1
The circle of life
Lead in
1
2
1 Name any of the people you recognize in the photos.
Guess who is related and what the relationships are.
2 Compare your answers to 1 in pairs. Say which
physical features a–g helped you to guess.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
skin tone (fair/dark/tanned)
hair colour (black/fair/blond/red)
hairstyle (curly/straight)
eye colour (blue/green/hazel/brown)
eyebrows (bushy/thin)
nose (large/small/hooked/turned up)
mouth (full/thin lips)
3
3 Turn to page 153 to find out the answers to 1.
4 Work in pairs. Find out from your partner whether
• they look like one or both parents.
• they look like another relative in some way.
• they have a similar personality to
a parent or sibling (brother or sister).
4
6
5
7
8
Unit 1 FCER1SB.indb 9
9
19/05/2014 14:12
Reading
Part 5 Multiple choice
1 Would you like to have an identical twin? What
advantages and disadvantages might there be?
2 Read the text opposite quickly. What do cases like
the ‘Jim twins’ tell scientists: a, b or c?
a why some women give birth to identical twins
b which physical features we inherit from which parent
c how much of our personality we inherit from our
parents
how
to do it
Read the text quickly for general meaning.
Read the questions first. Don’t read the options (A–D) yet.
Underline the parts of the text that contain the
information you need.
Read the options and look again at the relevant part of
the text. Cross out any options that are clearly wrong.
If you can’t decide between two options, make an
intelligent guess.
3 Read the how to do it box. Then read the text again
carefully, and for questions 1–6, choose the answer
(A, B, C or D) which you think fits best, according
to the text.
1 Unlike non-identical twins, identical twins
A are more common among Asians than
Africans.
B are becoming more and more common.
C are more common among older mothers.
D are no more frequent in one geographical
area than another.
2 Scientists are particularly interested in identical
twins who
A have been raised by different families.
B haven’t been studied before.
C look and behave in very similar ways.
D are not alike in terms of personality.
3 While they were growing up, twins Jim Lewis
and Jim Springer
A were in regular contact.
B knew about their twin, but had no contact.
C did not know they had ever had a twin.
D were prevented from seeing each other by
their adoptive families.
4 When the two Jims met as adults, how did they
react to the similarities between them?
A They had always expected them.
B They found them very amusing.
C They did not realize how similar
they were until the researchers
told them.
D They were very surprised.
5 As adults, the twins
A both had only one child.
B each had two wives.
C had pets with the same name.
D married women who were
identical twins.
6 How do other cases of twins
raised apart compare with the
‘Jim twins’?
A They are all just as surprising.
B They are less surprising, but
often show interesting
coincidences.
C Many of them are even more
surprising.
D Most of them show that other
pairs of identical twins are not
very similar.
10 Unit 1
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Y
5
ou take it for granted that you are a unique
person, different from everybody else on Earth,
and you understand that everybody else is also
unique. Identical twins are fascinating because they
challenge this notion: they are unique people, of course,
but they’re also unnervingly similar to each other – and
not only in terms of appearance. They often share
opinions, mannerisms and personality traits.
10
15
20
Identical twins are rare, occurring
in about three out of every 1,000
births. They seem to occur at random,
regardless of the age or ethnic
background of the mother (unlike
non-identical twins which are, for
example, far more common among
Africans than Asians). Although there
may be tiny differences in physical
appearances between two identical
twins, which allow family and close
friends to tell them apart, they do have
exactly the same DNA. This is because
they develop from a single egg, which
divides in two during the very early
stages of pregnancy.
For most scientists, it’s the nonphysical similarities between identical
twins that are the most interesting: are
they the result of growing up together
in the same home, or are they the result of their identical
DNA? By studying identical twins who have not grown up
together, researchers can see which similarities remain
and which disappear. In other words, they can learn
which aspects of a person’s identity are determined by
genes and which are influenced by the environment. The
Minnesota Twin Study is probably the best-known twin
study to date. The study provides information about how
our environment and genes work together to influence
everything from attitudes, talents and abilities, to job
selection, falling in love, aging and health.
50
• As youngsters, each Jim had a dog named ‘Toy’.
55
35
40
45
Identical twins Jim Lewis and Jim Springer were only
four weeks old when they were separated; each infant
was taken in by a different adoptive family. At age five,
Lewis learned that he had a twin, but he said that the
idea never truly ‘soaked in’ until he was 38 years old.
Springer learned of his twin at age eight, but both he and
his adoptive parents believed the brother had died.
The two Jims were finally reunited at age 39.
• Each Jim had been married twice – the first wives
were both called Linda and the second wives were
both called Betty.
• One Jim had named his son James Allan and the other
Jim had named his son James Alan.
• Each twin had driven his light-blue Chevrolet to the
same beach in Florida for family vacations.
60
• Both Jims had at one time held part-time posts as
sheriffs.
• Both were fingernail biters and suffered from migraine
headaches.
65
25
30
The similarities the twins shared not only amazed each
other, but also amazed researchers at the University of
Minnesota. The very fact that both twins were given the
same name was a big coincidence. But there’s more:
70
75
While not as eerily similar as the Jim twins, many more
instances of strange likenesses can be found among
twins who were raised apart. For example, identical
twins Tom Patterson and Steve Tazumi had very different
upbringings. Raised in a Christian family by two janitors
in rural Kansas, Tom still managed to choose the same
career as his brother, Steve, who lives in Philadelphia
and was raised in a Buddhist household. Both men own
body-building gyms.
