Name: ____________________________
AP Biology: Ch. 40, 43, & 45 Study Guide
Chapter 40 – Animal Form & Function
1. Describe the levels of organization in the body of a multicellular
organism.
2. What is homeostasis?
3. Compare negative feedback and positive feedback. Provide 2 examples
of each.
4. Contrast endotherms and ectotherms.
5. Compare the metabolic rate of endotherms vs. ectotherms.
2 6. Define the following terms:
a. Torpor
b. Hibernation
c. Estivation
Chapter 43: The Immune System
Terms to know
Barrier defenses
Lysozyme
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Macrophage
Dendritic cells
Interferon
Complement
system
Inflammatory
response
Histamines
B cells
T cells
Antigens
Antibodies
Clonal selection
Memory cells
Antigen-presenting
cells
MHC molecules
Primary immune
response
Secondary
immune response
Humoral immune
response
Cell-mediated
immune response
Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Plasma cells
Vaccine
Allergies
HIV
1. Describe the various elements of an innate immune response.
2. How are antigens recognized by immune system cells?
3 3. Compare B and T cells. (Where are they made? Matured? How are they
activated? What are their actions?)
4. Describe differences in humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
5. Why are Helper T cells central to immune responses?
6. What is the role of antibodies in the immune system?
7. How do vaccines work?
4 8. Compare a primary immune response to a secondary immune response.
9. Explain the biological mechanisms that lead to the rejection of
transplanted organs.
Chapter 45 – Endocrine System
1. What are hormones?
2. List the two main types of hormone receptors. Describe the location of
each type, and examples of hormones that bind to each type.
a.
b.
3. How are the hypothalamus and pituitary gland related?
4. Describe how blood glucose levels are regulated in the body.
5 5. What is diabetes? Describe the 2 main types of diabetes.
6. For each of the following hormones, list the gland that secretes the
hormone, the target cells, and the action it causes.
Hormone:
Secreted By:
Target Cells:
Action:
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic
hormone
(ADH)
Folliclestimulating
hormone
(FSH)
Luteinizing
hormone (LH)
Insulin
Glucagon
Epinephrine
7. What are the effects of the release of epinephrine on the body during a
fight-or-flight situation? List the types of cells/tissues affected and the
effects of epinephrine on them.
6 Chapter 48 & 49 – Neurons & the Nervous System
Terms to know:
Neuron
Sensory neuron
Epinephrine
Cell body
Interneuron
Norepinephrine
Dendrite
Motor neuron
Dopamine
Axon
Nerve
Serotonin
Myelin sheath
Membrane
GABA
Schwann cells
potential
Reflex arc
Glia
Resting potential
Cerebrum
Synapse
Nerve impulse
(forebrain)
Neurotransmitter
Action potential
Brainstem
Synaptic
Threshold
(midbrain)
terminal
Depolarization
Cerebellum
CNS
Refractory period
(hindbrain)
PNS
Saltatory
Sensory
conduction
receptor
Acetylcholine
1.
Compare the central nervous system (CNS) to the peripheral nervous
system (PNS).
2.
Draw and label a neuron. What is the function of dendrites, cell body,
axon, synapse, and myelin sheath?
3.
Define membrane potential and resting potential.
7 4.
What is the main cation inside the cell? Outside the cell?
5.
How is a nerve impulse transmitted in a neuron?
6.
Describe the mechanism of saltatory conduction.
7.
Describe the process that leads to release of neurotransmitters, and
what happens at the synapse.
8.
Describe the action of acetylcholine.
8 9.
Explain how the nervous system functions to respond to an external
stimulus.
10.
Describe the structure and function of the following parts of the brain:
a) Cerebrum
b) Cerebellum
c) Brainstem
d) Medulla oblongata
e) Corpus callosum
Label the Brain.