I.
What are atoms?
A.
B.
C.
Basic structural Units of matter
Composed of still smaller particles
Terms to know
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
II.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
atoms
atomic nucleus
protons
neutrons
electrons
a)
Orbit the nucleus at fixed distances
b)
Form electron shells that correspond to different energy
levels
element
atomic number
isotopes
radioactive isotopes
electron shells
bonds
How do atoms interact to form molecules?
A.
B.
Only when vacancies in outermost electron shells
Terms to know
1.
2.
3.
4.
C.
Chemical Bonds
1.
2.
D.
Weak bonds
a)
Allow interactions between individual atoms or molecules
b)
ionic
c)
hydrogen
d)
hydrophobic
Strong bonds
a)
Hold atoms together within molecules
b)
covalent bonds
Charged atoms
1.
2.
3.
E.
molecule
compound
chemical bonds
chemical reactions
Called Ions
Interact to form ionic bonds
Terms to know
a)
ions
b)
ionic bond
Uncharged atoms
1.
2.
Become stable by sharing electrons
Form covalent bonds
a)
nonpolar covalent bonds are electrically symmetrical
3.
F.
III.
Hydrogen bonds
1.
2.
Weaker electrical attractions
Between or within molecules with polar covalent bonds
Why is water so important to life?
A.
It interacts with many other molecules
1.
2.
3.
4.
B.
C.
cohesion
surface tension
It can form H+ and OH- ions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
D.
solvent
hydrophilic
hydrophobic
hydrophobic interaction
Its molecules tend to stick together
1.
2.
acidic
acid
basic
base
pH scale
buffer maintains a solution at a relatively constant pH
It moderates the effects of temperature changes
1.
2.
3.
4.
IV.
b)
polar covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons
unequally
Most biological molecules use covalent bonding
calorie
specific heat
heat of vaporization
heat of fusion
E.
It forms a solid: ice
A.
B.
C.
D.
free radicals
oxidative stress
antioxidants
flavenoids
Case Studies: Health Food