It’s obvious from these twins’ stories that genetics are a
major factor in shaping who we are. In fact, research so
far indicates that characteristics such as personality are
mainly related to genes. This means that our character
traits as adults are largely determined before we are born
– and there is very little that we, or anybody else, can do
to change them.
4 Discuss your reaction to the final sentence in the
text, giving reasons. Do you believe it, and if so,
do you think it is a good or bad thing?
tip
In the Reading and Use of English Paper
you have 1 hour 15 minutes to complete 7
sections. Make sure you don’t spend too much
time on each section. If you don’t know or can’t
guess an answer, move on and come back to it if
you have time at the end.
Unit 1 11
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Vocabulary
Grammar
Describing personality
Talking about the future GR p165
1 In pairs, discuss whether the personality adjectives
1 Choose the best verb form (a–c) to complete
in the box below are
sentences 1–7.
agood
bbad
c either good or bad
1 By the time we get to the nightclub, most
people home.
a will go
b are going
c will have gone
2 The train to London at 6.13, so let’s meet
at the station at 6 o’clock.
a is going to leave
b leaves
c is leaving
3 As soon as I save enough money,
you a laptop.
a I buy
b I’ll buy
c I’ll have bought
4 By the time she leaves music school,
she the piano for 12 years.
a will study
b will be studying
c will have been studying
5 Louis won’t be at school tomorrow
because in a swimming tournament.
a he’s taking part
b he’ll take part
c he takes part
6 This time next month, we around
Thailand.
a will travel
b are travelling
c will be travelling
7 My sister doesn’t feel well, so at home
this afternoon.
a she’ll have stayed
b she stays
c she’s going to stay
argumentative arrogant bossy easy-going
eccentric
honest
loyal
narrow-minded
open-minded sensible sensitive 2
1 Listen to five people describing a friend or
relative. Choose the best adjective from 1 to sum
up their description.
Speaker 1 thinks that her uncle is .
Speaker 2 thinks that his brother is .
Speaker 3 thinks that her friend is .
Speaker 4 thinks that her cousin is .
Speaker 5 thinks that his father is .
3 Read the tip box then think of three people you
know well and describe them to a partner. Use
adjectives from 1 and give examples of their
behaviour.
Example My sister, Belinda, is very sensible. For
example, she always goes to bed early if
she has a busy day the next day.
tip
You may be asked to describe somebody’s
character in Writing Part 2 or Speaking Part 1.
When we use personality adjectives to describe
somebody, we often use them with modifying
adverbs like very, a bit, rather, quite, etc.
12 Unit 1
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2 Complete sentences a–g with the tenses below, and
match them with the sentences in 1. Check your
answers in the Grammar Reference.
future continuous
future perfect simple
future perfect continuous
present continuous
going to future
present simple
will future
a We use the to talk about things that
we’ve arranged to do in the future.
b We use the to talk about things that
we’ve personally decided to do in the future.
c We use the to make offers and
promises and predictions.
d We use the to talk about actions in
progress in the future.
e We use the to talk about completed
actions in the future.
f We use the to talk about future
events that are part of a schedule or timetable.
g We use the to say how long future
actions will have been in progress.
3 Work in pairs. Tell your partner about something that
a humans can’t do now but you think they’ll be
able to do by 2050.
b takes place next summer.
c exists today but will have disappeared by the
year 2050, in your opinion.
d you’re going to do as soon as you can afford it.
e you’re doing next week.
4 Read the dialogue below. Underline any verb forms
that you think are unnatural and replace them
with better alternatives.
Martin Hi, is Jacqui there?
Lucy
Yes, she is. Wait a moment, I’m just
getting her.
MartinThanks!
Jacqui Hi, it’s Jacqui here.
Martin This is Martin. Listen carefully, I haven’t
got much time. Can you meet me at the
port in one hour? The next boat to Tripoli
will leave at 7.35.
Jacqui I can’t! I’ll have dinner with some people from
work this evening. I’ve just arranged it.
Martin But we must leave tonight! By tomorrow,
the newspapers are going to get hold of
the story. We won’t have been able to
move without attracting attention.
Jacqui What story? Are you telling me what’s
going on?
Martin I explain everything as soon as we’ll get
to Tripoli. Trust me.
Jacqui Can’t you explain now?
Martin There’s no time. But if you don’t do as I say,
then by this time tomorrow, every journalist
in town will knock at your door.
5 Read these predictions, ignoring the underlining.
Say which ones you believe are true or false for
you. Give reasons.
a I don’t think I’ll ever appear on television.
b I reckon I’ll write a novel one day.
c I don’t imagine I’ll be earning much money in
five years’ time.
d I guess I’ll be living in this town in ten years’
time.
6 In pairs, talk about your ideas for your future
using the questions below. Try to use some of the
underlined phrases from 5 in your answers.
a Do you think you’ll ever
• experience space travel?
• work abroad?
• have a face-lift?
• become a politician?
• own a Ferrari?
b In five years’ and 25 years’ time,
what kind of
• house will you be living in? • clothes will you be wearing?
• hobbies will you be doing?
• holiday will you be going on?
