Biology Reading Notes Outline
Chapter 16: Evolution
Name:________________________________________
Period: _________
Date: ____________
Read Chapter 16. As you do so, take notes on the following topics on a separate piece of notebook paper. You
will have to study these for tests, so do not just “answer” the topic questions below- write out the info in an
outline format that contains the detail needed to understand what the topic is and what it means. Leave
space between each topic so you can add to the notes during in-class lectures. USE COMPLETE SENTENCES
>>>STUDY ALL OF THE PICTURES IN THIS CHAPTER<<<
Ch. 16.1-Darwin’s Voyage of Discovery
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What is evolution and what does it explain?
Thoroughly explain what Darwin meant by:
a. “Species Vary Globally”
b. “Species Vary Locally”
c. “ Species Vary Over Time”
What did Darwin’s evidence suggest about the patterns he observed?
Ch. 16.2- Ideas that Shaped Darwin’s Thinking
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What did Hutton and Lyell conclude about Earth’s history?
Give a detailed description of Hutton’s conclusions about geological change.
Explain Lyell’s ideas about the laws of nature and the relationships between past and present.
Describe how Hutton and Lyell contributed to Darwin’s understanding of ‘change over time.’
Summarize Lamarck’s ideas about how species evolve.
a. What conclusions can we now make using Lamark’s ideas?
Summarize Malthus’s views of population growth.
a. What impact did this have on Darwin’s research?
What is artificial selection and how was it being used?
a. How did it contribute to Darwin’s understanding of natural variation?
Ch. 16.3- Darwin Presents His Case
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What was Darwin’s great contribution?
What did Darwin mean by “the struggle for existence”?
How does individual variation play a role in evolution by natural selection?
What are adaptations and what can they involve? (Review Figure 16-9)
What is fitness?
What does survival of the fittest mean?
Review page 463 Figure 16-10. What characteristic is affecting the grasshoppers’ fitness?
What is natural selection?
Natural Selection: thoroughly explain when it occurs and how it works.
Describe, in detail, descent with modification:
a. How did Hutton and Lyell’s work contribute to Darwin’s theory
11. How does Darwin’s “tree of life” illustrate Darwin’s ideas about common descent?
Ch. 16.4- Evidence of Evolution
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What is biogeography?
Describe the two biogeographical patterns that are significant to Darwin’s theory of evolution.
How do fossils help to document the descent of modern species from ancient ancestors? (see Fig. 16-13)
Describe homologous structures and how there characteristics are used to establish evolutionary relationships.
Thoroughly differentiate between the following homologous structures: analogous and vestigial
Explain how embryological developmental patterns can be used to establish evolutionary relationships.
a. What is the significance of Hox genes?
How can molecular biology be used to trace the process of evolution? BE DETAILED
What does recent research on the Galapagos finches show about natural selection? (see Fig. 16-17)
a. Describe details of the Grants’ studies and findings
b. Explain the significance of beak size and shape
c. What is the connection between beak characteristics and food?’