Chapter 8 – Ionic Compounds
Ionic Compounds
Chemical Bond –
Stable Octet -
Formation of Compounds
KEY:
valence e- are involved in
formation of chemical
bonds
Ionic Compounds
Ion Formation
Lewis Dot Structure for atoms:
Na Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Al
P
S
Cl
Al
Lewis Dot Structure for ions:
Na Mg
Al
Si
Ionic Compounds
Ion Formation
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„
„
Which elements will likely form (+) ions?
__________________
Which elements will likely form (-) ions?
__________________
Which elements will likely not form ions at all?
__________________
Ionic Compounds
Ion Formation
Ionic Compounds
Ion Formation
Predict the charge (if any) for each of the
following elements:
1)
Mg
Sn
or Sn
3) Sr
2)
4) P
7) N
10) I
13) Sb
5) Rb
8) F
11) Ne
14) N
6) Al
9) C
12) S
15) Bi
or Bi
Ionic Bond Formation
„
„
Transition Metals and metals in p-block
have ___________ charges.
Exceptions:
Ionic Bond Formation
„
In general:
Æ ionic compound
Ionic Bond Formation
Lewis Dot Structures for Ionic Compounds:
Na and Cl
Ba and O
Na and O
Al and Cl
Ionic Bond Formation
Monatomic ion –
Polyatomic ion –
oxyanion -
Ionic Compounds
Polyatomic Ions
Ionic Compounds
Bond Formation
A04219MVNaCl,H2Olewis.mpg
Video Clip
Ionic/Covalent Bonding
Ionic Compounds
Bond Formation
Q - Is the reaction of
sodium and
chlorine a
chemical or
physical change?
The product has new
properties. Elements
did NOT retain their
properties .
Chemical Change
Ionic Compounds
Bond Formation
A04220MV-NaCl,H2Oreact.mpg
Video Clip
Ionic Compound Formation
(and Molecular Compound)
Ionic Compounds
Formula Writing
Predict the formula for
the compound
formed between:
a. K and O
d. Ca and CO32-
b. Al and N
e. Ca and NO3-
c. Al and S
f. NH4+ and S
Ionic Compounds
Formula Writing & Rule Summary
1) Write the ____________ ion first.
2) Sum of the charges must equal ____________.
3) Always express the formula as the
____________________ of ions. “_____________”
4) Use parenthesis only when
_____________________________________.
Ionic Compounds
Naming – See handout
1) Name the cation first.
If the ion has _____________________, use roman
numerals to indicate charge.
Only one charge
More than one charge
2) Name the anion second.
- Use the stem of the element name and add
“______”
Or
- Use the name of the _____________________.
Ionic Compounds
Naming
PRACTICE: Name each of the following.
1) K2O
5) Cu2O
2) MgS
6) Li2S
3) Ca(NO3)3
7) MnCl2
4) FeO
8) AlPO4
Ionic Compounds
Naming
NOTE:
a) monatomic anions always end in
“______”
b) most polyatomic ions end in “_____” or
“______”
Ionic Compounds
Naming
NAMING POLYATOMIC IONS
NO3-
SO42-
PO43-
NO2-
SO32-
PO33-
Ionic Compounds
Naming
Another Example
ClO4ClO3ClO2ClO1-
Ionic Compounds
Naming
Commonly Confused:
Hydroxide:
Hydride:
Oxide:
Structure and Properties of
Ionic Compounds
Properties of compounds are determined by
the strength of their bonds
Structure:
In ionic
compounds,
(+)/(-) ions pack
into a regular
pattern that
balances
attractive/
repulsive forces.
Ionic Compounds
Structure/Properties
PROPERTIES
1.
2.
3.
4.
high m.p./b.p.
hard, rigid, brittle
solids (crystalline)
non-conductors as
solids
conductors as liquids
(molten) and when
dissolved in water
http://phet.colorado.edu/webhttp://phet.colorado.edu/web-pages/simulationspages/simulations-base.html
Ionic Compounds
Structure/Properties
Lattice Energy – the energy required to separate
ions in a crystal lattice
stronger
• The ______________
the bond, the larger
the lattice energy.
L.E. KI = -632 kJ/mol; L.E. KF = -808 kJ/mol
Which is held together more strongly?
L.E. NaCl = -769 kJ/mol; L.E. MgO = -3795 kJ/mol
Which is held together more strongly?
Metals – Structure and
Bonding
Structure:
„ Metals form lattices in the
solid state
„ All metal atoms in lattice
share valence electrons
(this leaves metal cations
throughout structure)
Metallic bond
Attraction of a metal cation to
delocalized e-
Metals
Properties
„
„
Wide variety of m.p.
High boiling points
Metals
Properties
„
„
„
Wide variety of m.p.
High boiling pt.
Malleable
Aluminum Metal
Metals
Properties
„
„
„
„
Wide variety of m.p.
High boiling pt.
Malleable
Ductile
Copper Metal
Metals
Properties
„
„
„
„
„
Wide variety of m.p.
High boiling pt.
Malleable
Ductile
Durable
Nail
Metals
Properties
„
„
„
„
„
„
Wide variety of m.p.
High boiling pt.
Malleable
Ductile
Durable
Good conductors
Silver
Metals
Properties
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Wide variety of m.p.
High boiling pt.
Malleable
Ductile
Durable
Good conductors
Lustrous
Aluminum
Metals
Properties – Why…
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Wide variety of m.p. KEY:
High boiling pt.
Properties are
based on Bonding
Malleable
i.e.
Ductile
the fact that the
Durable
electrons are
Good conductors
delocalized in
Lustrous
metals
Metals
Properties – Why…
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Wide variety of m.p.
High boiling pt.
Malleable
Ductile
Durable
Good conductors
Lustrous
Metals
Properties – Why…
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Wide variety of m.p.
High boiling pt.
Malleable
Ductile
Durable
Good conductors
Lustrous
Metals
Properties – Why…
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Wide variety of m.p.
High boiling pt.
Malleable
Ductile
Durable
Good conductors
Lustrous
Metals
Alloys
Alloy –
Mixture of elements that has
metallic properties
Metals
Alloys
Common Name
Brass
Bronze
Pewter
Gold, 10 carat
Stainless Steel
Sterling Silver
Carbon Steel
Composition
Copper and Zinc
Copper, Zinc, and Tin
Tin, Antimony, Lead
Gold (42%), Silver (10-20%);
Copper (38-46%)
Iron, Chromium, Nickel
Silver and Copper
Iron and Carbon
Interstitial
Alloys Common Name
Brass
Bronze
Pewter
Gold, 10 carat
Stainless Steel
Sterling Silver
Carbon Steel
Metals
Alloys
Composition
Copper and Zinc
Copper, Zinc, and Tin
Tin, Antimony, Lead
Gold (42%), Silver (10-20%);
Copper (38-46%)
Iron, Chromium, Nickel
Silver and Copper
Iron and Carbon
Substitutional
Alloys Common Name
Brass
Bronze
Pewter
Gold, 10 carat
Stainless Steel
Sterling Silver
Carbon Steel
Metals
Alloys
Composition
Copper and Zinc
Copper, Zinc, and Tin
Tin, Antimony, Lead
Gold (42%), Silver (10-20%);
Copper (38-46%)
Iron, Chromium, Nickel
Silver and Copper
Iron and Carbon