• job will you be doing?
Unit 1 13
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Listening
Part 4 Multiple choice
1 Imagine that scientists could develop an
‘immortality pill’ that allowed people to live for
ever. Discuss these questions.
a Would you take it? Why/Why not?
b Would you want everyone to take it? Why/Why not?
how
to do it
You will have one minute to look at the questions.
Read as much as you can in that time.
As you listen for the first time, mark the options that
you think are correct.
Use the second listening to check your answers.
2
2 You will hear an excerpt from a radio
programme about living for ever. Read the how to
do it box, then listen and choose the best answer
for 1–7.
1 According to some scientists, technology that
allows people to live for thousands of years
A already exists.
B will exist within 30 years.
C will be causing arguments 30 years from now.
2 According to the speaker, why are scientists
closer to finding this technology?
A They are beginning to understand why and
how our bodies age.
B Medical technology is improving quickly.
C There are more old people in our societies.
3 Some people argue that immortality would have
a negative effect on our planet because
A we would soon use up all the earth’s natural
resources.
B everybody would stop caring about the
environment.
C the earth would become very overcrowded.
4 What might people have to agree to do, before
they would be allowed to live for ever?
A suggest ways of dealing with over-population
B not have too many children
C not commit any serious crimes
5 If you were immortal, you might find it difficult
to get up in the morning because
A you would be exhausted after thousands of
other mornings.
B you would know there were going to be
many more mornings.
C the technology that kept you alive might
make you very weak.
6 Some people say that immortality would be
pointless because
A only the very rich would be able to afford it.
B you wouldn’t use your time carefully.
C you would only remember a part of your life.
7 You might never fall in love if you were
immortal because
A the most powerful human feelings come from
knowing that we will not be here for ever.
B you would get bored with everybody that
you’ve met.
C the technology would change the way in
which your brain experiences emotions.
3 Discuss what age you would choose to be if you
could stay the same age for ever. Give reasons.
Think about the following.
• appearance
• daily routine
• independence
• health
• wealth
• wisdom
14 Unit 1
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Speaking
Part 1
1 Read questions a–f below, then match each one
with a pair of words (1–6) that you might hear
in the answer.
a Do you enjoy spending time alone?
(Why/Why not?)
b What do you use the Internet for?
c Tell me about a close friend.
d Tell me about the most beautiful place you
have ever visited.
e Tell me about something you found difficult
but managed to succeed in.
f What’s your favourite TV programme and why?
1
2
3
4
5
6
2
research downloading
scenery spectacular
dramas plot
share solitary
easy-going loyal
satisfying achievement
from the listening in 2. Then say whether each
phrase shows the end of an answer or a contrast.
a… from/in my view, anyway.
b Having said it/that, …
c That’s my opinion/thought, anyway.
d But on another/the other hand …
eSo, at/in short …
f But at the one/same time, …
g Although I must admit/advise that …
h And that’s about it/that, really.
i So all for/in all …
4 Write two questions on each of these topics.
a future plans
bfamily
c daily routine
d where you live
3 Listen to six different students answering
the questions in 1. Put questions a–f in the order
that you hear the answers, using the words you
matched them with to help you.
1 2 3 3 Choose the correct word to complete these phrases
4 5 6 5 Read the how to do it box, and in pairs ask and
answer questions from 1 and 4.
how
to do it
Listen carefully to the question and try to repeat at
least one of the key words in your reply.
Speak clearly and look at the person you are talking to.
Try to include some set phrases like the ones in 3.
Unit 1 15
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Use of English
Part 4 Key word transformations
1 Read the tip box below, then match the underlined
phrases in sentences a–f with 1–6.
a More than 200 countries will take part in the
next Olympic Games.
b When preparing for a hike, it’s important to
take into account what the weather will be like.
c At the age of one, a baby is just starting to
make sense of the world around him.
d Marianne agreed to be home by midnight
because she didn’t want to have a row with her
parents.
e It’s arrogant to make fun of other people’s
achievements.
f Several factors play a part in the success or
failure of a film.
1argue
2consider
3 be a cause of
4 laugh at
5 join in
6understand
tip
Phrases like those underlined in 1 usually
appear in dictionaries under the noun rather
than the verb. You may have to read the entry
carefully to find them.
2 Using a dictionary, find verbs to replace 1–6
in the text below.
3 Rewrite each sentence a–f keeping the meaning the
same. Use two to five words including the word given.
a Students at the summer school are expected to
participate in leisure activities.
part
Students at the summer school are expected
to leisure activities.
b Stubborn people often find it difficult to
apologize for their mistakes.
sorry
Stubborn people often find it difficult
their mistakes.
c Considering that my grandmother is so old, her
memory is amazing.
account
If you old my
grandmother is, her memory is amazing.
d Contacting a doctor on a Sunday can be difficult.
touch
It can be difficult to with a doctor on a Sunday.
e When he first moved to London, some of the
children at school used to laugh at his accent.
make
When he first moved to London, some of the
children at school used to his accent.
f When she invited us for dinner, we promised
that we wouldn’t be late.
word
When she invited us for dinner, we that we wouldn’t be late.
Last weekend, I organized an 80th birthday
party for my grandfather. Two of my brothers
agreed to 1lend a hand with the preparations.
