrolysis products are ADP and inorganic
phosphate. Energy is released.
5. With seven electrons in its outermost energy level,
carbon could not form double or triple bonds with
other atoms, so far fewer organic compounds
could be formed.
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
1. Forward reaction: reactants, glucose and fructose;
products, sucrose and H2O. 2. condensation
reaction 3. Reverse reaction: reactants,
sucrose and H2O; products, glucose and fructose.
4. hydrolysis
Section 3-2
VOCABULARY REVIEW
1. A monosaccharide is a simple sugar containing
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1;
a polysaccharide is a complex molecule composed
of three or more monosaccharides.
2. An amino acid is a compound containing carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. A protein is a
large polymer of amino acids.
3. A nucleotide is a compound containing a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a ringshaped nitrogen base; a nucleic acid is a very
large polymer of nucleotides.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. c
2. a
3. d
4. b
5. d
SHORT ANSWER
1. The storage form is glycogen, and the quick-energy
form is glucose. Glycogen consists of hundreds
of glucose molecules linked in a highly
branched chain.
2. Starch, 1; proteins, 20.
3. Phospholipid composes most of the cell membrane. The hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids
provide a barrier between the inside and outside
of the cell.
4. Steroids are lipids made of four fused carbon
rings. Examples: testosterone and cholesterol.
5. Wax serves as a waterproof layer, limiting
water loss and preventing insects from
drying out.
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
a, substrate; b, enzyme; c, products
Section 4-1
VOCABULARY REVIEW
1. A cell is the smallest unit that can carry on all of
the processes of life.
2. The cell theory states that all living organisms are
made of one or more cells, that cells are the basic
units of structure and function, and that cells
come only from the reproduction of existing cells.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. c
5. d
2. a
6. d
3. c
7. a
4. b
SHORT ANSWER
1. (1) All living things are composed of one or more
cells. (2) Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in an organism. (3) Cells come only from
the reproduction of existing cells.
2. Information about cells could not be understood
and organized into a central theory until microscope technology had improved and accurate
observations were made.
3. The cork cells that Hooke observed were the
remains of dead plant cells. The material from the
inside of the cells had been lost or destroyed.
4. You would know that it was made of cells and the
cells reproduce to make more cells.
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STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
1. Approximately 200 years elapsed between the
discovery of cells in 1665 and the observation
of mitochondria in muscle cells in 1857.
2. The third part of the cell theory was added in 1855.
This was 190 years after cells were discovered.
4. Cilia and flagella are composed of nine pairs of
microtubules arranged around a central pair.
5. The detergent would cause the cells to disintegrate
because it would break up the plasma membrane
as well as organelle membranes, all of which are
largely composed of lipid.
Section 4-2
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
a. mitochondrion; b. nucleus; c. nucleolus; d. Golgi
apparatus; e. rough endoplasmic reticulum; f. ribosome
VOCABULARY REVIEW
1. An organelle is a cell component that performs
specific functions for the cell.
2. The nucleus is an organelle that contains coded
information in the form of DNA for regulating
functions and reproduction and directs most
of the activities of the cell.
3. A eukaryote is an organism whose cells contain
a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles.
4. A prokaryote is an organism that lacks a nucleus
and membrane-bound organelles.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. a
2. b
3. a
4. d
SHORT ANSWER
1. Its flat platelike shape covers and protects the
body’s surface.
2. Just as organs carry out the organism’s life functions, organelles maintain the life of the cell.
3. Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus
and membrane-bound organelles.
4. The surface area increases by a factor of 100. The
volume increases by a factor of 1,000.
Section 4-3
VOCABULARY REVIEW
1. The nucleoplasm is the jellylike liquid that fills
the nucleus. The nuclear envelope is a double
membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
2. The cytoskeleton is the network of tubes and filaments that give a cell its shape and serves as
tracks for the movement of organelles in the cell.
Microtubules are one of three structural elements
that make up the cytoskeleton.
3. Both are hairlike organelles that extend from the
surface of a eukaryotic cell, but cilia are shorter
and are present in larger numbers on a cell.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. d
2. a
3. c
4. b
5. c
SHORT ANSWER
1. Some proteins form channels or pores through
which certain substances can pass. Other proteins
bind to a substance on one side of the membrane
and carry it to the other side.
2. Ribosomes are made of proteins and RNA. They
are involved in protein synthesis.
3. The cytoskeleton is a network of long protein
strands located in the cytosol. Three major
components are microfilaments, microtubules,
and intermediate filaments.
4
Modern Biology Study Guide Answer Key
VOCABULARY REVIEW
1. A cell wall is a rigid layer that lies outside the
plasma membrane of a plant cell.
2. A plastid is an organelle that is surrounded by a
double membrane and contains DNA.
3. Thylakoids are flattened membranous sacs that
contain chlorophyll.
4. Chlorophyll is a green pigment that absorbs light
and captures energy for a plant cell.
5. A central vacuole is a large, fluid-filled organelle
that stores water, enzymes, and wastes in plant cells.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. b
2. b
3. a
4. c
5. c
SHORT ANSWER
1. Primary cell walls are assembled on the surface
of the plasma membrane while the cell is growing.
They can grow as the cell grows. Secondary cell
walls are produced after the cell has stopped
growing. Secondary cell walls cannot expand.
2. Plant cell walls are made of cellulose embedded
in proteins and carbohydrates. Cell walls help
support and protect the plant.
3. When water is plentiful, the central vacuole
expands. The other organelles are pushed against
the plasma membrane in a thin layer.
4. The nucleoid is not surrounded by a membrane
and is therefore not a nucleus. Bacteria do not
have an internal membrane system or membranebound organelles.
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
a, Golgi apparatus; b, cell wall; c, vacuole; d, nucleus;
e, nucleolus; f, mitochondrion; g, ribosome;
h, chloroplat; i, endoplasmic reticulum
Section 5-1
VOCABULARY REVIEW
1. A difference in the concentration of molecules in
two areas, called a concentration gradient, can
result in diffusion, the movement of molecules
from the area of higher concentration to the area
of lower concentration.
2. Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across
a cell membrane. When osmosis results in water
molecules entering a plant cell, the molecules
exert a pressure against the cell wall, called
turgor pressure.
3. A hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration than the cytosol of a cell. In a hypertonic
solution a plant cell will lose water and shrink away
from the cell wall, a process called plasmolysis.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. d
2. b
3. a
4. c
5. b
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STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
1. a, prokaryotic cell; b, eukaryotic cell. 2. Features:
eukaryotic cell has a nucleus and other
membrane-bound organelles, but the prokaryotic
cell does not; prokaryotic cell is smaller. 3. X,
nucleus; Y, cell membrane
Section 4-4