Colonialism
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50.
Albany Plan of Union: Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in
48.
1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and
other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and
the Crown
17.
Anne Hutchinson: Woman who preached the idea that God
helped by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield; inspired
controversy over emotionalism/revivalism versus traditionalist
Protestantism, nevertheless united the Americans as a people
32.
communicated directly to individuals instead of through the
church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts and resettle
in Rhode Island in 1637.
35.
Bacon's Rebellion: 1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western
Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for
trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the
western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with
Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then
marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended
suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.
30.
Cash Crops: crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised
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Connecticut: Colony founded in 1635 by Thomas Hooker and
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7.
Indentured Servant: Person who agreed to work for a colonial
employer for a specified time in exchange for passage to America.
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3.
Jamestown: First permanent English settlement in North
America (1607), along the James River in Virginia; settlement
was funded by a joint stock company (the Virginia Company);
colonized by men to make a profit; key figure in settlement was
John Smith
37.
Farming conditions in the Middle Colonies: Rich soil, but
a colder climate, meant that plantation-style cash crop farming
wasn't possible, but surplus quantities of wheat and other grains
could be grown
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4.
John Smith: English explorer who helped found the colony at
Jamestown, Virginia
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2.
Joint Stock Companies: 17th century English corporations
that pooled investors' money through the sale of stock to fund
oversees exploration and trade and to establish colonies
22.
51.
Farming conditions in the Southern Colonies: Rich soil,
49.
Maryland: Colony founded by Lord Baltimore and other
23.
Maryland Toleration Act: Act that was passed in Maryland
Catholics for religious freedom.
that guaranteed toleration to all Christians, regardless of sect but
not to those who did not believe in the divinity of Jesus. Though
it did not sanction much tolerance, the act was the first seed that
would sprout into the first amendment, granting religious
freedom to all.
George Whitefield: Minister who stressed that God was all
powerful and would save only those who openly professed faith
in Christ Jesus. Taught that with sincere faith, ordinary people
could understand scripture without ministers. Leading figure in
the First Great Awakening
29.
10.
French & Indian War: North American portion of the Seven
Years War, fought between the French and English. The
American portion was fought over control of the Ohio River
Valley; the English defeated the French in 1763.
Georgia: 1733 - Georgia was formed as a buffer between the
Carolinas and Spanish-held Florida. It was a military-style
colony, but also served as a haven for the poor, criminals, and
persecuted Protestants.
King Philip's War: 1675 - A series of battles in New
Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by
a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the
Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over
the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the
Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for
expansion.
Farming conditions in the New England Colonies: Poor,
navigable rivers, and a warm climate led to plantation-style cash
crop farming
John Winthrop's "City Upon a Hill" sermon: Given in
1630, this sermon established the idea that the Puritan had a
special mission to build a model Christian community in the New
World. Winthrop's speech marked the first expression of
American Exceptionalism.
rocky soil made anything other than subsistence farming
impossible
38.
John Locke: 17th century English philosopher who opposed the
Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a
natural right to life, liberty, and property.
The English Bill of Rights: A set of rights guaranteed to all
English men. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the Bill of
Rights ensured that Parliament's power was greater than that of
the English Monarchy.
James Oglethorpe: English leader who founded the colony of
Georgia as a place where debtors from England could begin new
lives
The Dominion of New England: The brief combination of
Connecticut, Plymouth, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode
Island, New York and East and West Jersey into a single super
colony. Ruled by Sir Edmund Andros (former governor of New
York.) 1686-1688
Headright System: Headrights were parcels of land consisting
of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought
indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia
Company to attract more colonists.
in large quantities in order to be sold for profit
his followers for political and religious freedom after a
disagreement with Massachusetts Bay.
The Great Awakening: Religious revival in the 1730-40s,
13.
Mayflower Compact: 1620 - The first agreement for selfgovernment in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the
Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.
40.
Mercantilism: An economic policy under which nations sought
to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of
gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought;
usually led to the belief that colonies existed only to be exploited
by the nation which controls them
9.
18.
his supporters for religious freedom and separation of church
from state after a disagreement with the Puritans of
Massachusetts Bay.
16.
The Middle Passage: The journey of slaves from Africa, across
Montesquieu: French philosopher (1689-1755) who wrote
'Spirit of the Laws'; said that no single set of political laws was
applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables,
supported division of government into three branches (executive,
legislative, and judicial)
41.
Navigation & Trade Acts: English Acts that regulated colonial
39.
New Amsterdam: A settlement established by the Dutch near
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12.
Pilgrims: First group of Puritan colonists to come to America
seeking religious freedom; landed at Plymouth Rock in 1620 after
crossing the Atlantic on the Mayflower
31.
14.
Plymouth: A town/colony in Massachusetts founded by the
Pilgrims in 1620.
5.
Pocahontas: A Native-American woman (the daughter of the
local chief, Powhatan) who befriended the English at
Jamestown and is said to have saved Captain John Smith's life
(1595-1617).
11.
Puritans: A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of
England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled
Massachusetts Bay.
26.
Quakers: English religious dissenters who broke from the
Church of England, preached a doctrine of pacificism, inner
divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded
Pennsylvania
1.
33.
Reasons for Exploration: "Gold" (demand for Asian spices
was high after the Crusades; establishing colonies would provide
raw material and markets for finished goods), "God" (to spread
Christianity), "Glory" (to bring power to their nation or fame for
themselves)
Tidewater Planters: Farmers who planted their crops near
more fertile lands near bodies of water; tended to develop more
wealth because of their ownership of the best farmland
6.
Tobacco: Cash crop that made the Jamestown colony profitable
8.
Virginia House of Burgesses: Established in 1619 at
Jamestown. Was America's first elected legislature.
25.
William Penn: A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to
establish a place where his people and others could live in peace
and be free from persecution.
Plantation System: A system of agricultural production based
on large-scale land ownership and the exploitation of labor and
the environment. This system focused on the production of cash
crops and utilized slave labor.
Thomas Hooker: A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers
out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that
the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted
to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on
government.
The Pequot War: First war between English settlers in the
Connecticut Valley and the Pequot Indians of the region. The
natives were almost wiped out in the conflict. The English
wanted more land so they were killing off the natives.
Stono Rebellion: A 1739 uprising of slaves in South Carolina,
leading to the tightening of already harsh slave laws
Pennsylvania: 1681- William Penn received a land grant from
King Charles II, and used it to form a colony that would provide a
haven for Quakers. This colony allowed religious freedom.
Smuggling: Importing or exporting goods in violation of trade
laws and without paying taxes on them
the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan
Island; now known as New York.
27.
Salem Witch Trials: 1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations
in a Puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria
and stress; led to multiple executions before calming down
trade both between colonies and with foreign nations
24.
Roger Williams: A dissenter, Roger Williams clashed with
Massachusetts Puritans over the issue of separation of church
and state. After being banished from Massachusetts in 1636, he
traveled south, where he founded the colony of Rhode Island,
which granted full religious freedom to its inhabitants.
the Atlantic, to the West Indies or colonial America, so called
because it was the middle portion of the triangular trade route.
Many slaves did not survive the trip.
47.
Rhode Island: Colony founded in 1636 by Roger Williams and
34.
Yeoman Farmers: Small, family farmers who had to be more
self-sufficient because their land quality was poorer than that of
the tidewater planters