Our sister Rachel was out of the country
at the time. My grandfather has so many
grandchildren now, he sometimes 2loses track
of their names, but Rachel has always been
a favourite. I 3let her know about the party,
and she 4got in touch with our grandfather
on the day to 5say sorry for not being there.
She 6gave him her word that she would visit
him as soon as she returned home.
16 Unit 1
FCER1SB.indb 16
19/05/2014 14:12
1 [T, usually passive] to put people or
wo: ~ A with B Each blind student
ed student. x ~ A (and B) (together)
r were neatly paired.
( technical ) to come together in order
pecies pair for life.
sb) | Kpair sbPLoff (with sb) to
lly in order to have a romantic relapeople together for this purpose: It
ends were pairing off. x He’s always
ith his cousin. Kpair Lup (with sb) |
b) to come together or to bring two
k, play a game, etc.
mE Lper-/ noun 1 [C] two people or
her or are placed together; the act
her: Tonight they take on a Chinese
reach the final tomorrow. 2 [U] (in
the practice of an MP agreeing with
rty that neither of them will vote in
o not need to attend the debate
un ( pl. paise M-seI; -s@/ ) a coin of
epal. There are one hundred paise
and adverbs) connected with ancient times
dived below the surface of the water. x Please do not write
AogAraphy) MKp&lipalae
( BrEwill
) ( NAmE
pale
be worn
below
(= long enough
belowAog
thisAraphy
line. Skirts
x
; KpeIl[U] the
studyorof standard
ancient
LQgr@fi
k ofnoun
a lower
amount
to cover)
the; NAmE
knee. 2-LAFg-/
d palaeAogArapher ( also paleAogwriting
systems
than sb/sth:
The temperatures
remained below freezing all
) MKp&liLQgr@f@
( r ); below
KpeIl-;average
NAmE -LAFg-/
rapher
work was well
for thenoun
class. 3 k of
day. x Her
Palaeo
especially
BrE ) ( NAmE
a lowerAlith
rankAic
or (of
less importance
thanusually
sb/sth:Paleo-)
A police
MKp&li@LlITIk
; KpeIl-/
from or connected with the early
sergeant is below
anadj.
inspector.
Stone
k at
Spart
adv.of1the
or toAge
a lower level, position or place: They live
x I could still see the airport buildings far
Atolo
Agist
on theAon
floor
below.
palae
( especially BrE ) ( NAmE usually
below (= at the; bottom
of the page)
for referbelow. x See
paleo-)
MKp&liQnLtQl@dZIst
KpeIl-; NAmE
KpeIliAFnLtAFl-/
The passengers
whofossils
felt seasick stayed below (= on a
ences.a xperson
noun
who studies
2 (of (aespecially
temperature)
lowerusually
than zero:
The
lowerAon
deck).
Atology
palae
BrE ) ( NAmE
paleo-)
thermometer had
dropped
to aKpeIliAFnLtAFl-/
record 40 below
(= 40
deMKp&liQnLtQl@dZi
; KpeIl; NAmE
noun
[U] the
at a lower
This ruling
applies toorthe
ranksinof
grees).
study
of3fossils
(=rank:
the remains
of animals
plants
Inspector
and
below.
rocks) as a guide to the history of life on earth
be%low-the-"fold
adj. notde
in Ladanse
position
where
is seen
Aais MLp&leI/ ( also Kpalais
pal
MKp&leI
d@ it
LdAFns/
)
first,( for
on the
bottom
part
of a newspaper
page
noun
BrE )example
(in the past)
a large
public
building
used for danx
or web
page:hall
below-the-fold links That story would have
cing;
a dance
been
better in a less prominent, below-the fold-position.
AatAable MLp&l@t@bl/ adj. 1 (of food or drink) having a
pal
compare
above-the-fold
seepleasant
fold n.or accepta
(to sb)
pleasant
or acceptable taste 2 ~i
belt
Mbelt/ofnoun
, verb has been changed to make it
able to k
sb: Some
the dialogue
nounpalatable
1 k a long
narrow
piece
of leather,
etc. that
ocloth,
unpalatable
more
to an
American
audience.
you
wearMLp&l@tl/
around noun
the waist:
to do
Aatal
pal
( phonetics
) a up/fasten/tighten
speech sound madea
x a belt buckle
VISUAL or
VOCAB
V51 palate
belt
a see also
by
placing
the tongueaagainst
nearpage
the hard
of
black
belt,forlifebelt,
suspenderof belt
/j/ atbelt,
the beginning
yes
the
mouth,
example seat
n [U] a detailed pattern of curved
a continuous
band of material that moves round and is
Aatal adj.
d2pal
eathers, used especially on cloth: a
used
to carry things along or to drive machinery a see also
AatAalAize ( BrE also -ise ) MLp&l@t@laIz/ verb
pal
~ sth
conveyor
belt,
fan belt 3 an area with particular
( phonetics ) to make a speech sound by putting your tongue
( pl. PaiAute or PaiAutes) a member
characteristics
or
where
a
particular
group
of
people
live:
against or near your hard palate xd palAatAalAizAation,
people many of whom live in the
the
country’s corn/industrial belt We live in the comAation MKp&l@t@laILzeISn/ noun [U]
-is
muter belt. x a belt of rain moving across the country
atealso
MLp&l@t/
noun
14
the( informal
top part) an
of act
the of
inside
of sth/
the
rE, CanE pyAjaAmas) Mp@LdZAFm@z; pal
green
belt
hitting
a Asee
mouth:
hard/soft
palate
(= the
hard/soft part at the
l.] a loose jacket and pants/trousers
sb hard:the
She
gave the ball
a terrific
belt.
see alsounfair
cleftorpalate
2 [usufront/back
theLbelt
palate)
OCAB page V51
i
belowofthe
(of aaremark)
cruel: That
was
ability
recognize
and/or
enjoy
good food
ally
sing.] the
Lbraces
Kbelt and
( informal
) takdistinctly
below
the to
belt!
( BrE ) ( NAmE Kbok Lchoy) noun [U] a
and
drink:
a
menu
to
tempt
even
the
most
jaded
palate
ing more actions than are really necessary to make sure
bage with long dark green leaves
AlaAsth
pathat
tialsucceeds
Mp@LleISl/
[usually
noun]
(of a room or
oradj.
works
as itbefore
should:
a belt-and-braces
building)
very
like) to
a have
palace
Lbelt ( informal
alpolicy have
sth large
underand
yourimpressive,
oun ( NZE ) a white person from New
s
splendid
ready
achieved or obtained sth: She already has a couple
Maori)
Ain
Aate
more
at tighten
good
wins
under
her belt. a
paofAlat
Mp@Ll&tIn@t/
noun
1 [C]
the area ruled by a
E, informal, taboo ) a very offensive
SCount
verb 1Palatine
~ sb/sth(=
( informal
hit sb/sth
hard:ofHeabelted
a ruler) to
with
the power
king the
or
m Pakistan, especially one living in
I’ll beltthe
youland
if you
again.
ball right
out of
the park. x [sing.]
2 the
Palatinate
ofdo
thethat
German
queen)
ten also used for people from India
2 [I] + that
adv./prep.
( informal
BrEPalatine
) to move
Empire
was ruled
over ,byespecially
the Count
of very
the
fast s tear: A truck came belting up behind us. 3 [T]
Rhine
un a flat piece of spicy S Asian food pal
~ Asth
to fasten
a belt around
Thenoun]
dress 1was
atAine
MLp&l@taIn/
adj. [onlysth:
before
(ofbelted
an offi-at
egetables fried in batter
the waist.
cial,
etc. in the past) having the power in a particular area
L
p
K
belt
sth
P
out
(
informal
)
to
sing
a
song
play
levision broadcasting system that is
that a king or queen usually has 2 (of an area oforland)
Lupthe
belt has
( BrE
) 1 of( NAmE
buckle
musicover
loudly
a compare NTSC, SECAM
ruled
by sbKwho
power
a king Kor
queen Lup )
( informal
) to fasten your seat belt (= a belt worn by a
AlaAver Mp@LlAFv@( r ); NAmE also -Ll&v-/ noun ( informal )
papassenger
in a vehicle) 2 ( informal ) used to tell sb rudely
oming old-fashioned ) a friend: We’ve
1 [U, sing.] ( BrE ) a lot of unnecessary activity, excitement
to be quiet s shut up: Just belt up, will you!
ee also pen pal 2 ( informal ) used to
or trouble, especially caused by sth that is unimportant
belt
ed MLbeltId/
adj.the
with
a beltabout?
around
it: a belted
jacket
x What
nfriendly way: If I were you, pal, I’d
s Afuss:
What’s all
palaver
a palaver
it
Away
pally adj.: I got very pally (= friend) talk
that especially
does not
is, trying
to get
a new visa!
belt
MLbeltweI/
noun2 ([U]
US )( NAmE
a ring
road,
have
anyaround
meaning;
nonsense:DC
He’s talking palaver.
the one
Washington
Aluga Mb@LluFg@/
pa
pants Mp@Ll&ts@U
NAmE noun
p@LlAFtsoU/
beAlazzo
( pl. beAlugap&nts
or be;Alugas)
1 [C] a
th sb) ( informal, especially NAmE ) to
noun
women’s
trousers/pants
with
wide
loose
2 [C] a type of
large
fish
thatlegs
lives in
type [pl.]
of small
whale
riend: I palled around with him and
rivers k
and MpeIl/
lakes adj.
in eastern
Europe 3 ( also beKluga Lca, verb, noun
l Lup (with sb) ( BrE ) ( NAmE Kbuddy pale
fish eggs),
from
a beluga
viar) [U] a typeA of caviar
k (of(=
a person,
their
face,
etc.) havormal ) to become sb’s friend: They S adj. (paler, pal est) 1
be
; NAmE
bILmoUn/
sth (isformal
) to
ingAmoan
skin thatMbILm@Un
is almost
white;
having verb
skin~that
whiter
re at college.
than
usualor
because
ofyou
illness,
a strong
emotion,
etc:They
a pale
complain
say that
are not
happy
about sth:
sat
x to
s/ noun
pale
go/turn
look
complexion
bemoaning xthe
factwith
thatfear
no one
would
give pale
them xa You
chance.
me of a king, queen, president, etc:
left her that
looking
pale.
Are you MbILmjuFzd/
OK? x The ordeal
Amused
be
adj. showing
youpale
are and
cone royal/presidential palace a VISUAL
2 kunable
light intocolour;
containing
lot of white: apale
drawn.
sabewildered:
befused and
think clearly
x
x
ten the Palace ) [sing.] the people
a paler shade of green
a pale sky o dark,
blue
eyes expression/smile
d beAmuse verb ~ sb bemused
especially the British royal family:
k
3
(of
light)
not
strong
or
bright:
the
cold
pale
light
deep
musAedAly MbILmjuFzIdli/ adv.
fused to comment on the reports. x a
of dawn a see also pallid, pallor d paleAly MLpeIlli/
any large impressive house: The Old
adv.
: Mark
with| aeIpale
his( BrE
plate.
u actual
aI my palely
now
say face)
) |
| stared
| aU(=
| @Uatgo
ollection of churches, palaces and
paleAness noun [U]
shioned ) (sometimes used in the S verb [I] ~ (at sth) to become paler than usual: She (= her
face) paled visibly at the sight of the police car. x The blue of
all | g get | h hat | j yes | k the
cat sky
l leg to|a light
m man
| paled
grey. | n now | p pen | r red
i Lpale beside/next to sth | Lpale in/by comparison
(with/to sth) | Lpale into insignificance to seem less important when compared with sth else: Last year’s riots pale
in comparison with this latest outburst of violence.
S noun
i beKyond the Lpale considered by most people to be
unacceptable or unreasonable: His remarks were clearly beyond the pale.
paleAface MLpeIlfeIs/ noun (used in film/movies, etc.) a
name for a white person, said to have been used by Native
Americans
Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary, 8th edition
paleo- ( NAmE ) = palaeopalAette MLp&l@t/ noun 1 a thin board with a hole in it for
the thumb to go through, used by an artist for mixing colours on when painting a VISUAL VOCAB page V35 2 [usually sing.] ( technical ) the colours used by a particular artist:
Greens and browns are typical of Ribera’s palette.
"palette knife noun a knife with a blade that bends easily and has a round end, used by artists and in cooking
a VISUAL VOCAB page V23
paliAmony MLp&lIm@ni/ noun [U] ( informal, especially
NAmE ) money that a court orders sb to pay regularly to a
former partner when they have lived together without
being married a compare alimony
palAimpAsest MLp&lImpsest/ noun 1 an ancient document from which some or all of the original text has been
removed and replaced by a new text 2 ( formal ) something
that has many different layers of meaning or detail
palAinAdrome MLp&lIndr@Um; NAmE -droUm/ noun a
word or phrase that reads the same backwards as forwards, for example madam or nurses run
palAing MLpeIlIN/ noun [C, usually pl., U] a metal or wooden
post that is pointed at the top; a fence made of these posts
palAisAade MKp&lILseId/ noun 1 a fence made of strong
FCER1SB.indb 17
wooden or metal posts that are pointed at the top, espeS
benches. a see also back bench, the front bench
4 the bench [sing.] ( sport ) the seats where players sit
when they are not playing in the game: the substitutes’
bench 5 [C] = workbench: a carpenter’s bench
benchAmark MLbentSmAFk; NAmE -mAFrk/ noun, verb
S noun something that can be measured and used as a
standard that other things can be compared with: Tests at
the age of seven provide a benchmark against which the
child’s progress at school can be measured.
S verb ~ sth (against sth) to judge the quality of sth in relation to that of other similar things: Projects are assessed and
benchmarked against the targets.
"bench press noun an exercise in which you lie on a
raised surface with your feet on the floor and raise a
weight with both arms
benchAwarmAer MLbentSwOFm@( r ); NAmE -wOFrm-/ noun
( NAmE, informal ) a sports player who is not chosen to play
in a particular game, but is available if their team needs
them s substitute
E
F
G
H
I
Using a dictionary J
K
Read
bend k 1
Mbend/
verb, the
noun two dictionary entries opposite. Find at
verb (bent, bent Mbent/ ) 1 k [I, T] (especially of sb’s body
least one example of a–h.
or head) to lean, or make sth lean, in a particular direction: L
He bent and kissed her. + adv./prep. fields of poppies bend-
Vocabulary
S
a a synonym (a word with the same meaning)
x
M
ing in the wind x His dark head bent over her. x She bent
x Slowly bend from the
forward to pick up
newspaper.
bthean
opposite
waist and bring your head down to your knees. x ~ sth
(+ adv./prep.) Hecbentan
his idiom
head and kissed her. x She was
bent over her desk writing a letter. 2 k [T, I] ~ (sth) if you
bend your arm, leg,
or if it bends,which
you moveonly
it so that
d etc.
a meaning
exists in British English
it is no longer straight: Bend your knees, keeping your back
American
equivalent
andan
let your
knees bend. English
3 k [T] ~ sth
to
straight. x Lie flate
force sth that was straight into an angle or a curve: Mark
f want
antoinformal
knives were bent
the pipe where you
bend it. x Theexpression
out of shape. x He bent the wire into the shape of a square.
g
a
phrasal
verb
4 k [I, T] to change direction to form a curve or an angle;
to make sth change direction in this way: The road bent
h an impolite expression
sharply to the right. x ~ sth Glass and water both bend light.
i bend sb’s Lear (about sth) ( informal ) to talk to sb a lot
about sth, especially about a problem that you have bend
Match
the
underlined
words
to sth
( formal
) to think very
hard in a–f with the
your Lmind/Lefforts
about or put a lotrelevant
of effort intopart
one particular
thing
bend
of the dictionary entries. Give the
the Ltruth to say sth that is not completely true on bendpart
ofsthspeech
and
number.
ask for
on bended
knee(s),
you ask
ed Lknee(s) if you
for it in a very anxious and/or humble way a more at
backwards, rule
a n.NASA is planning to send a probe to explore the
p Lbend sb to sth ( formal ) to force or persuade sb to do
asteroid
belt. He manipulates
what you want or to accept
your opinions:
people and tries to bend them to his will (= make them do
b
When
Julie
arrived home, she looked pale and
what he wants).
S noun 1 k [C] a curve worried.
or turn, especially in a road or river:
a sharp bend in the road a see also hairpin bend 2 the
pain and pale
difficulty
in breathing
bends [pl.] severe
cThe
winter
sunexperiprovided little warmth.
enced by a diver who comes back to the surface of the
water too quicklyd A police car came belting round the corner with
i round the bend/twist ( informal, especially BrE ) crazy:
siren
on.x The kids have been
She’s gone completely its
round
the bend.
driving me round
the
bend
today
(= annoying
veryTV a belt is going to
e I don’t think
givingmethe
much).
make
it) awork!
bendAer MLbend@( r )/ noun
( slang
period of drinking a lot
of alcohol or taking a lot of drugs: to go on a bender
f
Unusually,
she has dark skin and pale blue eyes.
bendy MLbendi/ adj. ( BrE, informal ) 1 that can be bent easily s flexible 2 with many bends: a bendy road
"bendy bus noun
( BrE, informal
) a long bus that
in
Rewrite
sentences
a–fbends
replacing
the underlined
the middle so that it can turn corners more easily
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
2
W
X
Y
Z
3
with one of the dictionary entries opposite.
beAneath kwords
MbILniFT/ prep. ( formal )
1 k in or to a lower position than sb/sth; under sb/sth:
Example When his car wouldn’t start, he hit it.
oU go ( NAmE )
1097
|
OI boy
|
I@ near
|
e@ hair
|
U@ pure
When his car wouldn’t start, he gave it
a belt. paltry
a Drivers and passengers should
A fasten their
pally MLp&li/ adj. a pal
palm MpAFm/ noun, verbseatbelts even for short journeys.
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
noun 1 the innerbJust
surface of shut
the hand
between
the wrist
up!
I can’t
hear myself think!
and the fingers: He held the bird gently in the palm of his
x
x
to read
sb’s palm
(= to say what
hand. sweaty palms
c His
salary
is nothing
in comparison with the
you think will happen to sb by looking at the lines on their
of( also
money
earns.
Lpalm his
page V48 2
tree)wife
a
palm) a VISUAL VOCABamount
straight tree with a mass of long leaves at the top, growing
d There
Some
thetypes
comedian’s
in tropical countries.
are of
several
of palm tree, jokes were completely
some of which produceunacceptable.
fruit: a date palm x a coconut palm
x palm leaves/fronds/groves
a VISUAL VOCAB page V8
Lhand
i have sb in the
yourwas
to have come Kpalm
The ofvan
tearing
along the motorway
plete control or influence over sb a more at cross v.,
at
140
kph.
grease v.
S verb ~ sth to hide a coin, card, etc. in your hand, especially
As the last song of the concert, the band loudly
when performing f
a trick
p Kpalm sbPLoff (with
sth) ( informal
) to persuade
performed
America
thesbBeautiful.
to believe an excuse or an explanation that is not true, in
order to stop them asking questions or complaining Kpalm
sthPLoff (on/onto sb) | Kpalm sbPLoff (with sth) ( informal ) to persuade sb to accept sth that has no value or that
you do not want, especially by tricking them: She’s always
palming the worst jobs off on her assistant. x Make sure he
doesn’t try to palm you off with faulty goods. Kpalm sth Loff
as sth ( informal ) to tell sb that sth is better than it is, especially in order to sell it: They were trying to palm the table
off as a genuine antique.
PalmAcordAerTM MLpAFmkOFd@( r ); NAmE -kOFrd-/ noun a
Unit 1 17
small camcorder (= video camera that records pictures
and sound) that can be held in the palm of one hand
palAmetto Mp&lLmet@U; NAmE -toU/ noun ( pl. -os) a small
palm tree that grows in the south-eastern US
palmAist MLpAFmIst/ noun a person who claims to be able
to tell what a person is like and what will happen to them
19/05/2014 14:12
in the future, by looking at the lines on the palm of their
S
M
Writing
Part 2 An informal email
1 Read the task below and Megan’s reply. Underline
eight words in Megan’s email which are too formal
and think of less formal alternatives.
You have received an email from your English friend,
Chloe. Read this part of the email and then write your
email to Chloe.
Anyway, that’s enough about me. What are your
plans for the summer? Are you going to work at all?
Any trips abroad planned? Please email and tell me.
2 Read Megan’s email again and say which of these
activities she is planning to do during the summer
holidays.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
buy some new clothes
do nothing for a week
do some schoolwork
go abroad
hang out with friends
learn to surf
look for a job
take exams
3 Divide the main part of Megan’s email into these
four paragraphs.
Take care
a
b
c
d
Chloe
the immediate future
a trip abroad
getting a job
questions for Chloe
4 Find a formal word in each of a–d and replace it
with a less formal expression.
Dear Chloe
Thanks so much for your email. It’s great to hear from
you! I finish my end-of-year examinations on 14th
June, and then I’m on holiday for eight weeks! I can’t
wait! I’ll really need a good rest, therefore I’m going to
spend the first week doing absolutely nothing! Later
in the summer, I’ll be visiting my uncle, who resides
in Italy, for a couple of weeks. I haven’t got sufficient
money for the plane ticket, but luckily my uncle has
offered to purchase it for me. He’s so generous! He’ll
be working while I’m there, so I’ll have his house (and
swimming pool) to myself! As soon as I get back from
Italy, I’m going to look for employment. My brother will
have left his job at the leisure centre to commence his
university degree, so hopefully they’ll be looking for
somebody to replace him! Please write and tell me
what your plans are for the summer. Are you going
to visit that Spanish girl you encountered at Easter?
Email again soon.
Lots of love
Megan
a All I have to do is assist with housework while
I’m there.
b I’ve even informed my friends that I don’t want
to go out that week!
c You know, the one who resembles Penelope
Cruz.
d I need to earn some funds before the next
school year begins.
5 Decide where sentences a–d in 4 could go in
Megan’s email. (There is one per paragraph.)
6 Add phrases a–f to the language boxes. Which
phrases are in the emails in 1?
a
b
c
d
e
f
Keep in touch.
Thanks so much for your …
Love / Lots of love
It was a nice surprise to get your …
Take care.
Email again soon.
tip
Emails can be formal or informal, depending
on who is writing to whom. Use language
appropriate to the context and do not mix
formal and informal registers.
18 Unit 1
FCER1SB.indb 18
19/05/2014 14:12
Reacting to the input
Great to hear from you.
9 Imagine you received an email from an English-
speaking friend, ending like Chloe’s in 1. Read the
how to do it box, then write your own answer in
140–190 words to the task in 1, using your plan
from 8.
how
Finishing an email
Look forward to seeing you soon.
Signing off
Best wishes
to do it
Begin by saying something about the email you have
received.
Divide what you want to say into different topics in
separate paragraphs.
Make sure you’ve included all the information
required.
Check the number of words you have written.
tip
Don’t forget to read your work through carefully
and check the spelling and grammar. You will lose
marks if there are mistakes.
7 Make a list of activities, real or imaginary, that
you plan to do this summer. Try to think of three
for each of these topics.
a
b
c
d
travel
sports and hobbies
work and study
time with friends
8 Make a paragraph plan. Choose the most
interesting of the three ideas for each topic in 7.
Then add notes to give more details of times,
places, people, etc.
Unit 1 19
FCER1SB.indb 19
19/05/2014 14:12
Review
1 Complete sentences a–f with the most appropriate
adjective from 1–6.
1 bossy
2 loyal
3sensible
4 argumentative
5 sensitive
6easy-going
a Be careful what you say to Harry – he’s quite
and gets upset very easily.
b You’re always telling me what to do. I wish you
weren’t so !
c Hannah is a very friend – I know I
can always rely on her to be there for me.
d Kelly is so that she never really gets
angry or upset about anything.
e Judy is very – she’ll ask somebody
the time and then disagree with them.
f Think carefully before you make a decision. I
know that you will, you’re very .
2 Correct any mistakes with the underlined verb
forms in five of these sentences.
a Let’s meet at the theatre tonight. The play is
starting at 7.30.
b I’ll probably be exhausted by the time I reach
Edinburgh because I’ll have been driving all morning.
c I can’t go shopping with you tomorrow morning
– I’ll have my hair cut.
d By the time the next World Cup comes around,
some of our most talented footballers
won’t have played any longer.
e I’ll be standing here until you
apologize for what you just said.
f Will you have been leaving by the time we get to
the hotel?
3 Complete the sentences with the present or future
simple of the verb in brackets.
a As soon as we (arrive), we’ll let you
know.
b It’s impossible to be sure, but I don’t think she
(lose) her job.
cI (be) amazed if Real Madrid don’t
win tonight’s match.
d The doctors are keeping me in hospital until
they (know) what the problem is.
e The more money you spend now, the less you
(have) for your holiday next week.
f Do you think your brother (help) us
with our homework, if we ask him nicely?
4 Complete the text with the missing verbs.
ur relationships with
our friends 1 an important part
in our lives, and help us to
2 sense of the world.
Megan has been a close
friend of mine since primary
school, and we’re always
together. In fact, some of
our classmates 3 fun of us, saying that
we’re like identical twins.
Occasionally, we 4 a row, but we never really
fall out. The important thing
is being able to 5 sorry, if you know you
are in the wrong.
5 Rewrite each sentence a–d keeping the meaning
the same. Use two to five words including the
word given.
a Before we made a final decision, we considered
everybody’s opinion.
account
We before making a final
decision.
b Will you promise me that you won’t tell anybody?
word
Will you that you won’t
tell anybody?
c I contacted an old school friend after seeing his
details on a website.
touch
Having seen an old school friend’s details on
a website, I him.
d Only people who have participated in a triathlon
can fully understand the excitement.
part
The only way to understand fully the excitement
of a triathlon is one.
20 Unit 1
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